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{"references": ["A. M. Abkenar, \"Explore the possibility of growing algae and economic\nwith an emphasis on Gracilaria in Natural areas and pools in soil. Final\nReport\", Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization, Fisheries\nResearch Center Chabahar distant waters. p 115, 2004.", "H. Akbari, \"Red algae Gracilaria cultivation in culture tanks\", Journal of\nWorld Aquaculture, No 23, pp 23-26, 2011.", "H. Akbari, Y. Aftabsavar, M., Malakooti, S. Tamadoni Jahromi, K.\nEjlaliKhankgah, \"Gracilaria corticata cultivation in fiberglass tanks and\nAgar extraction\", Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. Vol. 13, pp 27-\n38, 2004.", "A. Chripart, M. Ohno, \"Growth in tank culture of species of Gracilaria\nfrom the southeast Asian waters\", Botarica Marina, Vol. 36, pp 9-13,\n1993.", "J.H. Connel, \"Community interactions on marine rocky intertidal\nshores\". Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., Vol. 3, pp 169- 192, 1972.", "S. A. Dadolahi, M. Gravand Karimi, A. Emad Abady, \"Seasonal\nvariation distribution and biomass of algae in a tidal dominated coastal\nprovince (Northern coast of Persian Gulf)\", Journal of Oceanography,\nVol. 3, No 9, pp 17-26, 2012.", "Y. Filizadeh, \"Study of algae growing (Gracilaria corticata) on the\ncoast of Qeshm Island\", Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, Vol. 10,\nNo. 4, pp 21-36, 2001.", "H. Fouroghi Fard, H. Akbari, E. Tazikeh, \"Assessing the effects of urea\nand TMRL media on laboratory cultivation of Gracilaria corticata\",\nIranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp 87- 97, 2005.", "B. M. Gharanjic, \"Density, Biomass and Frequency of three Main\nspecies of brown algae Cystoseira indica, Sargassum glausences,\nNizimuddini azanardinii in the coastal province of Sistan and\nBaluchestan\", Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp\n91-102, 2002.\n[10] R. Jayasankar, C. Seema, K.S. Leelabhal, A. Kanagam, \"Pond based\ngrows out system of Gracilaria verrucosa\", Journal of Aquaculture in\nthe Tropics, Vol. 21, No. 3-4, pp 161-167, 2006.\n[11] L. A. Navaro, D. Rabledo, \"Effects of nitrogen source, N: P ratio and NPulse\nconcentration and frequency on the growth of Gracilaria cornea\nin culture\", Journal of Hydrobiology, Vol. 398/399, pp 315-320, 1999.\n[12] E. C. Oliveria, K. Aveal, R.J. Anderson, \"Mariculture of the agar\nproducing Gracilaria Red algae\", Journal of review in fisheries science,\nVol. 8, No. 4, pp 345- 377, 2000.\n[13] A.R.D. Stebbing, \"Competition for space between the epiphytes of\nFucusserratus\", Journal of Marine Biology Assessment, Vol. 53, pp\n247-261, 1973.\n[14] Y.C. Wang, G.Y. Pan, L.C.M. Chen, \"Studies on agarophytes\", Bot.\nMar., Vol. 37, pp 265- 268, 1984."]} This research has been conducted to study the method of culture and comparing growth and biomass of Gracilaria corticata cultured on rope and net for 50 days through two treatments (first treatment: culture of alga on net and the second treatment: culture of alga on rope and each treatment was repeated by four cases). During culture period, the water of aquariums was replaced once every two days for 40-50%. Also, 0.3-0.5 grams of urea fertilizer was added to the culture environment for fertilization. Moreover, some of the environmental factors such as pH, salinity and temperature of the environment were measured on a daily basis. During the culture period, extent of longitudinal growth of the species of both treatments was equal. The said length was reached from 8-10 cm to 10.5-13 cm accordingly. The resulted weight in repetitions of the first treatment was higher than that of the second treatment in such a way as in the first treatment, its weight reached from 10 grams to 21.119 grams and in the second treatment, its weight reached from 10 grams to 17.663 grams. On a whole, it may be stated that that kind of alga being studied has a considerable growth with respect to its volume. The results have revealed that the percentage of daily growth and wet weight at the end of the first treatment was higher than that of the second treatment and it was registered as 0.934, 6.072 and 811.432 in the first treatment and 0.797, 4.990 and 758.071 in the second treatment respectively. This difference is significant (P<0.05). Growth and biomass of G. corticata through culture on net was more emphasizing on numerous branches due to wider bed. Moreover, higher level of the species in this method was exposed to sunlight and this increased biosynthesis and eventually increases of growth and biomass.

Development of environmentally sustainable and economically viable technologies for plant cell wall deconstruction to fermentable sugars has been impeded due to native plant cell wall recalcitrance to thermochemical and biological based processing. Lower severity alkaline-based pretreatment processes like Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX™) can overcome several limitations of traditional pretreatment approaches (e.g., acidic pretreatments) to producing cellulosic biofuels and biochemicals. Here, we give an overview of chemical reactions taking place during alkaline pretreatments including reactions between ammonia and polysaccharides/lignin (e.g., ammonolysis, hydrolysis and Maillard-type reactions). AFEX™ based pretreatments enhance enzymatic digestibility and fermentability of lignocellulosic biomass through various chemical and ultra-structural modifications within the cell wall. An improved mechanistic understanding of the AFEX™ process has led to the development of novel alkaline pretreatments that are briefly discussed in this review.

