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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mona Masood; Sana Aurangzeb; Muhammad Aleem; Ameen Chilwan; +1 Authors

    Electrical load forecasting remains an ongoing challenge due to various factors, such as temperature and weather, which change day by day. In this age of Big Data, efficient handling of data and obtaining valuable information from raw data is crucial. Through the use of IoT devices and smart meters, we can capture data efficiently, whereas traditional methods may struggle with data management. The proposed solution consists of two levels for forecasting. The selected subsets of data are first fed into the “Daily Consumption Electrical Networks” (DCEN) network, which provides valid input to the “Intra Load Forecasting Networks” (ILFN) network. To address overfitting issues, we use classic or conventional neural networks. This research employs a three-tier architecture, which includes the cloud layer, fog layer, and edge servers. The classical state-of-the-art prediction schemes usually employ a two-tier architecture with classical models, which can result in low learning precision and overfitting issues. The proposed approach uses more weather features that were not previously utilized to predict the load. In this study, numerous experiments were conducted and found that support vector regression outperformed other methods. The results obtained were 5.055 for mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), 0.69 for root mean square error (RMSE), 0.37 for normalized mean square error (NRMSE), 0.0072 for mean squared logarithmic error (MSLE), and 0.86 for R2 score values. The experimental findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PeerJ Computer Scien...arrow_drop_down
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    PeerJ Computer Science
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    PeerJ Computer Science
    Article . 2024
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/jq...
    Other literature type . 2024
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Babar Rasheed; Muhammad Awais; Nadeem Javaid; Thamer Alquthami;

    La tarification de l'électricité au jour le jour est une stratégie importante pour les fournisseurs d'électricité afin d'améliorer la stabilité du réseau grâce à la planification de la charge. Dans cet article, nous examinons un cadre général pour modéliser les prix de détail de l'électricité en fonction de la demande de charge et des informations sur les prix du marché. Sans aucune connaissance a priori, nous avons considéré une approche à temps fini avec des entrées système dynamiques. Notre objectif est de minimiser le coût moyen du système et les pics de rebond grâce au prix d'approvisionnement en énergie, à la planification de la charge et à l'intégration des sources d'énergie renouvelables (SER). Dans un premier temps, le coût de la consommation d'énergie est calculé en fonction du prix de compensation du marché et de la charge prévue. Ensuite, grâce à la reformulation et à la modification ultérieure du problème d'optimisation, nous utilisons une information de prix à un jour pour construire des profils de prix individualisés pour chaque utilisateur, respectivement. Pour analyser l'applicabilité de la politique de tarification proposée, une solution analytique est obtenue qui est ensuite validée par comparaison avec la solution obtenue à partir de l'algorithme génétique (GA). D'après les résultats, il est observé que la politique de prix proposée est de nature non discriminatoire et que chaque utilisateur a obtenu un tarif d'électricité équitable plutôt qu'un prix journalier, qui est basé sur la demande de charge et la variation de consommation des autres utilisateurs. Nous montrons également que le problème d'optimisation est résolu séquentiellement avec une garantie de performance limitée et une optimalité asymptotique. Enfin, les simulations sont effectuées dans différents scénarios ; charge agrégée et prix du marché, et charge agrégée, charge individualisée, prix du marché et prix proposé. Les résultats révèlent que notre mécanisme proposé peut facturer le prix à chaque utilisateur avec une diminution de 23,77 % ou une augmentation de 5,12 % en fonction des exigences du système. El precio diario de la electricidad es una estrategia importante para que los proveedores de electricidad mejoren la estabilidad de la red a través de la programación de la carga. En este documento, investigamos un marco general para modelar los precios minoristas de la electricidad en función de la demanda de carga y la información de los precios de mercado. Sin ningún conocimiento a priori, hemos considerado un enfoque de tiempo finito con entradas dinámicas del sistema. Nuestro objetivo es minimizar el costo promedio del sistema y los picos de rebote a través del precio de adquisición de energía, la programación de carga y la integración de fuentes de energía renovables (RES). Inicialmente, el coste de consumo de energía se calcula en función del precio de compensación del mercado y la carga programada. Luego, a través de la reformulación y la posterior modificación del problema de optimización, utilizamos una información de precios del día anterior para construir perfiles de precios individualizados para cada usuario, respectivamente. Para analizar la aplicabilidad de la política de precios propuesta, se obtiene una solución analítica que se valida aún más mediante la comparación con la solución obtenida del algoritmo genético (GA). A partir de los resultados, se observa que la política de precios propuesta es de naturaleza no discriminatoria y cada usuario obtuvo una tarifa eléctrica justa en lugar de un precio diario, que se basa en la demanda de carga y la variación de consumo de otros usuarios. También mostramos que el problema de optimización se resuelve secuencialmente con garantía de rendimiento limitada y optimalidad asintótica. Finalmente, las simulaciones se realizan en diferentes escenarios; carga agregada y precio de mercado, y carga agregada, carga individualizada, precio de mercado y precio propuesto. Los resultados revelan que nuestro mecanismo propuesto puede cobrar el precio a cada usuario con una disminución del 23,77% o un aumento del 5,12% en función de los requisitos del sistema. Day-ahead electricity pricing is an important strategy for electricity providers to improve grid stability through load scheduling. In