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The marine and ocean energies are part of renewable energy that Wave energy converters (WECs) are used to extract them. Experimental modeling will be useful in evaluating their performance. In this research, the experimental model of an attenuator WEC is built in the Sea-Based Energy Research Group of the Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, and its performance is studied and evaluated in the wave tank of the university by applying the sea waves conditions. In this evaluation, the effects of wave amplitude and wave period on the average and maximum net power of the Wavestar system are investigated. According to the results, it was observed that in larger wave amplitudes (13 to 15), at 35 and 25 rpm, the maximum net power was close to each other and was 36.7 (Watts) and 31(Watts), respectively. Due to the irregular wave and possible damage to the system at 35 rpm, the wave amplitude of 15 and the speed of 25 rpm are chosen as the optimal mode for better performance of the system.

These days, most of the marine structures which are constructed and used in Persian Gulf, are made of ST37 steel. Due to oil and gas sources excavated, the number of these structures is constantly increasing. On the other hand, these types of structures are exposed to corrosive environments and it is seriously critical for these structures to be used for many years. Coal tar epoxy (trade name), one of the popular coating layers, is used in different parts of steel constructions which are in use in the Persian Gulf. Several works have been carried out on the functioning quality of this coating in tidal zones, under splashing water and atmospheric conditions, but up to now no report is made in submerge zone. Hence in this investigation, three coating systems have been considered that coal tar epoxy is being used in each of one of the three layers of primer, middle and top. Two systems of laboratory and in field have been investigated for 6 months and an isolated system in field type has been also investigated. All the mechanical and chemical tests which have been performed are according to NACERPO176-64 standard which is for investigating the function of all marine coatings. All corrosion tests have been performed in Refinary Laboratory of Petroleum Industry and all the fields samples have been investigated in Steel Harbor located in the south of Bandar Abbas every week during 6 months. The test results have indicated that the coal tar epoxy which were being used in the last layer is not suitable for submerge zone. By preparing, however, a suitable surface in the first layer using zinc ethyl silicate and the last layer with antifouling, the coal tar epoxy can function properly in the middle layer.

Background and Objectives: The continuous increase in solid waste generation worldwide due to population growth and industrialization, calls for management strategies that integrate concerns for environmental sustainability. By quantifying environmental impacts of systems, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool which can contribute to answering that call. The aim of this study was to evaluate environmental pollutants resulting from various treatment options including anaerobic digestion, incineration, and landfill of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated daily in Tehran. Materials and Methods: First, the physical properties of the waste and consumption of inputs in the study area were determined from September to October, 2014- 2015. Then the different steps of LCA in relation to each of the subsystems were followed (with SimaPro software). Finally, the results based on the CML Baseline 2000 were presented and analyzed. Results: It was found that when the higher rate of separation and processing in any subsystems increases, the emission of environmental pollutants decreases, so that the global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and abiotic depletion as the most important impact categories in the subsystems of anaerobic digestion were obtained as -125935 kg CO2/day, -449 kg SO2/day, -1690 kg PO43-/day and -0.43 kg Sb/day, respectively and in incineration were obtained as -264872 kg CO2/day, -974 kg SO2/day, -3471 kg PO43-/day and -0.76 kg Sb/day, respectively, while in the landfill subsystem, they were estimated to be 74478 kg CO2/day, 362 kg SO2/day, 118 kg PO43-/day, and 0.13 kg Sb/day, respectively. Conclusion: According to the constituent processes of each of the subsystems and the results of the evaluation of exhaust emissions subsystems, it can be concluded that in an integrated system of waste management, the energy-generating systems such as anaerobic digestion and incineration should be as the first priority and the traditional subsystems such as landfill should be as the last priority.

Increasing energy consumption in the world raises concerns about future energy supplies. In addition, reducing energy consumption will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as CO2. Given that residential buildings have a significant share in energy consumption, reducing energy consumption in these buildings through the Building Management System (BMS) and insulation of their Exterior walls can have a significant impact on reducing energy consumption.In order to evaluate the impact of these factors on reducing the energy consumption of residential buildings, using Building Information Modeling process (BIM) with the help of BIM software is the method used in the present study. Using building information modeling process, after the modeling of the desired properties, the thermal analysis of the building has been done and by changing the parameters, the effect of each one on the energy consumption is investigated.The main objectives of this research is to investigate the effect of the use of thermal insulating materials and building management system on reducing energy consumption, comparing all types of thermal insulating materials in terms of type and thickness, comparing insulation and building management systems in terms of reducing energy consumption and finding optimal energy-saving model between different building models that have different conditions. Comparison in this study has been done between different building models and the actual base model. Finally, by doing the stated studies, the model with BMS system with 34.61% reduction in energy consumption compared to the base model has the most effect on reducing energy consumption.

