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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fahd Rasul; Hassan Munir; Aftab Wajid; Muhammad Safdar; +11 Authors

    Sustainable irrigation is sensible application of watering to plants in agriculture, landscapes that aids in meeting current survival and welfare needs. Sustainable irrigation management can help with climate change adaptation, labor, energy savings, and the production of higher-value and yield of crops to achieve zero hunger in water-scarce world. To ensure equal access to water and environmental sustainability, investments in expanded and enhanced irrigation must be matched by improvements in water governance. Sustainable irrigation must be able to cope with water scarcity, and be resilient to other resource scarcities throughout time in context of energy and finance. The themes and SDGs related to clean water, water resources sustainability, sustainable water usage, agricultural and rural development are all intertwined in the concept of “sustainable irrigation for higher yield.” Sustainable irrigation management refers to the capability of using water in optimum quantity and quality on a local, regional, national, and global scale to meet the needs of humans and agro-ecosystems at present and in the future to sustain life, protect humans and biodiversity from natural and human-caused disasters which threaten life to exist. Resultantly higher yields will ensure food security.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ InTecharrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.5772/intech...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ InTecharrow_drop_down
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      https://doi.org/10.5772/intech...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fahd Rasul; Hassan Munir; Aftab Wajid; Muhammad Safdar; +11 Authors

    Sustainable irrigation is sensible application of watering to plants in agriculture, landscapes that aids in meeting current survival and welfare needs. Sustainable irrigation management can help with climate change adaptation, labor, energy savings, and the production of higher-value and yield of crops to achieve zero hunger in water-scarce world. To ensure equal access to water and environmental sustainability, investments in expanded and enhanced irrigation must be matched by improvements in water governance. Sustainable irrigation must be able to cope with water scarcity, and be resilient to other resource scarcities throughout time in context of energy and finance. The themes and SDGs related to clean water, water resources sustainability, sustainable water usage, agricultural and rural development are all intertwined in the concept of “sustainable irrigation for higher yield.” Sustainable irrigation management refers to the capability of using water in optimum quantity and quality on a local, regional, national, and global scale to meet the needs of humans and agro-ecosystems at present and in the future to sustain life, protect humans and biodiversity from natural and human-caused disasters which threaten life to exist. Resultantly higher yields will ensure food security.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ InTecharrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.5772/intech...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ InTecharrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      https://doi.org/10.5772/intech...
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      Other literature type . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Shafeeque; Arfan Arshad; Ahmed Elbeltagi; Abid Sarwar; +4 Authors

