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  • Authors: Philippe Ciais; Han Dolman; Antonio Bombelli; Riley Duren; +53 Authors

    Résumé. Un système d'observation et d'analyse du carbone intégré à l'échelle mondiale est nécessaire pour améliorer la compréhension fondamentale du cycle mondial du carbone, pour améliorer notre capacité à projeter les changements futurs et pour vérifier l'efficacité des politiques visant à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et à augmenter la séquestration du carbone. La construction d'un système intégré d'observation du carbone nécessite des avancées transformationnelles du cadre exploratoire clairsemé existant vers un système dense, robuste et durable dans toutes ses composantes : les émissions anthropiques, l'atmosphère, l'océan et la biosphère terrestre. L'objectif de cette étude est d'identifier l'état actuel des observations de carbone et les besoins d'un système mondial intégré d'observation du carbone qui peut être construit au cours de la prochaine décennie. Une conclusion clé est l'expansion substantielle (de plusieurs ordres de grandeur) des réseaux d'observation au sol nécessaires pour atteindre la haute résolution spatiale pour les flux de CO2 et de CH4 et pour les stocks de carbone afin de répondre aux objectifs politiques pertinents et d'attribuer les changements de flux aux processus sous-jacents dans chaque région. Afin d'établir des diagnostics de flux et de stocks sur des zones éloignées telles que les océans du sud, les forêts tropicales et l'Arctique, les observations in situ devront être complétées par des mesures de télédétection. La télédétection offre l'avantage d'une couverture spatiale dense et de revisites fréquentes. Un défi clé consiste à amener les mesures de télédétection à un niveau de cohérence et de précision à long terme afin qu'elles puissent être efficacement combinées dans des modèles pour réduire les incertitudes, en synergie avec les données au sol. Apporter des contraintes d'observation strictes sur les émissions de combustibles fossiles et de changement d'affectation des terres sera le plus grand défi pour le déploiement d'un système intégré d'observation du carbone pertinent pour les politiques. Cela nécessitera des données in situ et de télédétection à une résolution et une densité beaucoup plus élevées que celles actuellement atteintes pour les flux naturels, bien que sur une petite superficie (villes, sites industriels, centrales électriques), ainsi que l'inclusion de mesures indirectes de CO2 de combustibles fossiles telles que le radiocarbone dans les traceurs de combustion de CO2 et de carbone. En outre, un système de surveillance du carbone pertinent pour les politiques devrait également fournir des mécanismes pour concilier les estimations des flux régionaux descendants (basés sur l'atmosphère) et ascendants (basés sur la surface) sur toute la gamme des échelles spatiales et temporelles pertinentes pour les politiques d'atténuation. Le succès du système reposera sur des engagements à long terme en matière de suivi, sur une meilleure collaboration internationale pour combler les lacunes dans les observations actuelles, sur des efforts soutenus pour améliorer l'accès aux différents flux de données et rendre les bases de données interopérables, et sur l'étalonnage de chaque composante du système à des échelles internationales convenues. Resumen. Se necesita un sistema de observación y análisis de carbono integrado a nivel mundial para mejorar la comprensión fundamental del ciclo global del carbono, para mejorar nuestra capacidad de proyectar cambios futuros y para verificar la efectividad de las políticas destinadas a reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y aumentar el secuestro de carbono. Construir un sistema integrado de observación de carbono requiere avances transformacionales desde el marco exploratorio escaso existente hacia un sistema denso, robusto y sostenido en todos los componentes: las emisiones antropogénicas, la atmósfera, el océano y la biosfera terrestre. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar el estado actual de las emisiones de carbono y las necesidades de un sistema global integrado de emisiones de carbono que pueda construirse en la próxima década. Una conclusión clave es la expansión sustancial (en varios órdenes de magnitud) de las redes de observación terrestres necesarias para alcanzar la alta resolución espacial para los flujos de CO2 y CH4, y para las reservas de carbono para abordar los objetivos relevantes para las políticas y atribuir los cambios de flujo a los procesos subyacentes en cada región. Para establecer diagnósticos de flujo y stock en áreas remotas como los océanos del sur, los bosques tropicales y el Ártico, las observaciones in situ deberán complementarse con mediciones de teledetección. La teledetección ofrece la ventaja de una cobertura espacial densa y una revisión frecuente. Un desafío clave es llevar las mediciones de teledetección a un nivel de consistencia y precisión a largo plazo para que puedan combinarse de manera eficiente en modelos para reducir las incertidumbres, en sinergia con los datos basados en tierra. Traer restricciones observacionales estrictas sobre las emisiones de combustibles fósiles y el cambio en el uso de la tierra será el mayor desafío para el despliegue de un sistema integrado de observación de carbono relevante para las políticas. Esto requerirá datos in situ y teledetectados con una resolución y densidad mucho más altas que las que se logran actualmente para los flujos naturales, aunque en una pequeña superficie de tierra (ciudades, sitios industriales, centrales eléctricas), así como la inclusión de mediciones indirectas de CO2 de combustibles fósiles, como el radiocarbono en CO2 y los trazadores de combustión de combustibles de carbono. Además, un sistema de monitoreo de carbono relevante para las políticas también debe proporcionar mecanismos para conciliar las estimaciones regionales de flujo de arriba hacia abajo (basadas en la atmósfera) y de abajo hacia arriba (basadas en la superficie) en toda la gama de escalas espaciales y temporales relevantes para las políticas de mitigación. El éxito del sistema dependerá de los compromisos a largo plazo con el monitoreo, de una mejor colaboración internacional para llenar los vacíos en las observaciones actuales, de esfuerzos sostenidos para mejorar el acceso a los diferentes flujos de datos y hacer que las bases de datos sean interoperables, y de la calibración de cada componente del sistema a escalas internacionales acordadas. Abstract. A globally integrated carbon observation and analysis system is needed to improve the fundamental understanding of the global carbon cycle, to improve our ability to project future changes, and to verify the effectiveness of policies aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration. Building an integrated carbon observation system requires transformational advances from the existing sparse, exploratory framework towards a dense, robust, and sustained system in all components: anthropogenic emissions, the atmosphere, the ocean, and the terrestrial biosphere. The goal of this study is to identify the current state of carbon observations and needs for a global integrated carbon observation system that can be built in the next decade. A key conclusion is the substantial expansion (by several orders of magnitude) of the ground-based observation networks required to reach the high spatial resolution for CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and for carbon stocks for addressing policy relevant objectives, and attributing flux changes to underlying processes in each region. In order to establish flux and stock diagnostics over remote areas such as the southern oceans, tropical forests and the Arctic, in situ observations will have to be complemented with remote-sensing measurements. Remote sensing offers the advantage of dense spatial coverage and frequent revisit. A key challenge is to bring remote sensing measurements to a level of long-term consistency and accuracy so that they can be efficiently combined in models to reduce uncertainties, in synergy with ground-based data. Bringing tight observational constraints on fossil fuel and land use change emissions will be the biggest challenge for deployment of a policy-relevant integrated carbon observation system. This will require in-situ and remotely sensed data at much higher resolution and density than currently achieved for natural fluxes, although over a small land area (cities, industrial sites, power plants), as well as the inclusion of fossil fuel CO2 proxy measurements such as radiocarbon in CO2 and carbon-fuel combustion tracers. Additionally, a policy relevant carbon monitoring system should also provide mechanisms for reconciling regional top-down (atmosphere-based) and bottom-up (surface-based) flux estimates across the range of spatial and temporal scales relevant to mitigation policies. The success of the system will rely on long-term commitments to monitoring, on improved international collaboration to fill gaps in the current observations, on sustained efforts to improve access to the different data streams and make databases inter-operable, and on the calibration of each component of the system to agreed-upon international scales. الخلاصة. هناك حاجة إلى نظام متكامل عالميًا لمراقبة الكربون وتحليله لتحسين الفهم الأساسي لدورة الكربون العالمية، وتحسين قدرتنا على توقع التغييرات المستقبلية، والتحقق من فعالية السياسات التي تهدف إلى الحد من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة وزيادة عزل الكربون. يتطلب بناء نظام متكامل لمراقبة الكربون تقدمًا تحويليًا من الإطار الاستكشافي المتناثر الحالي نحو نظام كثيف وقوي ومستدام في جميع المكونات: الانبعاثات البشرية المنشأ والغلاف الجوي والمحيطات والمحيط الحيوي الأرضي. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد الوضع الحالي لملاحظات الكربون والاحتياجات لنظام عالمي متكامل لمراقبة الكربون يمكن بناؤه في العقد المقبل. الاستنتاج الرئيسي هو التوسع الكبير (بعدة مرات من حيث الحجم) لشبكات المراقبة الأرضية المطلوبة للوصول إلى الاستبانة المكانية العالية لتدفقات ثاني أكسيد الكربون والميثان، ولمخزونات الكربون لمعالجة الأهداف ذات الصلة بالسياسات، وعزو تغييرات التدفق إلى العمليات الأساسية في كل منطقة. من أجل إنشاء تشخيصات التدفق والأرصدة في المناطق النائية مثل المحيطات الجنوبية والغابات الاستوائية والقطب الشمالي، يجب استكمال الملاحظات في الموقع بقياسات الاستشعار عن بعد. يوفر الاستشعار عن بعد ميزة التغطية المكانية الكثيفة وإعادة الزيارة المتكررة. ويتمثل أحد التحديات الرئيسية في الوصول بقياسات الاستشعار عن بعد إلى مستوى من الاتساق والدقة على المدى الطويل بحيث يمكن دمجها بكفاءة في نماذج للحد من أوجه عدم اليقين، بالتآزر مع البيانات الأرضية. سيكون فرض قيود صارمة على مراقبة الوقود الأحفوري وانبعاثات تغير استخدام الأراضي هو التحدي الأكبر أمام نشر نظام متكامل لمراقبة الكربون ذي صلة بالسياسات. وسيتطلب ذلك بيانات في الموقع ومستشعرة عن بعد بدقة وكثافة أعلى بكثير مما هو متحقق حاليًا للتدفقات الطبيعية، على الرغم من أنها على مساحة أرض صغيرة (المدن والمواقع الصناعية ومحطات الطاقة)، بالإضافة إلى تضمين قياسات وكيل ثاني أكسيد الكربون للوقود الأحفوري مثل الكربون المشع في ثاني أكسيد الكربون وتتبع احتراق الوقود الكربوني. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يجب أن يوفر نظام رصد الكربون ذي الصلة بالسياسة أيضًا آليات للتوفيق بين تقديرات التدفق الإقليمية من أعلى إلى أسفل (القائمة على الغلاف الجوي) ومن أسفل إلى أعلى (السطحية) عبر نطاق المقاييس المكانية والزمنية ذات الصلة بسياسات التخفيف. سيعتمد نجاح النظام على الالتزامات طويلة الأجل بالرصد، وعلى تحسين التعاون الدولي لسد الثغرات في الملاحظات الحالية، وعلى الجهود المستمرة لتحسين الوصول إلى تدفقات البيانات المختلفة وجعل قواعد البيانات قابلة للتشغيل المتبادل، وعلى معايرة كل مكون من مكونات النظام وفقًا للنطاقات الدولية المتفق عليها.

