• Energy Research

Along with the growth and globalization of the whole world economy since the First Industrial Revolution, the production and use of fossil fuels have led to increased CO2 emissions and, ultimately, significant environmental degradation. The impact of globalization, economic growth, and renewable energy sources on CO2 may show trends with different turning points in developing countries, and estimations may need to follow Fourier-type functions to capture the frequency domain. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the effects of renewable energy production, economic globalization, and economic growth on CO2 emissions for Turkey in the period 1971-2006 with Fourier autoregressive distribution lag (ADL) cointegration, DOLS, and Fourier-Granger causality tests. The originality of this study is the estimation of a model of CO2 emissions with a Fourier-type function for the first time. The findings indicate a negative relationship between renewable energy production and CO2 emissions and a positive relationship between economic globalization and economic growth and CO2 emissions. In addition, according to the empirical results, there exists a one-way causality relationship between economic globalization to CO2 and economic globalization to renewable energy production, and there is evidence of a bidirectional causality relationship between economic globalization and economic growth in this study.

AbstractIn recent years, high energy costs, increases in carbon emissions, and concerns about energy supply security have led countries to prioritize renewable energy sources in their sustainable energy policies. The selection and ranking of alternative renewable energy sources is a critical issue in establishing an effective energy policy and ensuring environmental improvement at the national and global levels. This study evaluates Turkey’s best renewable energy options using the institutional fuzzy assessment based on distance to mean solution (IF-EDAS) method and aims to find Turkey’s best renewable energy alternative. The decision model alternatively uses wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, wave, hydroelectric, and hydrogen energy options. According to the study’s empirical findings, while the best alternative renewable energy source for Turkey is solar energy, the best criterion in terms of criteria evaluation is “Technology Maturity”. The study also carried out sensitivity analysis, and the results were shared.

This study analyzes the best renewable energy options in Turkey's sustainable development using the IFTOPSIS method. The study aims to rank Turkey's preferences for renewable energy investments at the optimum level according to the sustainable growth constraint and determined criteria. This method gives optimum results in decision processes where the criteria and options are numerous, the available information is complex, and the degree of hesitation of decision-makers increases. The IF-TOPSIS method has been applied with seven options (wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, wave hydraulics, hydrogen) and 25 criteria to select the best renewable energy source for sustainable development in Turkey. According to the application results, the study's main finding is that the best renewable energy source for Turkey's sustainable growth is "solar energy." Another important finding is that Turkey's essential "evaluation of the criteria" for renewable energy is "capital/investment cost." (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.