    Les mesures strictes de confinement ont non seulement contribué à freiner la propagation de l'infection à COVID-19, mais ont également amélioré les conditions environnementales dans le monde entier. L'objectif principal de la présente étude était d'étudier les co-bénéfices du confinement de la COVID-19 sur l'atmosphère et le système écologique aquatique dans le cadre d'activités anthropiques restreintes en Asie du Sud. Les données de télédétection (a) des émissions de NO2 de l'instrument de surveillance de l'ozone (OMI), (b) de la profondeur optique des aérosols (AOD) du spectroradiomètre d'imagerie à résolution modérée (MODIS) et (c) de la chlorophylle (Chl-a) et des données de turbidité de MODIS-Aqua Level-3 au cours de janvier-octobre (2020) ont été analysées pour évaluer les changements dans la pollution de l'air et de l'eau par rapport aux cinq dernières années (2015–2019). Les interactions entre la pollution de l'air et de l'eau ont également été étudiées en utilisant le ruissellement terrestre et les précipitations en 2019 et 2020 à une échelle mensuelle pour enquêter sur les événements anormaux, qui pourraient affecter la charge d'azote dans les régions côtières. Les résultats ont révélé une baisse considérable de la pollution de l'air et de l'eau (réduction de 30 à 40 % des émissions de NO2, de 45 % de l'AOD, de 50 % de la concentration de chl-a sur les côtes et de 29 % de la turbidité) en Asie du Sud. Le taux de réduction des émissions de NO2 a été le plus élevé à Lahore (32 %), New Delhi (31 %), Ahmadabad (29 %), Karachi (26 %), Hyderabad (24 %) et Chennai (17 %) pendant la période de confinement strict d'avril à juin 2020. Une corrélation positive entre l'AOD et les émissions de NO2 (0,23-0,50) implique qu'une diminution de l'AOD est attribuée à une réduction du NO2. Il a été observé que pendant le confinement strict, la turbidité a diminué de 29 %, 11 %, 16 % et 17 % le long des régions côtières de Karachi, Mumbai, Calcutta et Dhaka, respectivement, tandis qu'une augmentation de 5 à 6 % de la turbidité a été observée sur les Madras au cours de la même période. Les résultats soulignent l'importance de la réduction des émissions d'azote en raison de l'arrêt de la consommation de combustibles fossiles et de leurs relations avec la réduction de la pollution de l'air et de l'eau. Il est conclu que l'environnement atmosphérique et hydrosphérique peut être amélioré en mettant en œuvre des restrictions intelligentes sur la consommation de combustibles fossiles avec un effet minimum sur la socio-économie dans la région. Des contraintes intelligentes sur l'utilisation des combustibles fossiles sont recommandées pour contrôler la pollution de l'air et de l'eau même après la reprise des activités sociales et économiques. Las estrictas medidas de confinamiento no solo contribuyeron a frenar la propagación de la infección por COVID-19, sino que también mejoraron las condiciones ambientales en todo el mundo. El objetivo principal del estudio actual fue investigar los beneficios colaterales del confinamiento por COVID-19 en la atmósfera y el sistema ecológico acuático bajo actividades antropogénicas restringidas en el sur de Asia. Los datos de teledetección (a) emisiones de NO2 del Instrumento de Monitoreo de Ozono (OMI), (b) Profundidad Óptica de Aerosol (AOD) del Espectrorradiómetro de Imágenes de Resolución Moderada (MODIS) y (c) clorofila (Chl-a) y datos de turbidez de MODIS-Aqua Nivel-3 durante enero-octubre (2020) se analizaron para evaluar los cambios en la contaminación del aire y el agua en comparación con los últimos cinco años (2015–2019). Las interacciones entre la contaminación del aire y del agua también se investigaron utilizando la escorrentía y las precipitaciones terrestres en 2019 y 2020 a escala mensual para investigar los eventos anómalos, que podrían afectar la carga de N en las regiones costeras. Los resultados revelaron una caída considerable en la contaminación del aire y el agua (reducción del 30–40% en las emisiones de NO2, 45% en AOD, disminución del 50% en la concentración costera de Chl-a y disminución del 29% en la turbidez) en el sur de Asia. La tasa de reducción de las emisiones de NO2 fue la más alta para Lahore (32%), Nueva Delhi (31%), Ahmadabad (29%), Karachi (26%), Hyderabad (24%) y Chennai (17%) durante el estricto período de confinamiento de abril a junio de 2020. Una correlación positiva entre AOD y las emisiones de NO2 (0.23-0.50) implica que una disminución en AOD se atribuye a una reducción en NO2. Se observó que durante el confinamiento estricto, la turbidez ha disminuido en un 29%, 11%, 16% y 17% a lo largo de las regiones costeras de Karachi, Mumbai, Calcuta y Dhaka, respectivamente, mientras que se observó un aumento del 5–6% en la turbidez en Madras durante el mismo período. Los hallazgos enfatizan la importancia de reducir las emisiones de N debido a la interrupción del consumo de combustibles fósiles y sus relaciones con la reducción de la contaminación del aire y el agua. Se concluye que el ambiente atmosférico e hidrosférico puede mejorarse mediante la implementación