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    Authors: Eugene Mikhailov; Eugene Mikhailov; Chul-Un Ro; Susan E. Trumbore; +63 Authors

    Abstract. The Amazon Basin plays key roles in the carbon and water cycles, climate change, atmospheric chemistry, and biodiversity. It has already been changed significantly by human activities, and more pervasive change is expected to occur in the coming decades. It is therefore essential to establish long-term measurement sites that provide a baseline record of present-day climatic, biogeochemical, and atmospheric conditions and that will be operated over coming decades to monitor change in the Amazon region, as human perturbations increase in the future. The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) has been set up in a pristine rain forest region in the central Amazon Basin, about 150 km northeast of the city of Manaus. Two 80 m towers have been operated at the site since 2012, and a 325 m tower is nearing completion in mid-2015. An ecological survey including a biodiversity assessment has been conducted in the forest region surrounding the site. Measurements of micrometeorological and atmospheric chemical variables were initiated in 2012, and their range has continued to broaden over the last few years. The meteorological and micrometeorological measurements include temperature and wind profiles, precipitation, water and energy fluxes, turbulence components, soil temperature profiles and soil heat fluxes, radiation fluxes, and visibility. A tree has been instrumented to measure stem profiles of temperature, light intensity, and water content in cryptogamic covers. The trace gas measurements comprise continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and ozone at five to eight different heights, complemented by a variety of additional species measured during intensive campaigns (e.g., VOC, NO, NO2, and OH reactivity). Aerosol optical, microphysical, and chemical measurements are being made above the canopy as well as in the canopy space. They include aerosol light scattering and absorption, fluorescence, number and volume size distributions, chemical composition, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, and hygroscopicity. In this paper, we discuss the scientific context of the ATTO observatory and present an overview of results from ecological, meteorological, and chemical pilot studies at the ATTO site.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      MPG.PuRe
      Article . 2015
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: MPG.PuRe
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.13016/m2...
      Other literature type . 2015
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      Copernicus Publications
      Other literature type . 2018
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dan Zhu; Benjamin Poulter; Pierre Friedlingstein; Martin Heimann; +27 Authors

    AbstractChanging amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 (SCA) in the northern hemisphere is an emerging carbon cycle property. Mauna Loa (MLO) station (20°N, 156°W), which has the longest continuous northern hemisphere CO2 record, shows an increasing SCA before the 1980s (p < .01), followed by no significant change thereafter. We analyzed the potential driving factors of SCA slowing‐down, with an ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) coupled with an atmospheric transport model. We found that slowing‐down of SCA at MLO is primarily explained by response of net biome productivity (NBP) to climate change, and by changes in atmospheric circulations. Through NBP, climate change increases SCA at MLO before the 1980s and decreases it afterwards. The effect of climate change on the slowing‐down of SCA at MLO is mainly exerted by intensified drought stress acting to offset the acceleration driven by CO2 fertilization. This challenges the view that CO2 fertilization is the dominant cause of emergent SCA trends at northern sites south of 40°N. The contribution of agricultural intensification on the deceleration of SCA at MLO was elusive according to land–atmosphere CO2 flux estimated by DGVMs and atmospheric inversions. Our results also show the necessity to adequately account for changing circulation patterns in understanding carbon cycle dynamics observed from atmospheric observations and in using these observations to benchmark DGVMs.