this paper, we investigate a general framework for modelling electricity retail pricing based on load demand and market price information. Without any a priori knowledge, we have considered a finite time approach with dynamic system inputs. Our objective is to minimize the average system cost and rebound peaks through energy procurement price, load scheduling and renewable energy source (RES) integration. Initially, the energy consumption cost is calculated based on market clearing price and scheduled load. Then, through reformulation and subsequent modification of optimization problem, we utilize a day-ahead price information to construct individualized price profiles for each user, respectively. To analyse the applicability of proposed pricing policy, analytical solution is obtained which is further validated through comparison with solution obtained from genetic algorithm (GA). From results, it is observed that proposed price policy is non-discriminatory in nature and each user obtained a fair electricity tariff rather than a day-ahead price, which is based on load demand and consumption variation of other users. We also show that optimization problem is sequentially solved with bounded performance guarantee and asymptotic optimality. Finally, simulations are carried in different scenarios; aggregated load and market price, and aggregated load, individualized load, market price and proposed price. Results reveal that our proposed mechanism can charge the price to each user with 23.77% decrease or 5.12% increase based on system requirements. يعد تسعير الكهرباء اليومي استراتيجية مهمة لمزودي الكهرباء لتحسين استقرار الشبكة من خلال جدولة الأحمال. في هذه الورقة، نقوم بالتحقيق في إطار عام لنمذجة تسعير التجزئة للكهرباء بناءً على معلومات الطلب على الحمولة وسعر السوق. بدون أي معرفة مسبقة، فكرنا في نهج زمني محدود مع مدخلات نظام ديناميكية. هدفنا هو تقليل متوسط تكلفة النظام والارتداد إلى الذروة من خلال سعر شراء الطاقة وجدولة الأحمال وتكامل مصادر الطاقة المتجددة (RES). في البداية، يتم حساب تكلفة استهلاك الطاقة بناءً على سعر مقاصة السوق والحمل المجدول. بعد ذلك، من خلال إعادة الصياغة والتعديل اللاحق لمشكلة التحسين، نستخدم معلومات الأسعار اليومية لإنشاء ملفات تعريف أسعار فردية لكل مستخدم، على التوالي. لتحليل قابلية تطبيق سياسة التسعير المقترحة، يتم الحصول على حل تحليلي يتم التحقق منه بشكل أكبر من خلال المقارنة مع الحل الذي تم الحصول عليه من الخوارزمية الجينية (GA). من النتائج، لوحظ أن سياسة الأسعار المقترحة غير تمييزية بطبيعتها وحصل كل مستخدم على تعريفة كهرباء عادلة بدلاً من سعر يومي، والذي يعتمد على طلب الحمولة وتباين الاستهلاك لدى المستخدمين الآخرين. نوضح أيضًا أن مشكلة التحسين يتم حلها بالتتابع مع ضمان الأداء المحدود والأمثلية المقاربة. أخيرًا، يتم إجراء عمليات المحاكاة في سيناريوهات مختلفة ؛ الحمل الإجمالي وسعر السوق، والحمل الإجمالي، والحمل الفردي، وسعر السوق والسعر المقترح. تكشف النتائج أن آليتنا المقترحة يمكن أن تفرض السعر على كل مستخدم مع انخفاض بنسبة 23.77 ٪ أو زيادة بنسبة 5.12 ٪ بناءً على متطلبات النظام.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020
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      IEEE Access
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    Authors: Muhammad Awais; Qamar Abbas; Shehbaz Tariq; Sayyaf Haider Warraich;

    In the past years trend of microgrids is increasing very fast to reduce peak-hour costs. However, in these systems, third parties are still involved in selling surplus energy. This results in increased cost of energy and there are many operational and security barriers in such systems. These issues can be solved by the decentralized distributed system of microgrids where a consumer can locally sell their surplus energy to another consumer. To deploy such a system, one must consider security barriers for the transaction of energy. This paper proposes a solution to these problems by devising a scheme as a marketplace where users interact with each other to buy and sell energy at better rates and get energy-generating resources on lease so that users do not have to worry about capital investment. Agreement between owner of resources and consumer is recorded on blockchain based smart contracts. In this paper, a survey is performed for existing well known, decentralized energy solutions. This paper also proposes an extra layer of security to leverage a shielded execution environment so that information of energy generated, utilized, and shared cannot be changed by consumers and third parties even if the system is compromised.

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    Authors: Muhammad Arsalan Ilyas; Ghulam Abbas; Thamer Alquthami; Muhammad Awais; +1 Authors

    En el pasado reciente, para satisfacer la creciente demanda energética de electricidad, la integración de recursos energéticos renovables (RES) en una red eléctrica es un centro de atención. Además, la integración óptima de estas RES hace que esta tarea sea más desafiante debido a su naturaleza intermitente. Por lo tanto, en el presente estudio, el problema del flujo de energía se trata como un problema de flujo de energía óptimo multiobjetivo y multiobjetivo (MOOPF) junto con la integración óptima de las RES. Si bien, los objetivos de MOOPF son triples: costo general de generación, pérdida real de energía del sistema y reducción de emisiones de carbono de fuentes térmicas. En este trabajo, se presenta una técnica computacionalmente eficiente para encontrar los valores más factibles de diferentes variables de control del sistema de energía que tienen RES distribuidas. Por lo tanto, la satisfacción de la restricción se logra mediante el uso de un enfoque de función de penalización (PFA) y para desarrollar aún más el verdadero frente de Pareto (PF), el método de dominancia de Pareto se utiliza para categorizar la solución dominante de Pareto. Además, para tratar la naturaleza intermitente de RES, la función de densidad de probabilidad (PDF) y los modelos de potencia estocástica de RES se utilizan para calcular la potencia disponible de RES. Dado que, los objetivos del problema MOOPF son de naturaleza conflictiva, después de tener el conjunto de soluciones no dominantes, se ha utilizado el enfoque de la función de membresía difusa (FMF) para extraer la mejor solución de compromiso (BCS). Para probar la validez de la técnica desarrollada, el sistema de bus IEEE-30 se ha modificado con la integración de RES y el problema de optimización final se resuelve utilizando el algoritmo de optimización de enjambre de partículas (PSO). Los resultados de la