de restricciones inteligentes en el consumo de combustibles fósiles con un efecto mínimo en la socioeconómica de la región. Se recomiendan restricciones inteligentes en el uso de combustibles fósiles para controlar la contaminación del aire y del agua incluso después de que las actividades sociales y económicas reanuden el escenario habitual. The strict lockdown measures not only contributed to curbing the spread of COVID-19 infection, but also improved the environmental conditions worldwide. The main goal of the current study was to investigate the co-benefits of COVID-19 lockdown on the atmosphere and aquatic ecological system under restricted anthropogenic activities in South Asia. The remote sensing data (a) NO2 emissions from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), (b) Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and (c) chlorophyll (Chl-a) and turbidity data from MODIS-Aqua Level-3 during Jan–Oct (2020) were analyzed to assess the changes in air and water pollution compared to the last five years (2015–2019). The interactions between the air and water pollution were also investigated using overland runoff and precipitation in 2019 and 2020 at a monthly scale to investigate the anomalous events, which could affect the N loading to coastal regions. The results revealed a considerable drop in the air and water pollution (30–40% reduction in NO2 emissions, 45% in AOD, 50% decline in coastal Chl-a concentration, and 29% decline in turbidity) over South Asia. The rate of reduction in NO2 emissions was found the highest for Lahore (32%), New Delhi (31%), Ahmadabad (29%), Karachi (26%), Hyderabad (24%), and Chennai (17%) during the strict lockdown period from Apr–Jun, 2020. A positive correlation between AOD and NO2 emissions (0.23–0.50) implies that a decrease in AOD is attributed to a reduction in NO2. It was observed that during strict lockdown, the turbidity has decreased by 29%, 11%, 16%, and 17% along the coastal regions of Karachi, Mumbai, Calcutta, and Dhaka, respectively, while a 5–6% increase in turbidity was seen over the Madras during the same period. The findings stress the importance of reduced N emissions due to halted fossil fuel consumption and their relationships with the reduced air and water pollution. It is concluded that the atmospheric and hydrospheric environment can be improved by implementing smart restrictions on fossil fuel consumption with a minimum effect on socioeconomics in the region. Smart constraints on fossil fuel usage are recommended to control air and water pollution even after the social and economic activities resume business-as-usual scenario. لم تساهم إجراءات الإغلاق الصارمة في الحد من انتشار عدوى COVID -19 فحسب، بل أدت أيضًا إلى تحسين الظروف البيئية في جميع أنحاء العالم. كان الهدف الرئيسي من الدراسة الحالية هو التحقيق في الفوائد المشتركة لإغلاق COVID -19 على الغلاف الجوي والنظام البيئي المائي في ظل الأنشطة البشرية المقيدة في جنوب آسيا. تم تحليل بيانات الاستشعار عن بعد (أ) انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين من جهاز مراقبة الأوزون (OMI)، (ب) العمق البصري للهباء الجوي (AOD) من مقياس الطيف التصويري متوسط الدقة (MODIS)، و (ج) بيانات الكلوروفيل (Chl - a) والتعكر من MODIS - Aqua Level -3 خلال الفترة من يناير إلى أكتوبر (2020) لتقييم التغيرات في تلوث الهواء والماء مقارنة بالسنوات الخمس الماضية (2015–2019). كما تم التحقيق في التفاعلات بين تلوث الهواء والمياه باستخدام الجريان السطحي وهطول الأمطار في عامي 2019 و 2020 على نطاق شهري للتحقيق في الأحداث الشاذة، والتي يمكن أن تؤثر على تحميل N إلى المناطق الساحلية. كشفت النتائج عن انخفاض كبير في تلوث الهواء والماء (انخفاض بنسبة 30-40 ٪ في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين، و 45 ٪ في AOD، وانخفاض بنسبة 50 ٪ في تركيز Chl - a الساحلي، وانخفاض بنسبة 29 ٪ في التعكر) فوق جنوب آسيا. وجد أن معدل الانخفاض في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين هو الأعلى في لاهور (32 ٪) ونيودلهي (31 ٪) وأحمد أباد (29 ٪) وكراتشي (26 ٪) وحيدر أباد (24 ٪) وتشيناي (17 ٪) خلال فترة الإغلاق الصارمة من أبريل إلى يونيو 2020. تشير العلاقة الإيجابية بين انبعاثات أكسيد النيتروجين وثاني أكسيد النيتروجين (0.23-0.50) إلى أن انخفاض أكسيد النيتروجين يعزى إلى انخفاض ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين. لوحظ أنه خلال الإغلاق الصارم، انخفض التعكر بنسبة 29 ٪ و 11 ٪ و 16 ٪ و 17 ٪ على طول المناطق الساحلية في كراتشي ومومباي وكلكتا ودكا، على التوالي، في حين لوحظت زيادة بنسبة 5-6 ٪ في التعكر فوق مدراس خلال نفس الفترة. وتشدد النتائج على أهمية خفض انبعاثات النيتروجين بسبب وقف استهلاك الوقود الأحفوري وعلاقاتها بانخفاض تلوث الهواء والماء. وخلص إلى أنه يمكن تحسين البيئة الجوية والمائية من خلال تنفيذ قيود ذكية على استهلاك الوقود الأحفوري بأقل تأثير على الاقتصاد الاجتماعي في المنطقة. يوصى بالقيود الذكية على استخدام الوقود الأحفوري للسيطرة على تلوث الهواء والماء حتى بعد استئناف الأنشطة الاجتماعية والاقتصادية لسيناريو العمل كالمعتاد.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/e5...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/e5...
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    Authors: Muhammad Shafeeque; Arfan Arshad; Ahmed Elbeltagi; Abid Sarwar; +4 Authors