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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2020
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    HAL-CEA
    Article . 2020
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    HAL-INSU
    Article . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Global Change Biology
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    OPUS Augsburg
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: OPUS Augsburg
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      MPG.PuRe
      Article . 2020
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      HAL-CEA
      Article . 2020
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      HAL-INSU
      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Global Change Biology
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      OPUS Augsburg
      Article . 2020
      Data sources: OPUS Augsburg
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mathias Göckede; Fanny Kittler; Sergei Zimov; Nikita Zimov; +3 Authors

    AbstractPermafrost landscapes in northern high latitudes with their massive organic carbon stocks are an important, poorly known, component of the global carbon cycle. However, in light of future Arctic warming, the sustainability of these carbon pools is uncertain. To a large part, this is due to a limited understanding of the carbon cycle processes because of sparse observations in Arctic permafrost ecosystems. Here we present an eddy covariance data set covering more than 3 years of continuous CO2 and CH4 flux observations within a moist tussock tundra ecosystem near Chersky in north‐eastern Siberia. Through parallel observations of a disturbed (drained) area and a control area nearby, we aim to evaluate the long‐term effects of a persistently lowered water table on the net vertical carbon exchange budgets and the dominating biogeochemical mechanisms. Persistently drier soils trigger systematic shifts in the tundra ecosystem carbon cycle patterns. Both, uptake rates of CO2 and emissions of CH4 decreased. Year‐round measurements emphasize the importance of the non‐growing season—in particular the “zero‐curtain” period in the fall—to the annual budget. Approximately 60% of the CO2 uptake in the growing season is lost during the cold seasons, while CH4 emissions during the non‐growing season account for 30% of the annual budget. Year‐to‐year variability in temperature conditions during the late growing season was identified as the primary control of the interannual variability observed in the CO2 and CH4 fluxes.

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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: MPG.PuRe
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
    Data sources: Crossref
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      MPG.PuRe
      Article . 2017
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Global Biogeochemical Cycles
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Forkel, Matthias; Carvalhais, Nuno; Rödenbeck, Christian; Keeling, Ralph F; +4 Authors

    Atmospheric monitoring of high northern latitudes (> 40°N) has shown an enhanced seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide (CO2) since the 1960s but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The much stronger increase in high latitudes compared to low ones suggests that northern ecosystems are experiencing large changes in vegetation and carbon cycle dynamics. Here we show that the latitudinal gradient of the increasing CO2 amplitude is mainly driven by positive trends in photosynthetic carbon uptake caused by recent climate change and mediated by changing vegetation cover in northern ecosystems. Our results emphasize the importance of climate-vegetation-carbon cycle feedbacks at high latitudes, and indicate that during the last decades photosynthetic carbon uptake has reacted much more strongly to warming than carbon release processes. Model simulations of gross primary production, net biome productivity and the seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO2 from the LPJmL dynamic global vegetation model coupled to the TM3 atmospheric transport model. Global gridded model outputs are in NetCDF. Site-level CO2 amplitude time series are in ASCII format.Creator and contact: Matthias Forkel, 2016-01-08, mailto:matthias.forkel@geo.tuwien.ac.at Supplement to: Forkel, Matthias; Carvalhais, Nuno; Rödenbeck, Christian; Keeling, Ralph F; Heimann, Martin; Thonicke, Kirsten; Zaehle, Sönke; Reichstein, Markus (2016): Enhanced seasonal CO_2 exchange caused by amplified plant productivity in northern ecosystems. Science, 6274, 696-699

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    PANGAEA
    Dataset . 2016
    Data sources: B2FIND
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    B2FIND
    Other dataset type . 2016
    Data sources: B2FIND
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    PANGAEA
    Other dataset type . 2016
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PANGAEA
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      PANGAEA
      Dataset . 2016
      Data sources: B2FIND
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      B2FIND
      Other dataset type . 2016
      Data sources: B2FIND
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      PANGAEA
      Other dataset type . 2016
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: PANGAEA
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  • Authors: Pavel Alekseychik; Hanna Lappalainen; Tuukka Petäjä; Martin Heimann; +18 Authors

    The international Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) program addresses the full spectrum of problems related to climate change in Eurasian Northern latitudes. Todas las actividades de PEEX se centran en el gran volumen de datos observacionales de alta calidad proporcionados por las estaciones terrestres y marinas, la detección remota y las herramientas satelitales. So far, no coordinated station network has ever existented in Eurasia, moreover, the current scope of relevant research remains largely unknown as no prior assessment has been done to date. This paper makes the first attempt to overview the existing ground station pool in the Arctic-Boreal region with the focus on Russia. The geographical, climatic and ecosystem representativeness of the current stations is discussed, the gaps are identified and tentative station network developments are proposed. The international Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) program addresses the full spectrum of problems related to climate change in Eurasian Northern latitudes. Toutes les activités PEEX sont liées au volume de données d'observation de haute qualité fournies par les stations terrestres et marines, la détection à distance et les outils satellites. So far, no coordinated station network has ever existd in Eurasia, moreover, the current scope of relevant research remains largely unknown as no prior assessment has been done to date. This paper makes the first attempt to overview the existing ground station pool in the Arctic-Boreal region with the focus on Russia. The geographical, climatic and ecosystem representativess of the current stations is discussed, the gaps are identified and tentative station network developments are proposed. The international Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) program addresses the full spectrum of problems related to climate change in Eurasian Northern latitudes. All PEEX activities rely on the bulk of high-quality observational data provided by the ground and marine stations, remote sensing and satellite tools. So far, no coordinated station network has ever existed in Eurasia, moreover, the current scope of relevant research remains largely unknown as no prior assessment has been done to date. This paper makes the first attempt to overview the existing ground station pool in the Arctic-Boreal region with the focus on Russia. The geographical, climatic and ecosystem representativeness of the current stations is discussed, the gaps are identified and tentative station network developments are proposed. The international Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) program addresses the full spectrum of problems related to climate change in Eurasian Northern latitudes. All PEEX activities rely on the bulk of high-quality observational data provided by the ground and marine stations, remote sensing and satellite tools. So far, no coordinated station network has ever existed in Eurasia, moreover, the current scope of relevant research remains largely unknown as no prior assessment has been done to date. This paper makes the first attempt to overview the existing ground station pool in the Arctic-Boreal region with the focus on Russia. The geographical, climatic and ecosystem representativeness of the current stations is discussed, the gaps are identified and tentative station network developments are proposed. يعالج البرنامج الدولي للتجربة الأوراسية (PEEX) مجموعة كاملة من المشاكل المتعلقة بتغير المناخ في خطوط العرض الشمالية الأوراسية. تعتمد جميع أنشطة PEEX على الجزء الأكبر من بيانات الرصد عالية الجودة التي توفرها المحطات الأرضية والبحرية والاستشعار عن بعد وأدوات الأقمار الصناعية. حتى الآن، لم تكن هناك شبكة محطات منسقة في أوراسيا، علاوة على ذلك، لا يزال النطاق الحالي للبحوث ذات الصلة غير معروف إلى حد كبير حيث لم يتم إجراء تقييم مسبق حتى الآن. تقوم هذه الورقة بالمحاولة الأولى لإلقاء نظرة عامة على مجموعة المحطات الأرضية الحالية في المنطقة القطبية الشمالية مع التركيز على روسيا. تتم مناقشة التمثيل الجغرافي والمناخي والنظم الإيكولوجية للمحطات الحالية، ويتم تحديد الفجوات واقتراح تطويرات مؤقتة لشبكة المحطات.