Background and Objective: The steel industry is the worldchr('39')s largest consumer of energy. A large amount of iron waste is produced annually, which its use in the steel industry can be economic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental impacts of the steelmaking from iron scrap as a raw material using a life cycle assessment (LCA) method. Materials and Methods: Simapro software and the ecoinvent database were used to conduct LCA. Data on the steel production process (raw materials, waste, and products) were collected by a questionnaire from a steel plant. Environmental burdens were quantified using ReCiPe, Cumulative Energy Demand (CED), IPCC) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and water footprints methods. Results: The results of the ReCiPe method showed that the terrestrial ecotoxicity with a value of 14392 kg 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) eq/ton of steel and global warming with 5289 kg CO2 eq/ton of steel, had the greatest environmental impact, respectively. The lowest environmental impact of this process was obtained for freshwater ecotoxicity and human carcinogenic toxicity. The carbon footprint resulting from steelmaking is 5.24 ton CO2 eq/ton of steel. The most important sector of the greenhouse gas producer is the consumption of electricity with a rate of 2900 of kg CO2 eq/ton of steel. The cumulative energy demand of one ton of steel ingot was 73393 MJ, which is three times the global equivalent. The total water footprint for one t of steel was 19.5 m3 of water, which is almost near to the equivalent in Europe. Conclusion: the use of iron scrap as raw material in the process of steelmaking instead of iron ore has reduced the amount of human toxicity potential and mineral resource consumption.

Thunder and storm fluctuations as consequences of climate change were studied in the Caspian region over the last half century. In this study, whole forest areas in southern part of Caspian sea were monitored by study on vegetation map and field visit. Three points representing the major part of the Hyrcanian forests were selected from wet part in the west to drier part in the east. Four meteorological stations data used for investigation. Most of climatic factors including maximum, minimum and mean annual temperature; daily, monthly and annual precipitations were investigated. Numbers of days with thunder and storm as well as wind speed were used for conclusion. During last half century, as consequence of climate change by means of increasing temperature and changing precipitation trends, number of Days With Thunder and Storms (DWTS) increased in forest area in the Caspian region. In Rasht and Gorgan stations, the number of days with thunder and storm in last half century, especially in last 25 years showed a sharp increase. This is in the same line of increasing mean annual temperature about 1.28°C and minimum temperature about 2.45°C in Rasht station. In addition, it is against the decrease of precipitation for the period of last 53 years in Gorgan station which is about 55.6 mm. Anzali and Baboulsar stations which are under coastal climate condition have a fluctuating trend of DWTS but also showed a mild increase in the trend of DWTS during last fifty years. This is in favor of increasing the mean annual temperature in Baboulsar station in last 54 years, about 1.44°C and its minimum temperature about 1.80°C. Also again, it is against the decrease of annual precipitation in Anzali station during last 54 years of records, which is about 409.4 mm and amount of the decreas of precipitation for the period of last 53 years in Gorgan station is about 55.6 mm.

The energy management of ships to improve the efficiency of ships and reduce greenhouse gas emissions is among the most important issues that have been considered as a milestone in designing and constructing of vessels in recent years. The study of energy trends and attention to technological changes and the importance of more stringent environmental standards in recent years have led to a major challenge in relation to air pollution, energy management, and exposure to end-of-life sources of fossil fuels. In recent years, focus on current fuels and technologies in vehicles has led to a major challenge regarding air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, energy security, and also exposure to exhausting sources of fossil fuels. Now days, Hybrid propulsion systems are one of the solutions that are being followed in many countries to solve this problem. In this paper, after introducing the hybrid system; conceptual design and determination of a suitable hybrid system for vessels have been investigated. Then the calculations and relations dominating the hybrid parallel system of vessel are presented. The modeling is also done using the ADVISOR software run in the Simulink platform of the MATLAB for both conventional and hybrid systems. The results show that parallel hybrid vessel has improved by 7% in total efficiency and 7.1% for consumption. In addition, HC and CO emissions have been decreased by 0.44% and 0.39%, respectively.

