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Motiviert durch ein Anwendungsbeispiel wird die Komfortzone für mobile, kinematisch redundante Manipulatoren definiert. Die Lage und Orientierung der Basis des Manipulators und die Gelenkwinkel werden so gewählt, dass ausgesuchte Zielfunktionen minimal werden. Diese Zielfunktionen werden aus bekannten Maßen wie kartesische Geschwindigkeit, Kraft und Steifigkeit abgeleitet. Sie werden abhängig von den Parametern der Basis und den Gelenkwinkeln des Manipulators bestimmt, wobei nur ein Unterraum an möglichen Konfigurationen aufgrund der vorgegebenen Lage und Orientierung des Endeffektors (EE) für die Optimierung frei wählbar ist. Es werden im Sinne der multikriteriellen Optimierung Pareto-Fronten errechnet, welche durch vordefinierte Grenzen (z.B. minimale erreichbare Kraft oder minimale erreichbare Geschwindigkeit) begrenzt werden. Motivated by an application example, the comfort zone for mobile kinematically redundant manipulators is defined. The position and orientation of the mobile platform (=base of the manipulator) and the joint angles are selected in such a way that selected target functions are minimized. These objective functions are derived from known measures such as Cartesian velocity, force and stiffness. The objective functions are evaluated depending on the parameters of the base and the joint angles of the manipulator, whereby only a subspace of possible configurations is freely selectable for optimization due to the given position and orientation of the end effector (EE). Pareto-fronts are calculated in the sense of multi-criteria optimization, which are limited by, e.g., minimum achievable force or minimum achievable speed. IFToMM D-A-CH Konferenz, vol. 2020Sechste IFToMM D-A-CH Konferenz 2020: 27./28. Februar 2020, Campus Technik Lienz

The germ reducing efficacy of tap water, soap, pHisoHex, pHisoDerm and 70% ethanol was compared using the model of hands artificially contaminated with E. coli. Each of ten persons washed 1, 2 or 4 minutes. Reduction factors were calculated from pre- and post-values and were compared for each individual. After one minute the logarithms of the geometric means of the reduction factors amounted to 2,99, 3,23, 3,28, 3,61, 4,25 in the above used sequence (Table 2). After one minute the reductions came off more slowly and the slopes were linear and parallel as far as the mechanical germ reducing procedures are concerned (Fig. 2). In contrast, ethanol caused a steeper slope even after one minute wash. The strong reduction achieved by mechanical procedures (even with water for one minute 3 powers of ten were observed) demonstrates the high hygienic importance of hand washings for removal of the transient flora. Detergents like pHisoDerm produce further significantly higher reductions and seem to be more suitable than aggressive disinfectants for application in fields where bactericidal action is not imperative. The proposals for procedures aiming at disinfecting of the transient flora issued by the Austrian Society for Hygiene, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine require a reduction factor of at least 10(5) after two minutes hand wash. The results of this investigation show that this is practicable with ethanol and necessary, otherwise the bactericidal action would not be different from a mechanical removal of the transient flora.

There is convincing evidence that nutrition affects colorectal carcinogenesis in a complex fashion. Dietary components either promote or inhibit the carcinogenic process. The composition of dietary fats seems to be less important as a promoting factor than a positive energy balance, especially in combination with low physical activity. Excessive consumption of red meat is associated with increased risk, which may be due to the heme contained in myoglobin. Alcohol stimulates cell proliferation in the rectum and may thus increase cancer risk. Complex carbohydrates (e.g., dietary fiber) are degraded in the colon to short-chain fatty acids which exhibit protective effects in experimental models of carcinogenesis. The putative protection from vitamins and trace elements merits further attention.

The climate crisis and its consequences represent the greatest challenge facing human health and health care system in the 21st century. It threatens to undermine the last decades of health gains. Rising temperatures, fires, floods and droughts can directly and indirectly cause human pathologies, that are physical and mental. Extreme weather events lead to loss of life, basic life resources and cause severe mental burden. More intense and frequent heat waves due to global warming impact human health and increase mortality, especially for those most vulnerable. The heat-related health risk depends on individual state of health as well as environmental and socioeconomic characteristics of residential areas. Increasing exposure to air pollutants, due to wildfires and anthropogenic emissions, raises respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. Climate warming changes ecosystems and enhances biological invasions that can better adapt to warm environments. Pathogen profiles are changing, transmission and spread of vector-borne diseases as Malaria or Dengue are increasing. Further, rising temperatures and air pollution increase the production and allergenicity of pollen, associated with higher prevalence of allergic diseases. Protective environmental factors, as biodiversity or diverse microbiome, should be given greater consideration in future research.Health sector has the central responsibility as the fifth-largest greenhouse gas emitter to transform in a climate-neutral and sustainable way, e. g. by efficient use of resources. Further education and training in this area should be intensified and included in curricula for medical staff. Furthermore, medical professionals must educate patients about the burden of climate change, climate resilience, and the benefits of CO2 reduction - for human but also for planetary health.

Alcohol-induced hypersecretion probably contributes to chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. Feeding of raw soybean flour or soybean trypsin inhibitor also stimulates protein secretion of the pancreas. Therefore, we tested whether or not the pancreatic damage is increased by additional feeding of raw soybean flour in rats fed 20% ethanol. After 11 months, we classified the morphological lesions of the pancreas into seven stages of severity calculated by means of a discriminating procedure. In order to characterize the secretory capacity of the pancreas, we measured the outputs of lipase, phospholipase, A, alpha-amylase, carboxypeptidase A, chymotrypsin, and bicarbonate. Compared with the alcohol-fed animals, the rats fed with alcohol and soya exhibited a lower average degree of morphological damage in the pancreas. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the parenchyma and accumulation of secretory products within the acinar cells were main features. On the other hand, some separate regions of the pancreas showed intraductal secretion precipitates as well as plugs, which were sometimes associated with atrophy of acinar cells. Feeding with soybean diet grossly reduced the alcohol-induced enzyme hypersecretion. In the early phase of alcohol-induced pancreatic damage, long-term soybean flour diet thus reduces morphological lesions and hypersecretion of the rat pancreas, whereas protein synthesis in the acinar cells appears increased. However, the precipitation of secretory products on ductal epithelium, the increased formation of plugs, and the more frequent acinar atrophies suggest the development of significant tissue injuries.

The effects of ethanol upon amino acid metabolism represent a complex interaction of ethanol metabolism and its products, nutritional abnormalities and pathological alterations in various organs especially the liver. The effects of chronic alcohol consumption upon amino acid absorption, digestion and transport appear largely of theoretical interest without significant impact on nitrogen balance, hepatic urea or protein synthesis or plasma amino acid patterns. Marked alterations in amino acid metabolism in the liver and other organs are observed in human alcoholics. These result in changes in plasma and tissue levels of amino acids and may explain or contribute to hepatic encephalopathy by altering levels of intermediate products such as catecholamines and neurotransmitters. Plasma amino acid changes due to ethanol may also provide a biochemical marker for the assessment of ethanol consumption in an objective fashion. Amino acid requirements in the diet may be altered in the alcoholic along with lowered protein tolerance. Administration of selected proteins or mixtures of amino acids may provide a means for maintaining nitrogen balance while avoiding or improving hepatic encephalopathy in such patients.