    Les mesures strictes de confinement ont non seulement contribué à freiner la propagation de l'infection à COVID-19, mais ont également amélioré les conditions environnementales dans le monde entier. L'objectif principal de la présente étude était d'étudier les co-bénéfices du confinement de la COVID-19 sur l'atmosphère et le système écologique aquatique dans le cadre d'activités anthropiques restreintes en Asie du Sud. Les données de télédétection (a) des émissions de NO2 de l'instrument de surveillance de l'ozone (OMI), (b) de la profondeur optique des aérosols (AOD) du spectroradiomètre d'imagerie à résolution modérée (MODIS) et (c) de la chlorophylle (Chl-a) et des données de turbidité de MODIS-Aqua Level-3 au cours de janvier-octobre (2020) ont été analysées pour évaluer les changements dans la pollution de l'air et de l'eau par rapport aux cinq dernières années (2015–2019). Les interactions entre la pollution de l'air et de l'eau ont également été étudiées en utilisant le ruissellement terrestre et les précipitations en 2019 et 2020 à une échelle mensuelle pour enquêter sur les événements anormaux, qui pourraient affecter la charge d'azote dans les régions côtières. Les résultats ont révélé une baisse considérable de la pollution de l'air et de l'eau (réduction de 30 à 40 % des émissions de NO2, de 45 % de l'AOD, de 50 % de la concentration de chl-a sur les côtes et de 29 % de la turbidité) en Asie du Sud. Le taux de réduction des émissions de NO2 a été le plus élevé à Lahore (32 %), New Delhi (31 %), Ahmadabad (29 %), Karachi (26 %), Hyderabad (24 %) et Chennai (17 %) pendant la période de confinement strict d'avril à juin 2020. Une corrélation positive entre l'AOD et les émissions de NO2 (0,23-0,50) implique qu'une diminution de l'AOD est attribuée à une réduction du NO2. Il a été observé que pendant le confinement strict, la turbidité a diminué de 29 %, 11 %, 16 % et 17 % le long des régions côtières de Karachi, Mumbai, Calcutta et Dhaka, respectivement, tandis qu'une augmentation de 5 à 6 % de la turbidité a été observée sur les Madras au cours de la même période. Les résultats soulignent l'importance de la réduction des émissions d'azote en raison de l'arrêt de la consommation de combustibles fossiles et de leurs relations avec la réduction de la pollution de l'air et de l'eau. Il est conclu que l'environnement atmosphérique et hydrosphérique peut être amélioré en mettant en œuvre des restrictions intelligentes sur la consommation de combustibles fossiles avec un effet minimum sur la socio-économie dans la région. Des contraintes intelligentes sur l'utilisation des combustibles fossiles sont recommandées pour contrôler la pollution de l'air et de l'eau même après la reprise des activités sociales et économiques. Las estrictas medidas de confinamiento no solo contribuyeron a frenar la propagación de la infección por COVID-19, sino que también mejoraron las condiciones ambientales en todo el mundo. El objetivo principal del estudio actual fue investigar los beneficios colaterales del confinamiento por COVID-19 en la atmósfera y el sistema ecológico acuático bajo actividades antropogénicas restringidas en el sur de Asia. Los datos de teledetección (a) emisiones de NO2 del Instrumento de Monitoreo de Ozono (OMI), (b) Profundidad Óptica de Aerosol (AOD) del Espectrorradiómetro de Imágenes de Resolución Moderada (MODIS) y (c) clorofila (Chl-a) y datos de turbidez de MODIS-Aqua Nivel-3 durante enero-octubre (2020) se analizaron para evaluar los cambios en la contaminación del aire y el agua en comparación con los últimos cinco años (2015–2019). Las interacciones entre la contaminación del aire y del agua también se investigaron utilizando la escorrentía y las precipitaciones terrestres en 2019 y 2020 a escala mensual para investigar los eventos anómalos, que podrían afectar la carga de N en las regiones costeras. Los resultados revelaron una caída considerable en la contaminación del aire y el agua (reducción del 30–40% en las emisiones de NO2, 45% en AOD, disminución del 50% en la concentración costera de Chl-a y disminución del 29% en la turbidez) en el sur de Asia. La tasa de reducción de las emisiones de NO2 fue la más alta para Lahore (32%), Nueva Delhi (31%), Ahmadabad (29%), Karachi (26%), Hyderabad (24%) y Chennai (17%) durante el estricto período de confinamiento de abril a junio de 2020. Una correlación positiva entre AOD y las emisiones de NO2 (0.23-0.50) implica que una disminución en AOD se atribuye a una reducción en NO2. Se observó que durante el confinamiento estricto, la turbidez ha disminuido en un 29%, 11%, 16% y 17% a lo largo de las regiones costeras de Karachi, Mumbai, Calcuta y Dhaka, respectivamente, mientras que se observó un aumento del 5–6% en la turbidez en Madras durante el mismo período. Los hallazgos enfatizan la importancia de reducir las emisiones de N debido a la interrupción del consumo de combustibles fósiles y sus relaciones con la reducción de la contaminación del aire y el agua. Se concluye que el ambiente atmosférico e hidrosférico puede mejorarse mediante la implementación de restricciones inteligentes en el consumo de combustibles fósiles con un efecto mínimo en la socioeconómica de la región. Se recomiendan restricciones inteligentes en el uso de combustibles fósiles para controlar la contaminación del aire y del agua incluso después de que las actividades sociales y económicas reanuden el escenario habitual. The strict lockdown measures not only contributed to curbing the spread of COVID-19 infection, but also improved the environmental conditions worldwide. The main goal of the current study was to investigate the co-benefits of COVID-19 lockdown on the atmosphere and aquatic ecological system under restricted anthropogenic activities in South Asia. The remote sensing data (a) NO2 emissions from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), (b) Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and (c) chlorophyll (Chl-a) and turbidity data from MODIS-Aqua Level-3 during Jan–Oct (2020) were analyzed to assess the changes in air and water pollution compared to the last five years (2015–2019). The interactions between the air and water pollution were also investigated using overland runoff and precipitation in 2019 and 2020 at a monthly scale to investigate the anomalous events, which could affect the N loading to coastal regions. The results revealed a considerable drop in the air and water pollution (30–40% reduction in NO2 emissions, 45% in AOD, 50% decline in coastal Chl-a concentration, and 29% decline in turbidity) over South Asia. The rate of reduction in NO2 emissions was found the highest for Lahore (32%), New Delhi (31%), Ahmadabad (29%), Karachi (26%), Hyderabad (24%), and Chennai (17%) during the strict lockdown period from Apr–Jun, 2020. A positive correlation between AOD and NO2 emissions (0.23–0.50) implies that a decrease in AOD is attributed to a reduction in NO2. It was observed that during strict lockdown, the turbidity has decreased by 29%, 11%, 16%, and 17% along the coastal regions of Karachi, Mumbai, Calcutta, and Dhaka, respectively, while a 5–6% increase in turbidity was seen over the Madras during the same period. The findings stress the importance of reduced N emissions due to halted fossil fuel consumption and their relationships with the reduced air and water pollution. It is concluded that the atmospheric and hydrospheric environment can be improved by implementing smart restrictions on fossil fuel consumption with a minimum effect on socioeconomics in the region. Smart constraints on fossil fuel usage are recommended to control air and water pollution even after the social and economic activities resume business-as-usual scenario. لم تساهم إجراءات الإغلاق الصارمة في الحد من انتشار عدوى COVID -19 فحسب، بل أدت أيضًا إلى تحسين الظروف البيئية في جميع أنحاء العالم. كان الهدف الرئيسي من الدراسة الحالية هو التحقيق في الفوائد المشتركة لإغلاق COVID -19 على الغلاف الجوي والنظام البيئي المائي في ظل الأنشطة البشرية المقيدة في جنوب آسيا. تم تحليل بيانات الاستشعار عن بعد (أ) انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين من جهاز مراقبة الأوزون (OMI)، (ب) العمق البصري للهباء الجوي (AOD) من مقياس الطيف التصويري متوسط الدقة (MODIS)، و (ج) بيانات الكلوروفيل (Chl - a) والتعكر من MODIS - Aqua Level -3 خلال الفترة من يناير إلى أكتوبر (2020) لتقييم التغيرات في تلوث الهواء والماء مقارنة بالسنوات الخمس الماضية (2015–2019). كما تم التحقيق في التفاعلات بين تلوث الهواء والمياه باستخدام الجريان السطحي وهطول الأمطار في عامي 2019 و 2020 على نطاق شهري للتحقيق في الأحداث الشاذة، والتي يمكن أن تؤثر على تحميل N إلى المناطق الساحلية. كشفت النتائج عن انخفاض كبير في تلوث الهواء والماء (انخفاض بنسبة 30-40 ٪ في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين، و 45 ٪ في AOD، وانخفاض بنسبة 50 ٪ في تركيز Chl - a الساحلي، وانخفاض بنسبة 29 ٪ في التعكر) فوق جنوب آسيا. وجد أن معدل الانخفاض في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين هو الأعلى في لاهور (32 ٪) ونيودلهي (31 ٪) وأحمد أباد (29 ٪) وكراتشي (26 ٪) وحيدر أباد (24 ٪) وتشيناي (17 ٪) خلال فترة الإغلاق الصارمة من أبريل إلى يونيو 2020. تشير العلاقة الإيجابية بين انبعاثات أكسيد النيتروجين وثاني أكسيد النيتروجين (0.23-0.50) إلى أن انخفاض أكسيد النيتروجين يعزى إلى انخفاض ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين. لوحظ أنه خلال الإغلاق الصارم، انخفض التعكر بنسبة 29 ٪ و 11 ٪ و 16 ٪ و 17 ٪ على طول المناطق الساحلية في كراتشي ومومباي وكلكتا ودكا، على التوالي، في حين لوحظت زيادة بنسبة 5-6 ٪ في التعكر فوق مدراس خلال نفس الفترة. وتشدد النتائج على أهمية خفض انبعاثات النيتروجين بسبب وقف استهلاك الوقود الأحفوري وعلاقاتها بانخفاض تلوث الهواء والماء. وخلص إلى أنه يمكن تحسين البيئة الجوية والمائية من خلال تنفيذ قيود ذكية على استهلاك الوقود الأحفوري بأقل تأثير على الاقتصاد الاجتماعي في المنطقة. يوصى بالقيود الذكية على استخدام الوقود الأحفوري للسيطرة على تلوث الهواء والماء حتى بعد استئناف الأنشطة الاجتماعية والاقتصادية لسيناريو العمل كالمعتاد.