simulación muestran el logro de la técnica propuesta que gestiona el valor del costo del combustible a largo plazo con los valores óptimos de otros objetivos. De plus, l'intégration optimale de ces sources d'énergie rend cette tâche plus difficile en raison de leur nature intermittente. Par conséquent, dans la présente étude, le problème du flux d'énergie est traité comme un problème de flux d'énergie optimal multi-contrainte et multi-objectif (MOOPF) avec une intégration optimale des sources d'énergie. Par conséquent, les objectifs du MOOPF sont triples : coût de production global, perte d'énergie réelle du système et réduction des émissions de carbone de sources thermiques.Dans ce travail, une technique efficace sur le plan informatique est présentée pour trouver les valeurs les plus réalisables de différentes variables de contrôle du système d'alimentation ayant des sources d'énergie renouvelables distribuées. Par conséquent, la satisfaction des contraintes est obtenue en utilisant l'approche de la fonction de pénalité (PFA) et pour développer davantage le vrai front de Pareto (PF), la méthode de dominance de Pareto est utilisée pour catégoriser la solution de dominance de Pareto. De plus, pour traiter la nature intermittente des sources d'énergie renouvelables, la fonction de densité de probabilité (PDF) et les modèles de puissance stochastique des sources d'énergie renouvelables sont utilisés pour calculer la puissance disponible à partir des sources d'énergie renouvelables. Depuis, les objectifs du problème MOOPF sont de nature conflictuelle, après avoir utilisé l'approche de la fonction d'appartenance floue (FMF) de l'ensemble de solutions non dominantes pour extraire la meilleure solution de compromis (BCS). Pour tester la validité de la technique développée, le système de bus IEEE-30 a été modifié avec intégration de res et le problème d'optimisation finale est résolu en utilisant l'algorithme d'optimisation d'essaim de particules (PSO). Les résultats de la simulation montrent la réalisation de la technique proposée en gérant la valeur du coût du carburant longtemps avec les valeurs optimales d'autres objectifs. In recent past, to meet the growing energy demand of electricity, integration of renewable energy resources (RESs) in an electrical network is a center of attention.Furthermore, optimal integration of these RESs make this task more challenging because of their intermittent nature.Therefore, in the present study power flow problem is treated as a multi-constraint, multi-objective optimal power flow (MOOPF) problem along with optimal integration of RESs.Whereas, the objectives of MOOPF are threefold: overall generation cost, real power loss of system and carbon emission reduction of thermal sources.In this work, a computationally efficient technique is presented to find the most feasible values of different control variables of the power system having distributed RESs.Whereas, the constraint satisfaction is achieved by using penalty function approach (PFA) and to further develop true Pareto front (PF), Pareto dominance method is used to categorize Pareto dominate solution.Moreover, to deal with intermittent nature of RES, probability density function (PDF) and stochastic power models of RES are used to calculate available power from RESs.Since, objectives of the MOOPF problem are conflicting in nature, after having the set of non-dominating solutions fuzzy membership function (FMF) approach has been used to extract the best compromise solution (BCS).To test the validity of developed technique, the IEEE-30 bus system has been modified with integration of RESs and final optimization problem is solved by using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.Simulation results show the achievement of proposed technique managing fuel cost value long with the optimal values of other objectives. في الماضي القريب، لتلبية الطلب المتزايد على الطاقة الكهربائية، يعد دمج موارد الطاقة المتجددة (RESs) في شبكة كهربائية مركزًا للاهتمام. علاوة على ذلك، فإن التكامل الأمثل لهذه الموارد يجعل هذه المهمة أكثر صعوبة بسبب طبيعتها المتقطعة. لذلك، في هذه الدراسة، يتم التعامل مع مشكلة تدفق الطاقة على أنها مشكلة تدفق طاقة مثلى متعددة القيود ومتعددة الأهداف (MOOPF) جنبًا إلى جنب مع التكامل الأمثل لـ RESs. في حين أن أهداف MOOPF ثلاثية الجوانب: تكلفة التوليد الإجمالية، وفقدان الطاقة الحقيقي للنظام وتقليل انبعاثات الكربون من المصادر الحرارية. في هذا العمل، يتم تقديم تقنية فعالة حسابيًا للعثور على القيم الأكثر جدوى لمتغيرات التحكم المختلفة لنظام الطاقة الذي قام بتوزيع RES. في حين يتم تحقيق الرضا عن القيد باستخدام نهج دالة العقوبة (PFA) ولمواصلة تطوير جبهة باريتو الحقيقية (PF)، يتم استخدام طريقة هيمنة باريتو لتصنيف حل باريتو المسيطر. علاوة على ذلك، للتعامل مع الطبيعة المتقطعة لـ RES، يتم استخدام دالة الكثافة الاحتمالية (PDF) ونماذج الطاقة العشوائية لـ RES لحساب الطاقة المتاحة من RESs. منذ ذلك الحين، أهداف مشكلة MOOPF هي متضاربة في طبيعتها، بعد استخدام مجموعة من الحلول غير المهيمنة تم استخدام نهج وظيفة العضوية الغامضة (FMF) لاستخراج أفضل حل وسط (BCS). لاختبار صحة التقنية المطورة، تم تعديل نظام ناقل IEEE -30 مع دمج RESs ويتم حل مشكلة التحسين النهائي باستخدام خوارزمية تحسين سرب الجسيمات (PSO). تظهر نتائج المحاكاة تحقيق التقنية المقترحة لإدارة قيمة تكلفة الوقود لفترة طويلة مع القيم المثلى للأهداف الأخرى.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Babar Rasheed; Muhammad Awais; Thamer Alquthami; Irfan Khan;

    A pesar de la importancia universal de la respuesta a la demanda (DR) basada en el precio para gestionar la carga de carga del vehículo eléctrico (EV), la literatura académica ha explorado varios mecanismos para su implementación. La precuela de este trabajo ha demostrado que la implementación de esquemas de gestión de carga sobre la base de programas de DR basados en precios conduce a una programación más costosa para consumidores de energía bajos o constantes. En este sentido, el trabajo propuesto ha considerado y ampliado la misma idea desde el punto de vista analítico y de implementación a múltiples regiones de carga de vehículos eléctricos y cargas respectivas. Presentamos un mecanismo novedoso para calcular los precios de carga de vehículos eléctricos utilizando patrones de consumo de energía individualizados de vehículos eléctricos en cada región. En este sentido, todas las regiones/estaciones de EV reciben una señal de precio dinámica de naturaleza no discriminatoria. Las señales dinámicas de precios están diseñadas específicamente para mitigar el impacto de los precios