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    Authors: Forkel, M.; Carvalhais, N.; Rödenbeck, C.; Keeling, R.; +4 Authors

    Warming making bigger CO 2 swings The combined effects of climate change and vegetation dynamics at high northern latitudes have amplified the seasonal variation of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations over the past half century. Forkel et al. combined observations and models to show that climate warming has caused the photosynthetic uptake of carbon to increase faster than its respiratory release from the terrestrial biosphere. This has increased the difference from summer to winter, as well as the latitudinal gradient. Because of the physiological limitations to carbon uptake by terrestrial vegetation, this negative feedback to warming in the boreal north and Arctic cannot continue indefinitely. Science , this issue p. 696

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    Authors: Philippe Ciais; Han Dolman; Antonio Bombelli; Riley Duren; +54 Authors

    Abstract. A globally integrated carbon observation and analysis system is needed to improve the fundamental understanding of the global carbon cycle, to improve our ability to project future changes, and to verify the effectiveness of policies aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration. Building an integrated carbon observation system requires transformational advances from the existing sparse, exploratory framework towards a dense, robust, and sustained system in all components: anthropogenic emissions, the atmosphere, the ocean, and the terrestrial biosphere. The goal of this study is to identify the current state of carbon observations and needs for a global integrated carbon observation system that can be built in the next decade. A key conclusion is the substantial expansion (by several orders of magnitude) of the ground-based observation networks required to reach the high spatial resolution for CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and for carbon stocks for addressing policy relevant objectives, and attributing flux changes to underlying processes in each region. In order to establish flux and stock diagnostics over remote areas such as the southern oceans, tropical forests and the Arctic, in situ observations will have to be complemented with remote-sensing measurements. Remote sensing offers the advantage of dense spatial coverage and frequent revisit. A key challenge is to bring remote sensing measurements to a level of long-term consistency and accuracy so that they can be efficiently combined in models to reduce uncertainties, in synergy with ground-based data. Bringing tight observational constraints on fossil fuel and land use change emissions will be the biggest challenge for deployment of a policy-relevant integrated carbon observation system. This will require in-situ and remotely sensed data at much higher resolution and density than currently achieved for natural fluxes, although over a small land area (cities, industrial sites, power plants), as well as the inclusion of fossil fuel CO2 proxy measurements such as radiocarbon in CO2 and carbon-fuel combustion tracers. Additionally, a policy relevant carbon monitoring system should also provide mechanisms for reconciling regional top-down (atmosphere-based) and bottom-up (surface-based) flux estimates across the range of spatial and temporal scales relevant to mitigation policies. The success of the system will rely on long-term commitments to monitoring, on improved international collaboration to fill gaps in the current observations, on sustained efforts to improve access to the different data streams and make databases inter-operable, and on the calibration of each component of the system to agreed-upon international scales.

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    https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10...
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    Authors: Christian Rödenbeck; Martin Heimann; Martin Heimann; Ralph F. Keeling; +1 Authors

    Interannual variations in the large-scale net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO 2 between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere were estimated for 1957–2017 from sustained measurements of atmospheric CO 2 mixing ratios. As the observations are sparse in the early decades, available records were combined into a ‘quasi-homogeneous’ dataset based on similarity in their signals, to minimize spurious variations from beginning or ending data records. During El Niño events, CO 2 is anomalously released from the tropical band, and a few months later also in the northern extratropical band. This behaviour can approximately be represented by a linear relationship of the NEE anomalies and local air temperature anomalies, with sensitivity coefficients depending on geographical location and season. The apparent climate sensitivity of global total NEE against variations in pan-tropically averaged annual air temperature slowly changed over time during the 1957–2017 period, first increasing (though less strongly than in previous studies) but then decreasing again. However, only part of this change can be attributed to actual changes in local physiological or ecosystem processes, the rest probably arising from shifts in the geographical area of dominating temperature variations. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’.

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    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
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    Authors: Mathias Göckede; Sergey Zimov; Sergey Zimov; Fanny Kittler; +4 Authors

    AbstractThe sustainability of the vast Arctic permafrost carbon pool under climate change is of paramount importance for global climate trajectories. Accurate climate change forecasts, therefore, depend on a reliable representation of mechanisms governing Arctic carbon cycle processes, but this task is complicated by the complex interaction of multiple controls on Arctic ecosystem changes, linked through both positive and negative feedbacks. As a primary example, predicted Arctic warming can be substantially influenced by shifts in hydrologic regimes, linked to, for example, altered precipitation patterns or changes in topography following permafrost degradation. This study presents observational evidence how severe drainage, a scenario that may affect large Arctic areas with ice‐rich permafrost soils under future climate change, affects biogeochemical and biogeophysical processes within an Arctic floodplain. Our in situ data demonstrate reduced carbon losses and transfer of sensible heat to the atmosphere, and effects linked to drainage‐induced long‐term shifts in vegetation communities and soil thermal regimes largely counterbalanced the immediate drainage impact. Moreover, higher surface albedo in combination with low thermal conductivity cooled the permafrost soils. Accordingly, long‐term drainage effects linked to warming‐induced permafrost degradation hold the potential to alleviate positive feedbacks between permafrost carbon and Arctic warming, and to slow down permafrost degradation. Self‐stabilizing effects associated with ecosystem disturbance such as these drainage impacts are a key factor for predicting future feedbacks between Arctic permafrost and climate change, and, thus, neglect of these mechanisms will exaggerate the impacts of Arctic change on future global climate projections.