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    Authors: Rubén Agregán; José M. Lorenzo; Manoj Kumar; Mohammad Ali Shariati; +5 Authors

    The reuse of lignocellulosic biomaterials as a source of clean energy has been explored in recent years due to the large amount of waste that involves human activities, such as those related to agriculture and food. The anaerobic digestion (AD) of plant-based biomass for bioenergy production poses a series of challenges that new technologies are attempting to solve. An improved decomposition of recalcitrant lignocellulose together with an increase in biogas production yield are the main objectives of these new approaches, which also seek the added value of being environmentally friendly. Recent research has reported significant progress in this regard, offering promising outcomes on the degradation of lignocellulose and its subsequent transformation into biomethane by specialized anaerobic microorganisms, overcoming the drawbacks inherent to the process and improving the yield of methane production. The future of the agri–food industry seems to be heading towards the implementation of a circular economy through the introduction of strategies based on the optimized use of lignocellulosic residues as a source of clean and sustainable energy.

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      Energies
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      Energies
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    Authors: Rubén Agregán; José M. Lorenzo; Manoj Kumar; Mohammad Ali Shariati; +5 Authors

    The reuse of lignocellulosic biomaterials as a source of clean energy has been explored in recent years due to the large amount of waste that involves human activities, such as those related to agriculture and food. The anaerobic digestion (AD) of plant-based biomass for bioenergy production poses a series of challenges that new technologies are attempting to solve. An improved decomposition of recalcitrant lignocellulose together with an increase in biogas production yield are the main objectives of these new approaches, which also seek the added value of being environmentally friendly. Recent research has reported significant progress in this regard, offering promising outcomes on the degradation of lignocellulose and its subsequent transformation into biomethane by specialized anaerobic microorganisms, overcoming the drawbacks inherent to the process and improving the yield of methane production. The future of the agri–food industry seems to be heading towards the implementation of a circular economy through the introduction of strategies based on the optimized use of lignocellulosic residues as a source of clean and sustainable energy.

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    Energies
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      Energies
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    Authors: Usman Zafar; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Safdar; Rehan Mehmood Sabir; +2 Authors

    In Pakistan, energy production from nuclear, hydro, and gas sources is about 99%, and only 1% is produced from renewable energy resources. Biomass is an emerging renewable resource for Pakistan obtained by converting loose biomass into pellets of high density. In this regard, biomass is receiving more and more attention day by day due to its abundant availability. Due to improper management of biomass in terms of transportation, handling, storing, and lack of awareness, its use for energy production is very low. The environmental and health effects of dumping and incineration techniques are becoming more dangerous for developing countries and rural communities day by day. The densification technique is a currently emerging technology for developing countries. Pellet development using yard waste is a new concept that can meet energy demands in addition to reducing environmental pollution and sources of waste management. For this purpose, the biomass of yard waste was shredded and then dried under sunlight or open drying to reduce the moisture content in the biomass material to less than 16% before being carbonized. Five samples with different moisture content levels were made and pellets were prepared from them. The results achieved by the characterization of pellets show that yard waste pellets at 5% moisture content had the highest calorific value of about 17.76 MJ/kg. Flue gas analysis was carried out and emissions from all were determined at all five moisture contents.

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    https://doi.org/10.3390/asec20...
    Conference object . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Engineering Proceedings
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      https://doi.org/10.3390/asec20...
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    Authors: Usman Zafar; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Safdar; Rehan Mehmood Sabir; +2 Authors

    In Pakistan, energy production from nuclear, hydro, and gas sources is about 99%, and only 1% is produced from renewable energy resources. Biomass is an emerging renewable resource for Pakistan obtained by converting loose biomass into pellets of high density. In this regard, biomass is receiving more and more attention day by day due to its abundant availability. Due to improper management of biomass in terms of transportation, handling, storing, and lack of awareness, its use for energy production is very low. The environmental and health effects of dumping and incineration techniques are becoming more dangerous for developing countries and rural communities day by day. The densification technique is a currently emerging technology for developing countries. Pellet development using yard waste is a new concept that can meet energy demands in addition to reducing environmental pollution and sources of waste management. For this purpose, the biomass of yard waste was shredded and then dried under sunlight or open drying to reduce the moisture content in the biomass material to less than 16% before being carbonized. Five samples with different moisture content levels were made and pellets were prepared from them. The results achieved by the characterization of pellets show that yard waste pellets at 5% moisture content had the highest calorific value of about 17.76 MJ/kg. Flue gas analysis was carried out and emissions from all were determined at all five moisture contents.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://doi.org/10.3...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.3390/asec20...
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      https://doi.org/10.3390/asec20...
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    Authors: Rana Ammar Aslam; Sangam Shrestha; Muhammad Nabeel Usman; Shahbaz Nasir Khan; +7 Authors

    Urban aquifers are experiencing increasing pressures from climate change, land-use change, and abstraction, consequently, altering groundwater levels and threatening sustainable water availability, consumption, and utilization. Sustainability in such areas requires the adaptation of groundwater resources to these stressors. Consequently, this research made projections about future climate, land use, and abstraction, examines how these drives will affect groundwater levels, and then proposes adaptation strategies to reduce the impact on Lahore’s groundwater resources. The objectives are achieved using an integrated modeling framework involving applications of Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and MODFLOW models. The results indicated a projected rise in Tmin by ~2.03 °C and Tmax by ~1.13 °C by 2100 under medium (RCP 4.5) and high-end (RCP 8.5) scenarios, respectively. Future precipitation changes for mid, near and far periods are projected to be −1.0%, 25%, and 24.5% under RCP4.5, and −17.5%, 27.5%, and 29.0% under RCP8.5, respectively. The built-up area in the Lahore division will dominate agricultural land in the future with an expansion from 965 m2 to 3716 km2 by the year 2100 under R1S1 (R2S2) land-use change scenarios (significant at p = 5%). The future population of the Lahore division will increase from 6.4 M to 24.6 M (28.7 M) by the year 2100 under SSP1 (SSP3) scenarios (significant at p = 5%). Groundwater level in bult-up areas will be projected to decline from 185 m to 125 m by 2100 due to increasing groundwater abstraction and expansion in the impermeable surface under all scenarios. In contrast, agricultural areas show a fluctuating trend with a slight increase in groundwater level due to decreasing abstraction and multiple recharge sources under combined scenarios. The results of this study can be a way forward for groundwater experts and related institutions to understand the potential situation of groundwater resources in the Lahore division and implement adaptation strategies to counteract diminishing groundwater resources.