discriminatorios en el coste del usuario final. Además, los otros objetivos de estos precios no discriminatorios son reducir el costo de la energía y los picos de rebote sin afectar el objetivo de los servicios públicos (es decir, los ingresos netos). Inicialmente, se presenta un nuevo modelo matemático para calcular los precios de carga en función de la demanda de carga en tiempo real y la dinámica del mercado. Luego se formula una forma funcional relativamente bien comportada del problema de optimización y se resuelve la función objetivo de minimización de costos mediante el uso de un algoritmo genético (GA). El programa de optimización converge con éxito para dar una solución óptima global que valida la efectividad del mecanismo propuesto. Finalmente, se realizan los resultados analíticos y de simulación para mostrar los logros de nuestro trabajo propuesto en términos de distribución justa de costos con alta satisfacción del usuario. También se demuestra que en ambos mecanismos, los ingresos de la empresa de servicios públicos no se ven afectados. Malgré l'importance universelle de la réponse à la demande basée sur les prix (DR) pour la gestion de la charge de charge des véhicules électriques (EV), la littérature universitaire a exploré divers mécanismes pour sa mise en œuvre. La suite de ce travail a démontré que la mise en œuvre de systèmes de gestion de la charge sur la base de programmes de reprise après sinistre basés sur les prix conduit à une planification plus coûteuse pour les consommateurs d'énergie faibles ou constants. À cet égard, le travail proposé a examiné et élargi la même idée du point de vue de l'analyse et de la mise en œuvre à plusieurs régions de recharge des VE et aux charges respectives. Nous présentons un nouveau mécanisme pour calculer les prix de recharge des VE en utilisant des modèles de consommation d'énergie individualisés des VE dans chaque région. À cet égard, toutes les régions/stations de VE reçoivent un signal de prix dynamique qui est de nature non discriminatoire. Les signaux de prix dynamiques sont spécifiquement conçus pour atténuer l'impact des prix discriminatoires sur le coût de l'utilisateur final. En outre, les autres objectifs de ces prix non discriminatoires sont de réduire le coût de l'énergie et les pics de rebond sans affecter l'objectif des services publics (c.-à-d. le revenu net). Dans un premier temps, un nouveau modèle mathématique est présenté pour calculer les prix de facturation en fonction de la demande de charge en temps réel et de la dynamique du marché. Ensuite, une forme fonctionnelle relativement bien comportée du problème d'optimisation est formulée et la fonction d'objectif de minimisation des coûts est résolue en utilisant un algorithme génétique (GA). Le programme d'optimisation converge avec succès pour donner une solution optimale globale validant l'efficacité du mécanisme proposé. Enfin, les résultats d'analyse et de simulation sont réalisés pour montrer les réalisations de notre travail proposé en termes de répartition équitable des coûts avec une grande satisfaction des utilisateurs. Il est également prouvé que dans les deux mécanismes, les revenus du service public ne sont pas affectés. Despite the universal importance of price based demand response (DR) for managing electric vehicle (EV) charging load, the academic literature has explored various mechanisms to its implementation. The prequel to this work has demonstrated that implementation of load management schemes on the basis of price based DR programs leads to costlier scheduling for low or constant energy consumers. In this regard, the proposed work has considered and expanded the same idea from analytical as well as implementation point of view to multiple EV charging regions and respective loads. We present a novel mechanism to calculate EV charging prices using individualized energy consumption patterns of EVs in each region. In this regard, all EV regions/stations receive a dynamic price signal which is non-discriminatory in nature. The dynamic price signals are specifically designed to mitigate the impact of discriminatory prices on end user's cost. Furthermore, the other objectives of these non-discriminatory prices are to lower energy cost and rebound peaks without affecting utility objective (i.e., net revenue). Initially, a new mathematical model is presented to calculate charging prices based on real time load demand and market dynamics. Then relatively a well behaved functional form of the optimization problem is formulated and the cost minimization objective function is solved by using genetic algorithm (GA). The optimization program successfully converges to give global optimum solution validating the effectiveness of proposed mechanism. Finally, the analytical and simulation results are conducted to show the achievements of our proposed work in terms of fair cost distribution with high user satisfaction. It is also proved that in both mechanisms, the utility's revenue remains unaffected. على الرغم من الأهمية العالمية للاستجابة للطلب على أساس الأسعار (DR) لإدارة حمل شحن المركبات الكهربائية (EV)، فقد استكشفت الأدبيات الأكاديمية آليات مختلفة لتنفيذها. أثبتت مقدمة هذا العمل أن تنفيذ مخططات إدارة الحمل على أساس برامج التعافي من الكوارث القائمة على الأسعار يؤدي إلى جدولة أكثر تكلفة لمستهلكي الطاقة المنخفضين أو المستمرين. في هذا الصدد، نظر العمل المقترح في الفكرة نفسها ووسعها من وجهة نظر تحليلية وتنفيذية إلى مناطق شحن متعددة للسيارات الكهربائية والأحمال ذات الصلة. نقدم آلية جديدة لحساب أسعار شحن المركبات الكهربائية باستخدام أنماط استهلاك الطاقة الفردية للمركبات الكهربائية في كل منطقة. في هذا الصدد، تتلقى جميع مناطق/محطات المركبات الكهربائية إشارة سعرية ديناميكية غير تمييزية بطبيعتها. تم تصميم إشارات الأسعار الديناميكية خصيصًا للتخفيف من تأثير الأسعار التمييزية على تكلفة المستخدم النهائي. علاوة على ذلك، فإن الأهداف الأخرى لهذه الأسعار غير التمييزية هي خفض تكلفة الطاقة وانتعاش القمم دون التأثير على هدف المرافق (أي صافي الإيرادات). في البداية، يتم تقديم نموذج رياضي جديد لحساب أسعار الشحن بناءً على الطلب على الحمل في الوقت الفعلي وديناميكيات السوق. ثم يتم صياغة شكل وظيفي جيد نسبيًا لمشكلة التحسين ويتم حل وظيفة هدف تقليل التكلفة باستخدام الخوارزمية الوراثية (GA). يتقارب برنامج التحسين بنجاح لإعطاء الحل الأمثل العالمي للتحقق من فعالية الآلية المقترحة. أخيرًا، يتم إجراء نتائج التحليل والمحاكاة لإظهار إنجازات عملنا المقترح من حيث التوزيع العادل للتكلفة مع ارتفاع رضا المستخدم. وقد ثبت أيضًا أنه في كلتا الآليتين، تظل إيرادات المرفق غير متأثرة.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mona Masood; Sana Aurangzeb; Muhammad Aleem; Ameen Chilwan; +1 Authors