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    Global Change Biology
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  • Authors: Philippe Ciais; Han Dolman; Antonio Bombelli; Riley Duren; +53 Authors

    Résumé. Un système d'observation et d'analyse du carbone intégré à l'échelle mondiale est nécessaire pour améliorer la compréhension fondamentale du cycle mondial du carbone, pour améliorer notre capacité à projeter les changements futurs et pour vérifier l'efficacité des politiques visant à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et à augmenter la séquestration du carbone. La construction d'un système intégré d'observation du carbone nécessite des avancées transformationnelles du cadre exploratoire clairsemé existant vers un système dense, robuste et durable dans toutes ses composantes : les émissions anthropiques, l'atmosphère, l'océan et la biosphère terrestre. L'objectif de cette étude est d'identifier l'état actuel des observations de carbone et les besoins d'un système mondial intégré d'observation du carbone qui peut être construit au cours de la prochaine décennie. Une conclusion clé est l'expansion substantielle (de plusieurs ordres de grandeur) des réseaux d'observation au sol nécessaires pour atteindre la haute résolution spatiale pour les flux de CO2 et de CH4 et pour les stocks de carbone afin de répondre aux objectifs politiques pertinents et d'attribuer les changements de flux aux processus sous-jacents dans chaque région. Afin d'établir des diagnostics de flux et de stocks sur des zones éloignées telles que les océans du sud, les forêts tropicales et l'Arctique, les observations in situ devront être complétées par des mesures de télédétection. La télédétection offre l'avantage d'une couverture spatiale dense et de revisites fréquentes. Un défi clé consiste à amener les mesures de télédétection à un niveau de cohérence et de précision à long terme afin qu'elles puissent être efficacement combinées dans des modèles pour réduire les incertitudes, en synergie avec les données au sol. Apporter des contraintes d'observation strictes sur les émissions de combustibles fossiles et de changement d'affectation des terres sera le plus grand défi pour le déploiement d'un système intégré d'observation du carbone pertinent pour les politiques. Cela nécessitera des données in situ et de télédétection à une résolution et une densité beaucoup plus élevées que celles actuellement atteintes pour les flux naturels, bien que sur une petite superficie (villes, sites industriels, centrales électriques), ainsi que l'inclusion de mesures indirectes de CO2 de combustibles fossiles telles que le radiocarbone dans les traceurs de combustion de CO2 et de carbone. En outre, un système de surveillance du carbone pertinent pour les politiques devrait également fournir des mécanismes pour concilier les estimations des flux régionaux descendants (basés sur l'atmosphère) et ascendants (basés sur la surface) sur toute la gamme des échelles spatiales et temporelles pertinentes pour les politiques d'atténuation. Le succès du système reposera sur des engagements à long terme en matière de suivi, sur une meilleure collaboration internationale pour combler les lacunes dans les observations actuelles, sur des efforts soutenus pour améliorer l'accès aux différents flux de données et rendre les bases de données interopérables, et sur l'étalonnage de chaque composante du système à des échelles internationales convenues. Resumen. Se necesita un sistema de observación y análisis de carbono integrado a nivel mundial para mejorar la comprensión fundamental del ciclo global del carbono, para mejorar nuestra capacidad de proyectar cambios futuros y para verificar la efectividad de las políticas destinadas a reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y aumentar el secuestro de carbono. Construir un sistema integrado de observación de carbono requiere avances transformacionales desde el marco exploratorio escaso existente hacia un sistema denso, robusto y sostenido en todos los componentes: las emisiones antropogénicas, la atmósfera, el océano y la biosfera terrestre. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar el estado actual de las emisiones de carbono y las necesidades de un sistema global integrado de emisiones de carbono que pueda construirse en la próxima década. Una conclusión clave es la expansión sustancial (en varios órdenes de magnitud) de las redes de observación terrestres necesarias para alcanzar la alta resolución espacial para los flujos de CO2 y CH4, y para las reservas de carbono para abordar los objetivos relevantes para las políticas y atribuir los cambios de flujo a los procesos subyacentes en cada región. Para establecer diagnósticos de flujo y stock en áreas remotas como los océanos del sur, los bosques tropicales y el Ártico, las observaciones in situ deberán complementarse con mediciones de teledetección. La teledetección ofrece la ventaja de una cobertura espacial densa y una revisión frecuente. Un desafío clave es llevar las mediciones de teledetección a un nivel de consistencia y precisión a largo plazo para que puedan combinarse de manera eficiente en modelos para reducir las incertidumbres, en sinergia con los datos basados en tierra. Traer restricciones observacionales estrictas sobre las emisiones de combustibles fósiles y el cambio en el uso de la tierra será el mayor desafío para el despliegue de un sistema integrado de observación de carbono relevante para las políticas. Esto requerirá datos in situ y teledetectados con una resolución y densidad mucho más altas que las que se logran actualmente para los flujos naturales, aunque en una pequeña superficie de tierra (ciudades, sitios industriales, centrales eléctricas), así como la inclusión de mediciones indirectas de CO2 de combustibles fósiles, como el radiocarbono en CO2 y los trazadores de combustión de combustibles de carbono. Además, un sistema de monitoreo de carbono relevante para las políticas también debe proporcionar mecanismos para conciliar las estimaciones regionales de flujo de arriba hacia abajo (basadas en la atmósfera) y de abajo hacia arriba (basadas en la superficie) en toda la gama de escalas espaciales y temporales relevantes para las políticas de mitigación. El éxito del sistema dependerá de los compromisos a largo plazo con el monitoreo, de una mejor colaboración internacional para llenar los vacíos en las observaciones actuales, de esfuerzos sostenidos para mejorar el acceso a los diferentes flujos de datos y hacer que las bases de datos sean interoperables, y de la calibración de cada componente del sistema a escalas internacionales acordadas. Abstract. A globally integrated carbon observation and analysis system is needed to improve the fundamental understanding of the global carbon cycle, to improve our ability to project future changes, and to verify the effectiveness of policies aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration. Building an integrated carbon observation system requires transformational advances from the existing sparse, exploratory framework towards a dense, robust, and sustained system in all components: anthropogenic emissions, the atmosphere, the ocean, and the terrestrial biosphere. The goal of this study is to identify the current state of carbon observations and needs for a global integrated carbon observation system that can be built in the next decade. A key conclusion is the substantial expansion (by several orders of magnitude) of the ground-based observation networks required to reach the high spatial resolution for CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and for carbon stocks for addressing policy relevant objectives, and attributing flux changes to underlying processes in each region. In order to establish flux and stock diagnostics over remote areas such as the southern oceans, tropical forests and the Arctic, in situ observations will have to be complemented with remote-sensing measurements. Remote sensing offers the advantage of dense spatial coverage and frequent revisit. A key challenge is to bring remote sensing measurements to a level of long-term consistency and accuracy so that they can be efficiently combined in models to reduce uncertainties, in synergy with ground-based data. Bringing tight observational constraints on fossil fuel and land use change emissions will be the biggest challenge for deployment of a policy-relevant integrated carbon observation system. This will require in-situ and remotely sensed data at much higher resolution and density than currently achieved for natural fluxes, although over a small land area (cities, industrial sites, power plants), as well as the inclusion of fossil fuel CO2 proxy measurements such as radiocarbon in CO2 and carbon-fuel combustion tracers. Additionally, a policy relevant carbon monitoring system should also provide mechanisms for reconciling regional top-down (atmosphere-based) and bottom-up (surface-based) flux estimates across the range of spatial and temporal scales relevant to mitigation policies. The success of the system will rely on long-term commitments to monitoring, on improved international collaboration to fill gaps in the current observations, on sustained efforts to improve access to the different data streams and make databases inter-operable, and on the calibration of each component of the system to agreed-upon international scales. الخلاصة. هناك حاجة إلى نظام متكامل عالميًا لمراقبة الكربون وتحليله لتحسين الفهم الأساسي لدورة الكربون العالمية، وتحسين قدرتنا على توقع التغييرات المستقبلية، والتحقق من فعالية السياسات التي تهدف إلى الحد من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة وزيادة عزل الكربون. يتطلب بناء نظام متكامل لمراقبة الكربون تقدمًا تحويليًا من الإطار الاستكشافي المتناثر الحالي نحو نظام كثيف وقوي ومستدام في جميع المكونات: الانبعاثات البشرية المنشأ والغلاف الجوي والمحيطات والمحيط الحيوي الأرضي. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد الوضع الحالي لملاحظات الكربون والاحتياجات لنظام عالمي متكامل لمراقبة الكربون يمكن بناؤه في العقد المقبل. الاستنتاج الرئيسي هو التوسع الكبير (بعدة مرات من حيث الحجم) لشبكات المراقبة الأرضية المطلوبة للوصول إلى الاستبانة المكانية العالية لتدفقات ثاني أكسيد الكربون والميثان، ولمخزونات الكربون لمعالجة الأهداف ذات الصلة بالسياسات، وعزو تغييرات التدفق إلى العمليات الأساسية في كل منطقة. من أجل إنشاء تشخيصات التدفق والأرصدة في المناطق النائية مثل المحيطات الجنوبية والغابات الاستوائية والقطب الشمالي، يجب استكمال الملاحظات في الموقع بقياسات الاستشعار عن بعد. يوفر الاستشعار عن بعد ميزة التغطية المكانية الكثيفة وإعادة الزيارة المتكررة. ويتمثل أحد التحديات الرئيسية في الوصول بقياسات الاستشعار عن بعد إلى مستوى من الاتساق والدقة على المدى الطويل بحيث يمكن دمجها بكفاءة في نماذج للحد من أوجه عدم اليقين، بالتآزر مع البيانات الأرضية. سيكون فرض قيود صارمة على مراقبة الوقود الأحفوري وانبعاثات تغير استخدام الأراضي هو التحدي الأكبر أمام نشر نظام متكامل لمراقبة الكربون ذي صلة بالسياسات. وسيتطلب ذلك بيانات في الموقع ومستشعرة عن بعد بدقة وكثافة أعلى بكثير مما هو متحقق حاليًا للتدفقات الطبيعية، على الرغم من أنها على مساحة أرض صغيرة (المدن والمواقع الصناعية ومحطات الطاقة)، بالإضافة إلى تضمين قياسات وكيل ثاني أكسيد الكربون للوقود الأحفوري مثل الكربون المشع في ثاني أكسيد الكربون وتتبع احتراق الوقود الكربوني. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يجب أن يوفر نظام رصد الكربون ذي الصلة بالسياسة أيضًا آليات للتوفيق بين تقديرات التدفق الإقليمية من أعلى إلى أسفل (القائمة على الغلاف الجوي) ومن أسفل إلى أعلى (السطحية) عبر نطاق المقاييس المكانية والزمنية ذات الصلة بسياسات التخفيف. سيعتمد نجاح النظام على الالتزامات طويلة الأجل بالرصد، وعلى تحسين التعاون الدولي لسد الثغرات في الملاحظات الحالية، وعلى الجهود المستمرة لتحسين الوصول إلى تدفقات البيانات المختلفة وجعل قواعد البيانات قابلة للتشغيل المتبادل، وعلى معايرة كل مكون من مكونات النظام وفقًا للنطاقات الدولية المتفق عليها.