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    Authors: Rana Ammar Aslam; Sangam Shrestha; Muhammad Nabeel Usman; Shahbaz Nasir Khan; +7 Authors

    Urban aquifers are experiencing increasing pressures from climate change, land-use change, and abstraction, consequently, altering groundwater levels and threatening sustainable water availability, consumption, and utilization. Sustainability in such areas requires the adaptation of groundwater resources to these stressors. Consequently, this research made projections about future climate, land use, and abstraction, examines how these drives will affect groundwater levels, and then proposes adaptation strategies to reduce the impact on Lahore’s groundwater resources. The objectives are achieved using an integrated modeling framework involving applications of Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and MODFLOW models. The results indicated a projected rise in Tmin by ~2.03 °C and Tmax by ~1.13 °C by 2100 under medium (RCP 4.5) and high-end (RCP 8.5) scenarios, respectively. Future precipitation changes for mid, near and far periods are projected to be −1.0%, 25%, and 24.5% under RCP4.5, and −17.5%, 27.5%, and 29.0% under RCP8.5, respectively. The built-up area in the Lahore division will dominate agricultural land in the future with an expansion from 965 m2 to 3716 km2 by the year 2100 under R1S1 (R2S2) land-use change scenarios (significant at p = 5%). The future population of the Lahore division will increase from 6.4 M to 24.6 M (28.7 M) by the year 2100 under SSP1 (SSP3) scenarios (significant at p = 5%). Groundwater level in bult-up areas will be projected to decline from 185 m to 125 m by 2100 due to increasing groundwater abstraction and expansion in the impermeable surface under all scenarios. In contrast, agricultural areas show a fluctuating trend with a slight increase in groundwater level due to decreasing abstraction and multiple recharge sources under combined scenarios. The results of this study can be a way forward for groundwater experts and related institutions to understand the potential situation of groundwater resources in the Lahore division and implement adaptation strategies to counteract diminishing groundwater resources.

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    Authors: Muhammad Waseem Rasheed; Jialiang Tang; Abid Sarwar; Suraj Shah; +7 Authors

    The amount of surface soil moisture (SSM) is a crucial ecohydrological natural resource that regulates important land surface processes. It affects critical land–atmospheric phenomena, including the division of energy and water (infiltration, runoff, and evaporation), that impacts the effectiveness of agricultural output (sensible and latent heat fluxes and surface air temperature). Despite its significance, there are several difficulties in making precise measurements, monitoring, and interpreting SSM at high spatial and temporal resolutions. The current study critically reviews the methods and procedures for calculating SSM and the variables influencing measurement accuracy and applicability under different fields, climates, and operational conditions. For laboratory and field measurements, this study divides SSM estimate strategies into (i) direct and (ii) indirect procedures. The accuracy and applicability of a technique depends on the environment and the resources at hand. Comparative research is geographically restricted, although precise and economical—direct measuring techniques like the gravimetric method are time-consuming and destructive. In contrast, indirect methods are more expensive and do not produce measurements at the spatial scale but produce precise data on a temporal scale. While measuring SSM across more significant regions, ground-penetrating radar and remote sensing methods are susceptible to errors caused by overlapping data and atmospheric factors. On the other hand, soft computing techniques like machine/deep learning are quite handy for estimating SSM without any technical or laborious procedures. We determine that factors, e.g., topography, soil type, vegetation, climate change, groundwater level, depth of soil, etc., primarily influence the SSM measurements. Different techniques have been put into practice for various practical situations, although comparisons between them are not available frequently in publications. Each method offers a unique set of potential advantages and disadvantages. The most accurate way of identifying the best soil moisture technique is the value selection method (VSM). The neutron probe is preferable to the FDR or TDR sensor for measuring soil moisture. Remote sensing techniques have filled the need for large-scale, highly spatiotemporal soil moisture monitoring. Through self-learning capabilities in data-scarce areas, machine/deep learning approaches facilitate soil moisture measurement and prediction.

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    Authors: Muhammad Waseem Rasheed; Jialiang Tang; Abid Sarwar; Suraj Shah; +7 Authors

    The amount of surface soil moisture (SSM) is a crucial ecohydrological natural resource that regulates important land surface processes. It affects critical land–atmospheric phenomena, including the division of energy and water (infiltration, runoff, and evaporation), that impacts the effectiveness of agricultural output (sensible and latent heat fluxes and surface air temperature). Despite its significance, there are several difficulties in making precise measurements, monitoring, and interpreting SSM at high spatial and temporal resolutions. The current study critically reviews the methods and procedures for calculating SSM and the variables influencing measurement accuracy and applicability under different fields, climates, and operational conditions. For laboratory and field measurements, this study divides SSM estimate strategies into (i) direct and (ii) indirect procedures. The accuracy and applicability of a technique depends on the environment and the resources at hand. Comparative research is geographically restricted, although precise and economical—direct measuring techniques like the gravimetric method are time-consuming and destructive. In contrast, indirect methods are more expensive and do not produce measurements at the spatial scale but produce precise data on a temporal scale. While measuring SSM across more significant regions, ground-penetrating radar and remote sensing methods are susceptible to errors caused by overlapping data and atmospheric factors. On the other hand, soft computing techniques like machine/deep learning are quite handy for estimating SSM without any technical or laborious procedures. We determine that factors, e.g., topography, soil type, vegetation, climate change, groundwater level, depth of soil, etc., primarily influence the SSM measurements. Different techniques have been put into practice for various practical situations, although comparisons between them are not available frequently in publications. Each method offers a unique set of potential advantages and disadvantages. The most accurate way of identifying the best soil moisture technique is the value selection method (VSM). The neutron probe is preferable to the FDR or TDR sensor for measuring soil moisture. Remote sensing techniques have filled the need for large-scale, highly spatiotemporal soil moisture monitoring. Through self-learning capabilities in data-scarce areas, machine/deep learning approaches facilitate soil moisture measurement and prediction.