    Electrical load forecasting remains an ongoing challenge due to various factors, such as temperature and weather, which change day by day. In this age of Big Data, efficient handling of data and obtaining valuable information from raw data is crucial. Through the use of IoT devices and smart meters, we can capture data efficiently, whereas traditional methods may struggle with data management. The proposed solution consists of two levels for forecasting. The selected subsets of data are first fed into the “Daily Consumption Electrical Networks” (DCEN) network, which provides valid input to the “Intra Load Forecasting Networks” (ILFN) network. To address overfitting issues, we use classic or conventional neural networks. This research employs a three-tier architecture, which includes the cloud layer, fog layer, and edge servers. The classical state-of-the-art prediction schemes usually employ a two-tier architecture with classical models, which can result in low learning precision and overfitting issues. The proposed approach uses more weather features that were not previously utilized to predict the load. In this study, numerous experiments were conducted and found that support vector regression outperformed other methods. The results obtained were 5.055 for mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), 0.69 for root mean square error (RMSE), 0.37 for normalized mean square error (NRMSE), 0.0072 for mean squared logarithmic error (MSLE), and 0.86 for R2 score values. The experimental findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PeerJ Computer Scien...arrow_drop_down
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    PeerJ Computer Science
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    PeerJ Computer Science
    Article . 2024
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Babar Rasheed; Muhammad Awais; Nadeem Javaid; Thamer Alquthami;

    La tarification de l'électricité au jour le jour est une stratégie importante pour les fournisseurs d'électricité afin d'améliorer la stabilité du réseau grâce à la planification de la charge. Dans cet article, nous examinons un cadre général pour modéliser les prix de détail de l'électricité en fonction de la demande de charge et des informations sur les prix du marché. Sans aucune connaissance a priori, nous avons considéré une approche à temps fini avec des entrées système dynamiques. Notre objectif est de minimiser le coût moyen du système et les pics de rebond grâce au prix d'approvisionnement en énergie, à la planification de la charge et à l'intégration des sources d'énergie renouvelables (SER). Dans un premier temps, le coût de la consommation d'énergie est calculé en fonction du prix de compensation du marché et de la charge prévue. Ensuite, grâce à la reformulation et à la modification ultérieure du problème d'optimisation, nous utilisons une information de prix à un jour pour construire des profils de prix individualisés pour chaque utilisateur, respectivement. Pour analyser l'applicabilité de la politique de tarification proposée, une solution analytique est obtenue qui est ensuite validée par comparaison avec la solution obtenue à partir de l'algorithme génétique (GA). D'après les résultats, il est observé que la politique de prix proposée est de nature non discriminatoire et que chaque utilisateur a obtenu un tarif d'électricité équitable plutôt qu'un prix journalier, qui est basé sur la demande de charge et la variation de consommation des autres utilisateurs. Nous montrons également que le problème d'optimisation est résolu séquentiellement avec une garantie de performance limitée et une optimalité asymptotique. Enfin, les simulations sont effectuées dans différents scénarios ; charge agrégée et prix du marché, et charge agrégée, charge individualisée, prix du marché et prix proposé. Les résultats révèlent que notre mécanisme proposé peut facturer le prix à chaque utilisateur avec une diminution de 23,77 % ou une augmentation de 5,12 % en fonction des exigences du système. El precio diario de la electricidad es una estrategia importante para que los proveedores de electricidad mejoren la estabilidad de la red a través de la programación de la carga. En este documento, investigamos un marco general para modelar los precios minoristas de la electricidad en función de la demanda de carga y la información de los precios de mercado. Sin ningún conocimiento a priori, hemos considerado un enfoque de tiempo finito con entradas dinámicas del sistema. Nuestro objetivo es minimizar el costo promedio del sistema y los picos de rebote a través del precio de adquisición de energía, la programación de carga y la integración de fuentes de energía renovables (RES). Inicialmente, el coste de consumo de energía se calcula en función del precio de compensación del mercado y la carga programada. Luego, a través de la reformulación y la posterior modificación del problema de optimización, utilizamos una información de precios del día anterior para construir perfiles de precios individualizados para cada usuario, respectivamente. Para analizar la aplicabilidad de la política de precios propuesta, se obtiene una solución analítica que se valida aún más mediante la comparación con la solución obtenida del algoritmo genético (GA). A partir de los resultados, se observa que la política de precios propuesta es de naturaleza no discriminatoria y cada usuario obtuvo una tarifa eléctrica justa en lugar de un precio diario, que se basa en la demanda de carga y la variación de consumo de otros usuarios. También mostramos que el problema de optimización se resuelve secuencialmente con garantía de rendimiento limitada y optimalidad asintótica. Finalmente, las simulaciones se realizan en diferentes escenarios; carga agregada y precio de mercado, y carga agregada, carga individualizada, precio de mercado y precio propuesto. Los resultados revelan que nuestro mecanismo propuesto puede cobrar el precio a cada usuario con una disminución del 23,77% o un aumento del 5,12% en función de los requisitos del sistema. Day-ahead electricity pricing is an important strategy for electricity providers to improve grid stability through load scheduling. In this paper, we investigate a general framework for modelling electricity retail pricing based on load demand and market price information. Without