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    Authors: Eugene Mikhailov; Eugene Mikhailov; Chul-Un Ro; Susan E. Trumbore; +63 Authors

    Abstract. The Amazon Basin plays key roles in the carbon and water cycles, climate change, atmospheric chemistry, and biodiversity. It has already been changed significantly by human activities, and more pervasive change is expected to occur in the coming decades. It is therefore essential to establish long-term measurement sites that provide a baseline record of present-day climatic, biogeochemical, and atmospheric conditions and that will be operated over coming decades to monitor change in the Amazon region, as human perturbations increase in the future. The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) has been set up in a pristine rain forest region in the central Amazon Basin, about 150 km northeast of the city of Manaus. Two 80 m towers have been operated at the site since 2012, and a 325 m tower is nearing completion in mid-2015. An ecological survey including a biodiversity assessment has been conducted in the forest region surrounding the site. Measurements of micrometeorological and atmospheric chemical variables were initiated in 2012, and their range has continued to broaden over the last few years. The meteorological and micrometeorological measurements include temperature and wind profiles, precipitation, water and energy fluxes, turbulence components, soil temperature profiles and soil heat fluxes, radiation fluxes, and visibility. A tree has been instrumented to measure stem profiles of temperature, light intensity, and water content in cryptogamic covers. The trace gas measurements comprise continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and ozone at five to eight different heights, complemented by a variety of additional species measured during intensive campaigns (e.g., VOC, NO, NO2, and OH reactivity). Aerosol optical, microphysical, and chemical measurements are being made above the canopy as well as in the canopy space. They include aerosol light scattering and absorption, fluorescence, number and volume size distributions, chemical composition, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, and hygroscopicity. In this paper, we discuss the scientific context of the ATTO observatory and present an overview of results from ecological, meteorological, and chemical pilot studies at the ATTO site.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2015
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.13016/m2...
    Other literature type . 2015
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    Other literature type . 2018
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP)
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP)
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP)
      Other literature type . 2018
      Data sources: Copernicus
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      MPG.PuRe
      Article . 2015
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.13016/m2...
      Other literature type . 2015
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      Copernicus Publications
      Other literature type . 2018
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dan Zhu; Benjamin Poulter; Pierre Friedlingstein; Martin Heimann; +27 Authors