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    Authors: Khan, Muhammad U.; Ahmad, Muhammad; Sultan, Muhammad; Ihsanullah, Sohoo; +7 Authors

    Pakistan is facing a severe energy crisis due to its heavy dependency on the import of costly fossil fuels, which ultimately leads to expansive electricity generation, a low power supply, and interruptive load shedding. In this regard, the utilization of available renewable energy resources within the country for production of electricity can lessen this energy crisis. Livestock waste/manure is considered the most renewable and abundant material for biogas generation. Pakistan is primarily an agricultural country, and livestock is widely kept by the farming community, in order to meet their needs. According to the 2016–2018 data on the livestock population, poultry held the largest share at 45.8%, followed by buffaloes (20.6%), cattle (12.7%), goats (10.8%), sheep (8.4%), asses (1.3%), camels (0.25%), horses (0.1%), and mules (0.05%). Different animals produce different amounts of manure, based upon their size, weight, age, feed, and type. The most manure is produced by cattle (10–20 kg/day), while poultry produce the least (0.08–0.1 kg/day). Large quantities of livestock manure are produced from each province of Pakistan; Punjab province was the highest contributor (51%) of livestock manure in 2018. The potential livestock manure production in Pakistan was 417.3 million tons (Mt) in 2018, from which 26,871.35 million m3 of biogas could be generated—with a production potential of 492.6 petajoules (PJ) of heat energy and 5521.5 MW of electricity. Due to its favorable conditions for biodigester technologies, and through the appropriate development of anaerobic digestion, the currently prevailing energy crises in Pakistan could be eliminated.

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    Authors: Khan, Muhammad U.; Ahmad, Muhammad; Sultan, Muhammad; Ihsanullah, Sohoo; +7 Authors

    Pakistan is facing a severe energy crisis due to its heavy dependency on the import of costly fossil fuels, which ultimately leads to expansive electricity generation, a low power supply, and interruptive load shedding. In this regard, the utilization of available renewable energy resources within the country for production of electricity can lessen this energy crisis. Livestock waste/manure is considered the most renewable and abundant material for biogas generation. Pakistan is primarily an agricultural country, and livestock is widely kept by the farming community, in order to meet their needs. According to the 2016–2018 data on the livestock population, poultry held the largest share at 45.8%, followed by buffaloes (20.6%), cattle (12.7%), goats (10.8%), sheep (8.4%), asses (1.3%), camels (0.25%), horses (0.1%), and mules (0.05%). Different animals produce different amounts of manure, based upon their size, weight, age, feed, and type. The most manure is produced by cattle (10–20 kg/day), while poultry produce the least (0.08–0.1 kg/day). Large quantities of livestock manure are produced from each province of Pakistan; Punjab province was the highest contributor (51%) of livestock manure in 2018. The potential livestock manure production in Pakistan was 417.3 million tons (Mt) in 2018, from which 26,871.35 million m3 of biogas could be generated—with a production potential of 492.6 petajoules (PJ) of heat energy and 5521.5 MW of electricity. Due to its favorable conditions for biodigester technologies, and through the appropriate development of anaerobic digestion, the currently prevailing energy crises in Pakistan could be eliminated.

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      Sustainability
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Shafeeque; Mohsin Hafeez; Abid Sarwar; Arfan Arshad; +4 Authors

    AbstractQuantifying water-saving potential (WSP) is crucial for sustainable water resource management in canal command areas and river basins. Previous studies have partially or fully ignored the importance of groundwater in WSP assessments, particularly in irrigated areas. This study is aimed at quantifying WSP in the Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) command area of the Indus River Basin, Pakistan, under various scenarios of future climate change and groundwater recharge. These quantifications are conducted using an empirical model based on the Budyko theory. The model was forced using observed, remote sensing, and CMIP6 future climate data for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP245 and SSP585) and their ensembles (cold-dry, cold-wet, warm-dry, and warm-wet) for possible futures. The results showed that the average WSP in the LCC command area was 466 ± 48 mm/year during the historical period (2001–2020). The WSP is projected to decrease by – 68 ± 3% under the warm-dry ensemble scenario (SSP245 and SSP585) and – 48 ± 13% under the ensembled cold-wet scenario by 2100. The results also demonstrated that WSP could be increased by up to 70 ± 9% by artificially recharging 20% of the abstracted groundwater per year in the LCC command area by the late twenty-first century. Our findings highlight the importance of adopting artificial groundwater recharge to enhance the WSP and sustainably manage water resources in the LCC command area. Policymakers should consider these findings when deciding on water resource management in the Indus River Basin.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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    Theoretical and Applied Climatology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Theoretical and Applied Climatology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Shafeeque; Mohsin Hafeez; Abid Sarwar; Arfan Arshad; +4 Authors

    AbstractQuantifying water-saving potential (WSP) is crucial for sustainable water resource management in canal command areas and river basins. Previous studies have partially or fully ignored the importance of groundwater in WSP assessments, particularly in irrigated areas. This study is aimed at quantifying WSP in the Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) command area of the Indus River Basin, Pakistan, under various scenarios of future climate change and groundwater recharge. These quantifications are conducted using an empirical model based on the Budyko theory. The model was forced using observed, remote sensing, and CMIP6 future climate data for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP245 and SSP585) and their ensembles (cold-dry, cold-wet, warm-dry, and warm-wet) for possible futures. The results showed that the average WSP in the LCC command area was 466 ± 48 mm/year during the historical period (2001–2020). The WSP is projected to decrease by – 68 ± 3% under the warm-dry ensemble scenario (SSP245 and SSP585) and – 48 ± 13% under the ensembled cold-wet scenario by 2100. The results also demonstrated that WSP could be increased by up to 70 ± 9% by artificially recharging 20% of the abstracted groundwater per year in the LCC command area by the late twenty-first century. Our findings highlight the importance of adopting artificial groundwater recharge to enhance the WSP and sustainably manage water resources in the LCC command area. Policymakers should consider these findings when deciding on water resource management in the Indus River Basin.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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      Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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8 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fahd Rasul; Hassan Munir; Aftab Wajid; Muhammad Safdar; +11 Authors