any a priori knowledge, we have considered a finite time approach with dynamic system inputs. Our objective is to minimize the average system cost and rebound peaks through energy procurement price, load scheduling and renewable energy source (RES) integration. Initially, the energy consumption cost is calculated based on market clearing price and scheduled load. Then, through reformulation and subsequent modification of optimization problem, we utilize a day-ahead price information to construct individualized price profiles for each user, respectively. To analyse the applicability of proposed pricing policy, analytical solution is obtained which is further validated through comparison with solution obtained from genetic algorithm (GA). From results, it is observed that proposed price policy is non-discriminatory in nature and each user obtained a fair electricity tariff rather than a day-ahead price, which is based on load demand and consumption variation of other users. We also show that optimization problem is sequentially solved with bounded performance guarantee and asymptotic optimality. Finally, simulations are carried in different scenarios; aggregated load and market price, and aggregated load, individualized load, market price and proposed price. Results reveal that our proposed mechanism can charge the price to each user with 23.77% decrease or 5.12% increase based on system requirements. يعد تسعير الكهرباء اليومي استراتيجية مهمة لمزودي الكهرباء لتحسين استقرار الشبكة من خلال جدولة الأحمال. في هذه الورقة، نقوم بالتحقيق في إطار عام لنمذجة تسعير التجزئة للكهرباء بناءً على معلومات الطلب على الحمولة وسعر السوق. بدون أي معرفة مسبقة، فكرنا في نهج زمني محدود مع مدخلات نظام ديناميكية. هدفنا هو تقليل متوسط تكلفة النظام والارتداد إلى الذروة من خلال سعر شراء الطاقة وجدولة الأحمال وتكامل مصادر الطاقة المتجددة (RES). في البداية، يتم حساب تكلفة استهلاك الطاقة بناءً على سعر مقاصة السوق والحمل المجدول. بعد ذلك، من خلال إعادة الصياغة والتعديل اللاحق لمشكلة التحسين، نستخدم معلومات الأسعار اليومية لإنشاء ملفات تعريف أسعار فردية لكل مستخدم، على التوالي. لتحليل قابلية تطبيق سياسة التسعير المقترحة، يتم الحصول على حل تحليلي يتم التحقق منه بشكل أكبر من خلال المقارنة مع الحل الذي تم الحصول عليه من الخوارزمية الجينية (GA). من النتائج، لوحظ أن سياسة الأسعار المقترحة غير تمييزية بطبيعتها وحصل كل مستخدم على تعريفة كهرباء عادلة بدلاً من سعر يومي، والذي يعتمد على طلب الحمولة وتباين الاستهلاك لدى المستخدمين الآخرين. نوضح أيضًا أن مشكلة التحسين يتم حلها بالتتابع مع ضمان الأداء المحدود والأمثلية المقاربة. أخيرًا، يتم إجراء عمليات المحاكاة في سيناريوهات مختلفة ؛ الحمل الإجمالي وسعر السوق، والحمل الإجمالي، والحمل الفردي، وسعر السوق والسعر المقترح. تكشف النتائج أن آليتنا المقترحة يمكن أن تفرض السعر على كل مستخدم مع انخفاض بنسبة 23.77 ٪ أو زيادة بنسبة 5.12 ٪ بناءً على متطلبات النظام.

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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Awais; Qamar Abbas; Shehbaz Tariq; Sayyaf Haider Warraich;

    In the past years trend of microgrids is increasing very fast to reduce peak-hour costs. However, in these systems, third parties are still involved in selling surplus energy. This results in increased cost of energy and there are many operational and security barriers in such systems. These issues can be solved by the decentralized distributed system of microgrids where a consumer can locally sell their surplus energy to another consumer. To deploy such a system, one must consider security barriers for the transaction of energy. This paper proposes a solution to these problems by devising a scheme as a marketplace where users interact with each other to buy and sell energy at better rates and get energy-generating resources on lease so that users do not have to worry about capital investment. Agreement between owner of resources and consumer is recorded on blockchain based smart contracts. In this paper, a survey is performed for existing well known, decentralized energy solutions. This paper also proposes an extra layer of security to leverage a shielded execution environment so that information of energy generated, utilized, and shared cannot be changed by consumers and third parties even if the system is compromised.

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    Authors: Muhammad Arsalan Ilyas; Ghulam Abbas; Thamer Alquthami; Muhammad Awais; +1 Authors

    En el pasado reciente, para satisfacer la creciente demanda energética de electricidad, la integración de recursos energéticos renovables (RES) en una red eléctrica es un centro de atención. Además, la integración óptima de estas RES hace que esta tarea sea más desafiante debido a su naturaleza intermitente. Por lo tanto, en el presente estudio, el problema del flujo de energía se trata como un problema de flujo de energía óptimo multiobjetivo y multiobjetivo (MOOPF) junto con la integración óptima de las RES. Si bien, los objetivos de MOOPF son triples: costo general de generación, pérdida real de energía del sistema y reducción de emisiones de carbono de fuentes térmicas. En este trabajo, se presenta una técnica computacionalmente eficiente para encontrar los valores más factibles de diferentes variables de control del sistema de energía que tienen RES distribuidas. Por lo tanto, la satisfacción de la restricción se logra mediante el uso de un enfoque de función de penalización (PFA) y para desarrollar aún más el verdadero frente de Pareto (PF), el método de dominancia de Pareto se utiliza para categorizar la solución dominante de Pareto. Además, para tratar la naturaleza intermitente de RES, la función de densidad de probabilidad (PDF) y los modelos de potencia estocástica de RES se utilizan para calcular la potencia disponible de RES. Dado que, los objetivos del problema MOOPF son de naturaleza conflictiva, después de tener el conjunto de soluciones no dominantes, se ha utilizado el enfoque de la función de membresía difusa (FMF) para extraer la mejor solución de compromiso (BCS). Para probar la validez de la técnica desarrollada, el sistema de bus IEEE-30 se ha modificado con la integración de RES y el problema de optimización final se resuelve utilizando el algoritmo de optimización de enjambre de partículas (PSO). Los resultados de la simulación muestran el logro de la técnica propuesta que gestiona el valor del costo del combustible a largo plazo con los valores óptimos de otros objetivos. De plus, l'intégration optimale de ces sources d'énergie rend cette tâche plus