    AbstractChanging amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 (SCA) in the northern hemisphere is an emerging carbon cycle property. Mauna Loa (MLO) station (20°N, 156°W), which has the longest continuous northern hemisphere CO2 record, shows an increasing SCA before the 1980s (p < .01), followed by no significant change thereafter. We analyzed the potential driving factors of SCA slowing‐down, with an ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) coupled with an atmospheric transport model. We found that slowing‐down of SCA at MLO is primarily explained by response of net biome productivity (NBP) to climate change, and by changes in atmospheric circulations. Through NBP, climate change increases SCA at MLO before the 1980s and decreases it afterwards. The effect of climate change on the slowing‐down of SCA at MLO is mainly exerted by intensified drought stress acting to offset the acceleration driven by CO2 fertilization. This challenges the view that CO2 fertilization is the dominant cause of emergent SCA trends at northern sites south of 40°N. The contribution of agricultural intensification on the deceleration of SCA at MLO was elusive according to land–atmosphere CO2 flux estimated by DGVMs and atmospheric inversions. Our results also show the necessity to adequately account for changing circulation patterns in understanding carbon cycle dynamics observed from atmospheric observations and in using these observations to benchmark DGVMs.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL-CEA
    Article . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL-INSU
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: HAL-INSU
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Global Change Biology
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    OPUS Augsburg
    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL-CEA
      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL-INSU
      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Global Change Biology
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      OPUS Augsburg
      Article . 2020
      Data sources: OPUS Augsburg
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mathias Göckede; Fanny Kittler; Sergei Zimov; Nikita Zimov; +3 Authors

    AbstractPermafrost landscapes in northern high latitudes with their massive organic carbon stocks are an important, poorly known, component of the global carbon cycle. However, in light of future Arctic warming, the sustainability of these carbon pools is uncertain. To a large part, this is due to a limited understanding of the carbon cycle processes because of sparse observations in Arctic permafrost ecosystems. Here we present an eddy covariance data set covering more than 3 years of continuous CO2 and CH4 flux observations within a moist tussock tundra ecosystem near Chersky in north‐eastern Siberia. Through parallel observations of a disturbed (drained) area and a control area nearby, we aim to evaluate the long‐term effects of a persistently lowered water table on the net vertical carbon exchange budgets and the dominating biogeochemical mechanisms. Persistently drier soils trigger systematic shifts in the tundra ecosystem carbon cycle patterns. Both, uptake rates of CO2 and emissions of CH4 decreased. Year‐round measurements emphasize the importance of the non‐growing season—in particular the “zero‐curtain” period in the fall—to the annual budget. Approximately 60% of the CO2 uptake in the growing season is lost during the cold seasons, while CH4 emissions during the non‐growing season account for 30% of the annual budget. Year‐to‐year variability in temperature conditions during the late growing season was identified as the primary control of the interannual variability observed in the CO2 and CH4 fluxes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Global Biogeochemica...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: MPG.PuRe
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Global Biogeochemica...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      MPG.PuRe
      Article . 2017
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Global Biogeochemical Cycles
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Forkel, Matthias; Carvalhais, Nuno; Rödenbeck, Christian; Keeling, Ralph F; +4 Authors

    Atmospheric monitoring of high northern latitudes (> 40°N) has shown an enhanced seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide (CO2) since the 1960s but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The much stronger increase in high latitudes compared to low ones suggests that northern ecosystems are experiencing large changes in vegetation and carbon cycle dynamics. Here we show that the latitudinal gradient of the increasing CO2 amplitude is mainly driven by positive trends in photosynthetic carbon uptake caused by recent climate change and mediated by changing vegetation cover in northern ecosystems. Our results emphasize the importance of climate-vegetation-carbon cycle feedbacks at high latitudes, and indicate that during the last decades photosynthetic carbon uptake has reacted much more strongly to warming than carbon release processes. Model simulations of gross primary production, net biome productivity and the seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO2 from the LPJmL dynamic global vegetation model coupled to the TM3 atmospheric transport model. Global gridded model outputs are in NetCDF. Site-level CO2 amplitude time series are in ASCII format.Creator and contact: Matthias Forkel, 2016-01-08, mailto:matthias.forkel@geo.tuwien.ac.at Supplement to: Forkel, Matthias; Carvalhais, Nuno; Rödenbeck, Christian; Keeling, Ralph F; Heimann, Martin; Thonicke, Kirsten; Zaehle, Sönke; Reichstein, Markus (2016): Enhanced seasonal CO_2 exchange caused by amplified plant productivity in northern ecosystems. Science, 6274, 696-699

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  • Authors: Pavel Alekseychik; Hanna Lappalainen; Tuukka Petäjä; Martin Heimann; +18 Authors

    The international Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) program addresses the full spectrum of problems related to climate change in Eurasian Northern latitudes. Todas las actividades de PEEX se centran en el gran volumen de datos observacionales de alta calidad proporcionados por las estaciones terrestres y marinas, la detección remota y las herramientas satelitales. So far, no coordinated station network has ever existented in Eurasia, moreover, the current scope of relevant research remains largely unknown as no prior assessment has been done to date. This paper makes the first attempt to overview the existing ground station pool in the Arctic-Boreal region with the focus on Russia. The geographical, climatic and ecosystem representativeness of the current stations is discussed, the gaps are identified and tentative station network developments are proposed. The international Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) program addresses the full spectrum of problems related to climate change in Eurasian Northern latitudes. Toutes les activités PEEX sont liées au volume de données d'observation de haute qualité fournies par les stations terrestres et marines, la détection à distance et les outils satellites. So far, no coordinated station network has ever existd in Eurasia, moreover, the current scope of relevant research remains largely unknown as no prior assessment has been done to date. This paper makes the first attempt to overview the existing ground station pool in the Arctic-Boreal region with the focus on Russia. The geographical, climatic and ecosystem representativess of the current stations is discussed, the gaps are identified and tentative station network developments are proposed. The international Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) program addresses the full spectrum of problems related to climate change in Eurasian Northern latitudes. All PEEX activities rely on the bulk of high-quality observational data provided by the ground and marine stations, remote sensing and satellite tools. So far, no coordinated station network has ever existed in Eurasia, moreover, the current scope of relevant research remains largely unknown as no prior assessment has been done to date. This paper makes the first attempt to overview the existing ground station pool in the Arctic-Boreal region with the focus on Russia. The geographical, climatic and ecosystem representativeness of the current stations is discussed, the gaps are identified and tentative station network developments are proposed. The international Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) program addresses the full spectrum of problems related to climate change in Eurasian Northern latitudes. All PEEX activities rely on the bulk of high-quality observational data provided by the ground and marine stations, remote sensing and satellite tools. So far, no coordinated station network has ever existed in Eurasia, moreover, the current scope of relevant research remains largely unknown as no prior assessment has been done to date. This paper makes the first attempt to overview the existing ground station pool in the Arctic-Boreal region with the focus on Russia. The geographical, climatic and ecosystem representativeness of the current stations is discussed, the gaps are identified and tentative station network developments are proposed. يعالج البرنامج الدولي للتجربة الأوراسية (PEEX) مجموعة كاملة من المشاكل المتعلقة بتغير المناخ في خطوط العرض الشمالية الأوراسية. تعتمد جميع أنشطة PEEX على الجزء الأكبر من بيانات الرصد عالية الجودة التي توفرها المحطات الأرضية والبحرية والاستشعار عن بعد وأدوات الأقمار الصناعية. حتى الآن، لم تكن هناك شبكة محطات منسقة في أوراسيا، علاوة على ذلك، لا يزال النطاق الحالي للبحوث ذات الصلة غير معروف إلى حد كبير حيث لم يتم إجراء تقييم مسبق حتى الآن. تقوم هذه الورقة بالمحاولة الأولى لإلقاء نظرة عامة على مجموعة المحطات الأرضية الحالية في المنطقة القطبية الشمالية مع التركيز على روسيا. تتم مناقشة التمثيل الجغرافي والمناخي والنظم الإيكولوجية للمحطات الحالية، ويتم تحديد الفجوات واقتراح تطويرات مؤقتة لشبكة المحطات.