Background and aims: Inappropriate solid waste management industry in recent years has created a lot of risks. As a result, the health, safety and the humans environment is at risk for it. main objective of this study is solid waste management assessment of 10 large food industries in Tehran. Methods: This study is descriptive and sectional based on field visits, questionnaires, preparation of the database and the analysis of the results. The selected units were categorized based on ISWMI scale. The questionnaire consisted of 47 questions related with key elements of industrial solid waste management. This questions consist of 10 separate areas. 10 large industrial units of the food industry in Tehran were randomly selected. Results: The results showed that the index of selected industrial units based on ISWMI scale (based on100) is: 96 for J company (very good), 49 for A company (week), 85 for H and I company (very good), 72 for E, 77 for F and 80 for G (good), 57 for B, 63 for C and 64 for D company (moderate). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, industrial waste management situation in most of the selected units are above average. However it seems that factors such as a lack of senior management commitment and belief to implementation of the waste management system, the lack of requirement industrial units to employ an expert in environmental or environmental health and the lack of a comprehensive at the national level plan for waste management of the most effective factors to determine ISWMI values in industries.

Introduction and purpose: Energy consumption is on a rapidly growing trend in the world. Accordingly, the non-renewable energy sources are expected to be run out in the future. This issue has resulted in the establishment of efforts targeted toward the development of new energy-generating methods around the world. Biogas energy is one of the new and clean energies that is produced from the anaerobic digestion of biomass wastes. Anaerobic digestion is a cost-effective and environment-friendly method, which facilitates fertilizer and biogas production as well as landfill leachate treatment. Given the high environmental hazards of leachate and its mixture with animal wastes, the present study aimed to estimate the possibility of producing biogas in various mixture ratios. Methods: In this pilot-scale experimental study, the landfill leachate of Mashhad, Iran, were mixed with caw fresh dung in different ratios, but same conditions, under anaerobic digestion. This was conducted to consider the ability to produce methane gas in different proportions and landfill leachate. At the beginning and end of the project, the parameters of EC, pH, VS, TS, COD, TOC, P, K, N, and Na were measured. Additionally, the composition of the gases produced under different operating conditions was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Results: Gas production began three weeks after uploading and continued for five weeks. The analysis of gas production in three ratios was indicative of the CH4 production in all three proportions. In this regard, 1/1 ratio produced the highest percentage of CH4. No gas production was observed in the two months of study. Other physical and chemical parameters, such as COD, TS, TKN, and TOC were reduced in the given mixtures during the biogas production procedure. For instance, the case with 1/1 ratio, which showed the best results, had almost 80% decrease in the given parameters. However, no gas production or change of parameters were observed in the control sample (leachate), which was examined for two months. Conclusion: The findings of the study revealed the possibility of producing biogas out of the mixture of waste leachate and animal wastes. Biogas reduces the risk of waste leachate disposal to the environment and facilitates the production of fertilizers containing nutrients (e.g., Na, K, N, and P), which are standard regarding such parameter as pH, EC, C/N, and reduced VS. Moreover, these gases are cost-effective and environment-friendly.

Background and Objective: one of the major challenges in urban management in human societies is related to the collection, recycling and disposal of solid waste and sewage. Poor waste management causes pollution of water, soil and air. It will have a major impact on public health. The aim of present study was to investigate the current status and select the best options of management of municipal solid waste in Noor city (Mazandaran, Iran) using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Materials and Methods: This research considered with five scenarios: 1) Recycling, composting and unsanitary landfilling; 2) Recycling, composting and sanitary landfilling; 3) Recycling, incineration and sanitary landfilling; 4) Recycling, composting and anaerobic digestion, incineration, sanitary landfilling; 5) Recycling and unsanitary landfilling. The required data for life cycle assessment inventory were collected through reviewing resources, preparing of questionnaires, completing the questionnaire by staff, and field inspections.The life cycle inventory was approved by the IWM model. Results: The scenario 5, which is the current situation in the region, had the highest environmental impact in terms of toxic emissions and ecological indicators among all the scenarios. Energy consumption in the scenarios 1 and 5 was higher than the unsanitary landfilling in comparison to the other scenarios. Accordingly, the scenarios 5 and 4 had the most and the least impact on methane gas production. Conclusion: According to the ecological index, the fourth scenario including recycling, composting and anaerobic digestion, and sanitary landfilling was the best scenario. Fifth scenario with the highest pollution load was the worst scenario evaluated.