This paper explores Climate Protection at a local level. Initially it was essential to define and understand the “Greenhouse Effect” before evaluating local authorities’ potential to counteract it. We examined strategies dealing with the problem of climate change and particular emphasis was placed on the potential for local authorities to exert an influence. We examined the frameworks, policies, challenges, problems and best practices for climate protection at a local level. Our research examined ten municipalities on the island of Rhodes in Greece and assessed their current contribution to climate protection. Results showed that all ten municipalities implement a range of measures to protect the climate and reduce CO2 emissions

Observations with imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) have enhanced our knowledge of nearby supernova (SN) remnants with ages younger than 500 yr by establishing Cassiopeia A and the remnant of Tycho’s SN as very-high-energy (VHE) γ-ray sources. The remnant of Kepler’s SN, which is the product of the most recent naked-eye SN in our Galaxy, is comparable in age to the other two, but is significantly more distant. If the γ-ray luminosities of the remnants of Tycho’s and Kepler’s SNe are similar, then the latter is expected to be one of the faintest γ-ray sources within reach of the current generation IACT arrays. Here we report evidence at a statistical level of 4.6σ for a VHE signal from the remnant of Kepler’s SN based on deep observations by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) with an exposure of 152 h. The measured integral flux above an energy of 226 GeV is ∼0.3% of the flux of the Crab Nebula. The spectral energy distribution (SED) reveals a γ-ray emitting component connecting the VHE emission observed with H.E.S.S. to the emission observed at GeV energies with Fermi-LAT. The overall SED is similar to that of the remnant of Tycho’s SN, possibly indicating the same nonthermal emission processes acting in both these young remnants of thermonuclear SNe. Astronomy and astrophysics 662, A65 (2022). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243096 Published by EDP Sciences, Les Ulis

No contexto político, científico e cultural da problemática ambiental, a educação ambiental tem uma história nos debates científicos e epistemológicos. A educação ambiental brasileira oferece sólidos elementos para mostrar que, apesar de todas as barreiras, outro tipo de ciência foi, está sendo feita e tende a consolidar-se. Com visões alternativas e paradigmas conseqüentes com a construção da sociedade sustentável orientada à democracia, justiça e ecologia. Sugere a análise da trajetória e a recepção dos pesquisadores para revelar o processo de constituição de conceitos (sustentabilidade) e uma área de conhecimento (educação ambiental). Constata que a construção de uma sociedade sustentável é uma constante dúvida e utopia.In the political, scientific and cultural context of the environmental issue, environmental education has a history in the scientific and epistemological debates. Brazilian environmental education offers solid elements to prove that, in spite of all the difficulties, another type of science is being produced and tends to consolidate itself, with alternative views and consequent paradigms with the construction of a sustainable society oriented towards democracy, justice and ecology. The article suggests the analysis of the trajectory and the reception of the researchers to reveal the construction process of concepts (sustainability) and a field of knowledge (environmental education). It concludes that the construction of a sustainable society is a constant doubt and utopia.

The purpose of this manuscript will be to present scientific evidence regarding the effects of videogame playing on different aspects of the social life of children and adolescents, as well as the general potential psychological and physiological effects. A literature review from relevant databases has been performed, and experimental and meta-analytical studies have been scrutinized for positive and negative effects of videogames in children and adolescents. In general, it has been found that there is a billionaire videogame industry and yet, despite the worldwide popularity of videogames, research is still scarce and sometimes contradictory. Some research suggests a correlation between excess time video gaming on negative social and psychological aspects such as isolation and aggressive behavior; while other research suggests a positive association with motor learning, motor re-training and resilience. As far as physiological effects it has been reported that active videogames might promote higher energy expenditure than passive videogames; therefore, given an adequate parental instruction might provide videogames beneficial properties to combat the global epidemic of sedentary behavior and obesity. Videogames and everything related «to be» in front of a screen will be common to future generations, and therefore more systematic studies are required to determine the long-term exposure effects to these devices.

The key catabolic enzymes of D-xylose, an important structural component of different agricultural wastes, were studied in cells of mutant strains of the xylose-assimilating yeast Pachysolen tannophilus. The evaluation of catalytic activity and cofactor specificity of xylose reductase (ЕС 1.1.1.307) and xylitol dehydrogenase (ЕС 1.1.1.9) confirmed the dependence of intracellular catabolic pathway for D-xy lose on the NAD×H/NADP×H ratio, formed under microaerobic conditions. The study of total activity of some NAD+ /NAP×H-dependent dehydrogenases revealed the metabolic characteristics of the yeast cells, which could ensure selective ethanol or xylitol production. Thus, the efficient involvement of D-xylose into the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway provided not only the high activities of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, but also of 1-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) and lactate dehydrogenase (ЕС 1.1.1.27), respectively. The inhibition of activity of these enzymes led to selective production of xylitol from D-xylose. On the base of the experimental results, the principles of metabolic engineering of xylose-assimilating yeasts were formulated. The possibility of bioethanol and xylitol production from different agricultural wastes using xyloseassimilating yeasts are discussed.

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Science, Vol.\n305, No. 5686, 2004, pp. 932-934."]} This paper contributes to the debate on the proximate causes of climate change. Also, it discusses the impact of the global temperature increases since the beginning of the twentieth century and the effectiveness of climate change models in isolating the primary cause (anthropogenic influences or natural variability in temperature) of the observed temperature increases that occurred within this period. The paper argues that if climate scientist and policymakers ignore the anthropogenic influence (greenhouse gases) on global warming on the pretense of lack of agreement among various climate models and their inability to account for all the necessary factors of global warming at all levels the current efforts of greenhouse emissions control and global warming as a whole could be exacerbated.