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    Authors: Forkel, M.; Carvalhais, N.; Rödenbeck, C.; Keeling, R.; +4 Authors

    Warming making bigger CO 2 swings The combined effects of climate change and vegetation dynamics at high northern latitudes have amplified the seasonal variation of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations over the past half century. Forkel et al. combined observations and models to show that climate warming has caused the photosynthetic uptake of carbon to increase faster than its respiratory release from the terrestrial biosphere. This has increased the difference from summer to winter, as well as the latitudinal gradient. Because of the physiological limitations to carbon uptake by terrestrial vegetation, this negative feedback to warming in the boreal north and Arctic cannot continue indefinitely. Science , this issue p. 696

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    Authors: Philippe Ciais; Han Dolman; Antonio Bombelli; Riley Duren; +54 Authors

    Abstract. A globally integrated carbon observation and analysis system is needed to improve the fundamental understanding of the global carbon cycle, to improve our ability to project future changes, and to verify the effectiveness of policies aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration. Building an integrated carbon observation system requires transformational advances from the existing sparse, exploratory framework towards a dense, robust, and sustained system in all components: anthropogenic emissions, the atmosphere, the ocean, and the terrestrial biosphere. The goal of this study is to identify the current state of carbon observations and needs for a global integrated carbon observation system that can be built in the next decade. A key conclusion is the substantial expansion (by several orders of magnitude) of the ground-based observation networks required to reach the high spatial resolution for CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and for carbon stocks for addressing policy relevant objectives, and attributing flux changes to underlying processes in each region. In order to establish flux and stock diagnostics over remote areas such as the southern oceans, tropical forests and the Arctic, in situ observations will have to be complemented with remote-sensing measurements. Remote sensing offers the advantage of dense spatial coverage and frequent revisit. A key challenge is to bring remote sensing measurements to a level of long-term consistency and accuracy so that they can be efficiently combined in models to reduce uncertainties, in synergy with ground-based data. Bringing tight observational constraints on fossil fuel and land use change emissions will be the biggest challenge for deployment of a policy-relevant integrated carbon observation system. This will require in-situ and remotely sensed data at much higher resolution and density than currently achieved for natural fluxes, although over a small land area (cities, industrial sites, power plants), as well as the inclusion of fossil fuel CO2 proxy measurements such as radiocarbon in CO2 and carbon-fuel combustion tracers. Additionally, a policy relevant carbon monitoring system should also provide mechanisms for reconciling regional top-down (atmosphere-based) and bottom-up (surface-based) flux estimates across the range of spatial and temporal scales relevant to mitigation policies. The success of the system will rely on long-term commitments to monitoring, on improved international collaboration to fill gaps in the current observations, on sustained efforts to improve access to the different data streams and make databases inter-operable, and on the calibration of each component of the system to agreed-upon international scales.

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    Authors: Christian Rödenbeck; Martin Heimann; Martin Heimann; Ralph F. Keeling; +1 Authors

    Interannual variations in the large-scale net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO 2 between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere were estimated for 1957–2017 from sustained measurements of atmospheric CO 2 mixing ratios. As the observations are sparse in the early decades, available records were combined into a ‘quasi-homogeneous’ dataset based on similarity in their signals, to minimize spurious variations from beginning or ending data records. During El Niño events, CO 2 is anomalously released from the tropical band, and a few months later also in the northern extratropical band. This behaviour can approximately be represented by a linear relationship of the NEE anomalies and local air temperature anomalies, with sensitivity coefficients depending on geographical location and season. The apparent climate sensitivity of global total NEE against variations in pan-tropically averaged annual air temperature slowly changed over time during the 1957–2017 period, first increasing (though less strongly than in previous studies) but then decreasing again. However, only part of this change can be attributed to actual changes in local physiological or ecosystem processes, the rest probably arising from shifts in the geographical area of dominating temperature variations. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’.

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    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Philosophical Transa...arrow_drop_down
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      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2018
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: PubMed Central
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      MPG.PuRe
      Article . 2018
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      Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Royal Society Data Sharing and Accessibility
      Data sources: Crossref
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    Authors: Mathias Göckede; Sergey Zimov; Sergey Zimov; Fanny Kittler; +4 Authors

    AbstractThe sustainability of the vast Arctic permafrost carbon pool under climate change is of paramount importance for global climate trajectories. Accurate climate change forecasts, therefore, depend on a reliable representation of mechanisms governing Arctic carbon cycle processes, but this task is complicated by the complex interaction of multiple controls on Arctic ecosystem changes, linked through both positive and negative feedbacks. As a primary example, predicted Arctic warming can be substantially influenced by shifts in hydrologic regimes, linked to, for example, altered precipitation patterns or changes in topography following permafrost degradation. This study presents observational evidence how severe drainage, a scenario that may affect large Arctic areas with ice‐rich permafrost soils under future climate change, affects biogeochemical and biogeophysical processes within an Arctic floodplain. Our in situ data demonstrate reduced carbon losses and transfer of sensible heat to the atmosphere, and effects linked to drainage‐induced long‐term shifts in vegetation communities and soil thermal regimes largely counterbalanced the immediate drainage impact. Moreover, higher surface albedo in combination with low thermal conductivity cooled the permafrost soils. Accordingly, long‐term drainage effects linked to warming‐induced permafrost degradation hold the potential to alleviate positive feedbacks between permafrost carbon and Arctic warming, and to slow down permafrost degradation. Self‐stabilizing effects associated with ecosystem disturbance such as these drainage impacts are a key factor for predicting future feedbacks between Arctic permafrost and climate change, and, thus, neglect of these mechanisms will exaggerate the impacts of Arctic change on future global climate projections.

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    Global Change Biology
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Global Change Biology
    Article
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: UnpayWall
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    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2019
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    Article . 2019
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    ZENODO
    Article . 2019
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    ZENODO
    Article . 2019
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
    Global Change Biology
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Global Change Biolog...arrow_drop_down
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      Global Change Biology
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Global Change Biology
      Article
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      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2019
      Data sources: PubMed Central
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      MPG.PuRe
      Article . 2019
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      ZENODO
      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
      Global Change Biology
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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