difficile en raison de leur nature intermittente. Par conséquent, dans la présente étude, le problème du flux d'énergie est traité comme un problème de flux d'énergie optimal multi-contrainte et multi-objectif (MOOPF) avec une intégration optimale des sources d'énergie. Par conséquent, les objectifs du MOOPF sont triples : coût de production global, perte d'énergie réelle du système et réduction des émissions de carbone de sources thermiques.Dans ce travail, une technique efficace sur le plan informatique est présentée pour trouver les valeurs les plus réalisables de différentes variables de contrôle du système d'alimentation ayant des sources d'énergie renouvelables distribuées. Par conséquent, la satisfaction des contraintes est obtenue en utilisant l'approche de la fonction de pénalité (PFA) et pour développer davantage le vrai front de Pareto (PF), la méthode de dominance de Pareto est utilisée pour catégoriser la solution de dominance de Pareto. De plus, pour traiter la nature intermittente des sources d'énergie renouvelables, la fonction de densité de probabilité (PDF) et les modèles de puissance stochastique des sources d'énergie renouvelables sont utilisés pour calculer la puissance disponible à partir des sources d'énergie renouvelables. Depuis, les objectifs du problème MOOPF sont de nature conflictuelle, après avoir utilisé l'approche de la fonction d'appartenance floue (FMF) de l'ensemble de solutions non dominantes pour extraire la meilleure solution de compromis (BCS). Pour tester la validité de la technique développée, le système de bus IEEE-30 a été modifié avec intégration de res et le problème d'optimisation finale est résolu en utilisant l'algorithme d'optimisation d'essaim de particules (PSO). Les résultats de la simulation montrent la réalisation de la technique proposée en gérant la valeur du coût du carburant longtemps avec les valeurs optimales d'autres objectifs. In recent past, to meet the growing energy demand of electricity, integration of renewable energy resources (RESs) in an electrical network is a center of attention.Furthermore, optimal integration of these RESs make this task more challenging because of their intermittent nature.Therefore, in the present study power flow problem is treated as a multi-constraint, multi-objective optimal power flow (MOOPF) problem along with optimal integration of RESs.Whereas, the objectives of MOOPF are threefold: overall generation cost, real power loss of system and carbon emission reduction of thermal sources.In this work, a computationally efficient technique is presented to find the most feasible values of different control variables of the power system having distributed RESs.Whereas, the constraint satisfaction is achieved by using penalty function approach (PFA) and to further develop true Pareto front (PF), Pareto dominance method is used to categorize Pareto dominate solution.Moreover, to deal with intermittent nature of RES, probability density function (PDF) and stochastic power models of RES are used to calculate available power from RESs.Since, objectives of the MOOPF problem are conflicting in nature, after having the set of non-dominating solutions fuzzy membership function (FMF) approach has been used to extract the best compromise solution (BCS).To test the validity of developed technique, the IEEE-30 bus system has been modified with integration of RESs and final optimization problem is solved by using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.Simulation results show the achievement of proposed technique managing fuel cost value long with the optimal values of other objectives. في الماضي القريب، لتلبية الطلب المتزايد على الطاقة الكهربائية، يعد دمج موارد الطاقة المتجددة (RESs) في شبكة كهربائية مركزًا للاهتمام. علاوة على ذلك، فإن التكامل الأمثل لهذه الموارد يجعل هذه المهمة أكثر صعوبة بسبب طبيعتها المتقطعة. لذلك، في هذه الدراسة، يتم التعامل مع مشكلة تدفق الطاقة على أنها مشكلة تدفق طاقة مثلى متعددة القيود ومتعددة الأهداف (MOOPF) جنبًا إلى جنب مع التكامل الأمثل لـ RESs. في حين أن أهداف MOOPF ثلاثية الجوانب: تكلفة التوليد الإجمالية، وفقدان الطاقة الحقيقي للنظام وتقليل انبعاثات الكربون من المصادر الحرارية. في هذا العمل، يتم تقديم تقنية فعالة حسابيًا للعثور على القيم الأكثر جدوى لمتغيرات التحكم المختلفة لنظام الطاقة الذي قام بتوزيع RES. في حين يتم تحقيق الرضا عن القيد باستخدام نهج دالة العقوبة (PFA) ولمواصلة تطوير جبهة باريتو الحقيقية (PF)، يتم استخدام طريقة هيمنة باريتو لتصنيف حل باريتو المسيطر. علاوة على ذلك، للتعامل مع الطبيعة المتقطعة لـ RES، يتم استخدام دالة الكثافة الاحتمالية (PDF) ونماذج الطاقة العشوائية لـ RES لحساب الطاقة المتاحة من RESs. منذ ذلك الحين، أهداف مشكلة MOOPF هي متضاربة في طبيعتها، بعد استخدام مجموعة من الحلول غير المهيمنة تم استخدام نهج وظيفة العضوية الغامضة (FMF) لاستخراج أفضل حل وسط (BCS). لاختبار صحة التقنية المطورة، تم تعديل نظام ناقل IEEE -30 مع دمج RESs ويتم حل مشكلة التحسين النهائي باستخدام خوارزمية تحسين سرب الجسيمات (PSO). تظهر نتائج المحاكاة تحقيق التقنية المقترحة لإدارة قيمة تكلفة الوقود لفترة طويلة مع القيم المثلى للأهداف الأخرى.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Babar Rasheed; Muhammad Awais; Thamer Alquthami; Irfan Khan;

    A pesar de la importancia universal de la respuesta a la demanda (DR) basada en el precio para gestionar la carga de carga del vehículo eléctrico (EV), la literatura académica ha explorado varios mecanismos para su implementación. La precuela de este trabajo ha demostrado que la implementación de esquemas de gestión de carga sobre la base de programas de DR basados en precios conduce a una programación más costosa para consumidores de energía bajos o constantes. En este sentido, el trabajo propuesto ha considerado y ampliado la misma idea desde el punto de vista analítico y de implementación a múltiples regiones de carga de vehículos eléctricos y cargas respectivas. Presentamos un mecanismo novedoso para calcular los precios de carga de vehículos eléctricos utilizando patrones de consumo de energía individualizados de vehículos eléctricos en cada región. En este sentido, todas las regiones/estaciones de EV reciben una señal de precio dinámica de naturaleza no discriminatoria. Las señales dinámicas de precios están diseñadas específicamente para mitigar el impacto de los precios discriminatorios en el coste del usuario final. Además, los otros objetivos de estos precios no discriminatorios son reducir el costo de la energía y los picos de rebote sin afectar el objetivo de los servicios públicos (es decir, los ingresos netos). Inicialmente, se presenta un nuevo modelo matemático para calcular los precios de carga en función de la demanda de carga en tiempo real y la dinámica del mercado. Luego se formula una forma funcional relativamente bien comportada del problema de optimización y se resuelve la función objetivo de minimización de costos mediante el uso de un algoritmo genético (GA). El programa de optimización converge con éxito para dar una solución óptima global que valida la efectividad del mecanismo propuesto. Finalmente, se realizan los resultados analíticos y de simulación para mostrar los logros de nuestro trabajo propuesto en términos de distribución justa de costos con alta satisfacción del usuario. También se demuestra que en ambos mecanismos, los ingresos de la empresa de servicios públicos no se ven afectados. Malgré l'importance universelle de la réponse à la demande basée sur les prix (DR) pour la gestion de la charge de charge des véhicules électriques (EV), la littérature universitaire a exploré divers mécanismes pour sa mise en œuvre. La suite de ce travail a démontré que la mise en œuvre de systèmes de gestion de la charge sur la base de programmes de reprise après sinistre basés sur les prix conduit à une planification plus coûteuse pour les consommateurs d'énergie faibles ou constants. À cet égard, le travail proposé a examiné et élargi la même idée du point de vue de l'analyse et de la mise en œuvre à plusieurs régions de recharge des VE et aux charges respectives. Nous présentons un nouveau mécanisme pour calculer les prix de recharge des VE en utilisant des modèles de consommation d'énergie individualisés des VE dans chaque région. À cet égard, toutes les régions/stations de VE reçoivent un signal de prix dynamique qui est de nature non discriminatoire. Les signaux de prix dynamiques sont spécifiquement conçus pour atténuer l'impact des prix discriminatoires sur le coût de l'utilisateur final. En outre, les autres objectifs de ces prix non discriminatoires sont de réduire le coût de l'énergie et les pics de rebond sans affecter l'objectif des services publics (c.-à-d. le revenu net). Dans un premier temps, un nouveau modèle mathématique est présenté pour calculer les prix de facturation en fonction de la demande de charge en temps réel et de la dynamique du marché. Ensuite, une forme fonctionnelle relativement bien comportée du problème d'optimisation est formulée et la fonction d'objectif de minimisation des coûts est résolue en utilisant un algorithme génétique (GA). Le programme d'optimisation converge avec succès pour donner une solution optimale globale validant l'efficacité du mécanisme proposé. Enfin, les résultats d'analyse et de simulation sont réalisés pour montrer les réalisations de notre travail proposé en termes de répartition équitable des coûts avec une grande satisfaction des utilisateurs. Il est également prouvé que dans les deux mécanismes, les revenus du service public ne sont pas affectés. Despite the universal importance of price based demand response (DR) for managing electric vehicle (EV) charging load, the academic literature has explored various mechanisms to its implementation. The prequel to this work has demonstrated that implementation of load management schemes on the basis of price based DR programs leads to costlier scheduling for low or constant energy consumers. In this regard, the proposed work has considered and expanded the same idea from analytical as well as implementation point of view to multiple EV charging regions and respective loads. We present a novel mechanism to calculate EV charging prices using individualized energy consumption patterns of EVs in each region. In this regard, all EV regions/stations receive a dynamic price signal which is non-discriminatory in nature. The dynamic price signals are specifically designed to mitigate the impact of discriminatory prices on end user's cost. Furthermore, the other objectives of these non-discriminatory prices are to lower energy cost and rebound peaks without affecting utility objective (i.e., net revenue). Initially, a new mathematical model is presented to calculate charging prices based on real time load demand and market dynamics. Then relatively a well behaved functional form of the optimization problem is formulated and the cost minimization objective function is solved by using genetic algorithm (GA). The optimization program successfully converges to give global optimum solution validating the effectiveness of proposed mechanism. Finally, the analytical and simulation results are conducted to show the achievements of our proposed work in terms of fair cost distribution with high user satisfaction. It is also proved that in both mechanisms, the utility's revenue remains unaffected. على الرغم من الأهمية العالمية للاستجابة للطلب على أساس الأسعار (DR) لإدارة حمل شحن المركبات الكهربائية (EV)، فقد استكشفت الأدبيات الأكاديمية آليات مختلفة لتنفيذها. أثبتت مقدمة هذا العمل أن تنفيذ مخططات إدارة الحمل على أساس برامج التعافي من الكوارث القائمة على الأسعار يؤدي إلى جدولة أكثر تكلفة لمستهلكي الطاقة المنخفضين أو المستمرين. في هذا الصدد، نظر العمل المقترح في الفكرة نفسها ووسعها من وجهة نظر تحليلية وتنفيذية إلى مناطق شحن متعددة للسيارات الكهربائية والأحمال ذات الصلة. نقدم آلية جديدة لحساب أسعار شحن المركبات الكهربائية باستخدام أنماط استهلاك الطاقة الفردية للمركبات الكهربائية في كل منطقة. في هذا الصدد، تتلقى جميع مناطق/محطات المركبات الكهربائية إشارة سعرية ديناميكية غير تمييزية بطبيعتها. تم تصميم إشارات الأسعار الديناميكية خصيصًا للتخفيف من تأثير الأسعار التمييزية على تكلفة المستخدم النهائي. علاوة على ذلك، فإن الأهداف الأخرى لهذه الأسعار غير التمييزية هي خفض تكلفة الطاقة وانتعاش القمم دون التأثير على هدف المرافق (أي صافي الإيرادات). في البداية، يتم تقديم نموذج رياضي جديد لحساب أسعار الشحن بناءً على الطلب على الحمل في الوقت الفعلي وديناميكيات السوق. ثم يتم صياغة شكل وظيفي جيد نسبيًا لمشكلة التحسين ويتم حل وظيفة هدف تقليل التكلفة باستخدام الخوارزمية الوراثية (GA). يتقارب برنامج التحسين بنجاح لإعطاء الحل الأمثل العالمي للتحقق من فعالية الآلية المقترحة. أخيرًا، يتم إجراء نتائج التحليل والمحاكاة لإظهار إنجازات عملنا المقترح من حيث التوزيع العادل للتكلفة مع ارتفاع رضا المستخدم. وقد ثبت أيضًا أنه في كلتا الآليتين، تظل إيرادات المرفق غير متأثرة.

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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/84...
      Other literature type . 2020
      Data sources: Datacite
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