    Sustainable irrigation is sensible application of watering to plants in agriculture, landscapes that aids in meeting current survival and welfare needs. Sustainable irrigation management can help with climate change adaptation, labor, energy savings, and the production of higher-value and yield of crops to achieve zero hunger in water-scarce world. To ensure equal access to water and environmental sustainability, investments in expanded and enhanced irrigation must be matched by improvements in water governance. Sustainable irrigation must be able to cope with water scarcity, and be resilient to other resource scarcities throughout time in context of energy and finance. The themes and SDGs related to clean water, water resources sustainability, sustainable water usage, agricultural and rural development are all intertwined in the concept of “sustainable irrigation for higher yield.” Sustainable irrigation management refers to the capability of using water in optimum quantity and quality on a local, regional, national, and global scale to meet the needs of humans and agro-ecosystems at present and in the future to sustain life, protect humans and biodiversity from natural and human-caused disasters which threaten life to exist. Resultantly higher yields will ensure food security.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ InTecharrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Part of book or chapter of book . 2022
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.5772/intech...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/4q...
    Other literature type . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ InTecharrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      InTech
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.5772/intech...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/4q...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ka...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fahd Rasul; Hassan Munir; Aftab Wajid; Muhammad Safdar; +11 Authors

    Sustainable irrigation is sensible application of watering to plants in agriculture, landscapes that aids in meeting current survival and welfare needs. Sustainable irrigation management can help with climate change adaptation, labor, energy savings, and the production of higher-value and yield of crops to achieve zero hunger in water-scarce world. To ensure equal access to water and environmental sustainability, investments in expanded and enhanced irrigation must be matched by improvements in water governance. Sustainable irrigation must be able to cope with water scarcity, and be resilient to other resource scarcities throughout time in context of energy and finance. The themes and SDGs related to clean water, water resources sustainability, sustainable water usage, agricultural and rural development are all intertwined in the concept of “sustainable irrigation for higher yield.” Sustainable irrigation management refers to the capability of using water in optimum quantity and quality on a local, regional, national, and global scale to meet the needs of humans and agro-ecosystems at present and in the future to sustain life, protect humans and biodiversity from natural and human-caused disasters which threaten life to exist. Resultantly higher yields will ensure food security.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ InTecharrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.5772/intech...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/4q...
    Other literature type . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ka...
    Other literature type . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ InTecharrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      InTech
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      Data sources: InTech
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.5772/intech...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/4q...
      Other literature type . 2023
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ka...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Shafeeque; Arfan Arshad; Ahmed Elbeltagi; Abid Sarwar; +4 Authors

    Les mesures strictes de confinement ont non seulement contribué à freiner la propagation de l'infection à COVID-19, mais ont également amélioré les conditions environnementales dans le monde entier. L'objectif principal de la présente étude était d'étudier les co-bénéfices du confinement de la COVID-19 sur l'atmosphère et le système écologique aquatique dans le cadre d'activités anthropiques restreintes en Asie du Sud. Les données de télédétection (a) des émissions de NO2 de l'instrument de surveillance de l'ozone (OMI), (b) de la profondeur optique des aérosols (AOD) du spectroradiomètre d'imagerie à résolution modérée (MODIS) et (c) de la chlorophylle (Chl-a) et des données de turbidité de MODIS-Aqua Level-3 au cours de janvier-octobre (2020) ont été analysées pour évaluer les changements dans la pollution de l'air et de l'eau par rapport aux cinq dernières années (2015–2019). Les interactions entre la pollution de l'air et de l'eau ont également été étudiées en utilisant le ruissellement terrestre et les précipitations en 2019 et 2020 à une échelle mensuelle pour enquêter sur les événements anormaux, qui pourraient affecter la charge d'azote dans les régions côtières. Les résultats ont révélé une baisse considérable de la pollution de l'air et de l'eau (réduction de 30 à 40 % des émissions de NO2, de 45 % de l'AOD, de 50 % de la concentration de chl-a sur les côtes et de 29 % de la turbidité) en Asie du Sud. Le taux de réduction des émissions de NO2 a été le plus élevé à Lahore (32 %), New Delhi (31 %), Ahmadabad (29 %), Karachi (26 %), Hyderabad (24 %) et Chennai (17 %) pendant la période de confinement strict d'avril à juin 2020. Une corrélation positive entre l'AOD et les émissions de NO2 (0,23-0,50) implique qu'une diminution de l'AOD est attribuée à une réduction du NO2. Il a été observé que pendant le confinement strict, la turbidité a diminué de 29 %, 11 %, 16 % et 17 % le long des régions côtières de Karachi, Mumbai, Calcutta et Dhaka, respectivement, tandis qu'une augmentation de 5 à 6 % de la turbidité a été observée sur les Madras au cours de la même période. Les résultats soulignent l'importance de la réduction des émissions d'azote en raison de l'arrêt de la consommation de combustibles fossiles et de leurs relations avec la réduction de la pollution de l'air et de l'eau. Il est conclu que l'environnement atmosphérique et hydrosphérique peut être amélioré en mettant en œuvre des restrictions intelligentes sur la consommation de combustibles fossiles avec un effet minimum sur la socio-économie dans la région. Des contraintes intelligentes sur l'utilisation des combustibles fossiles sont recommandées pour contrôler la pollution de l'air et de l'eau même après la reprise des activités sociales et économiques. Las estrictas medidas de confinamiento no solo contribuyeron a frenar la propagación de la infección por COVID-19, sino que también mejoraron las condiciones ambientales en todo el mundo. El objetivo principal del estudio actual fue investigar los beneficios colaterales del confinamiento por COVID-19 en la atmósfera y el sistema ecológico acuático bajo actividades antropogénicas restringidas en el sur de Asia. Los datos de teledetección (a) emisiones de NO2 del Instrumento de Monitoreo de Ozono (OMI), (b) Profundidad Óptica de Aerosol (AOD) del Espectrorradiómetro de Imágenes de Resolución Moderada (MODIS) y (c) clorofila (Chl-a) y datos de turbidez de MODIS-Aqua Nivel-3 durante enero-octubre (2020) se analizaron para evaluar los cambios en la contaminación del aire y el agua en comparación con los últimos cinco años (2015–2019). Las interacciones entre la contaminación del aire y del agua también se investigaron utilizando la escorrentía y las precipitaciones terrestres en 2019 y 2020 a escala mensual para investigar los eventos anómalos, que podrían afectar la carga de N en las regiones costeras. Los resultados revelaron una caída considerable en la contaminación del aire y el agua (reducción del 30–40% en las emisiones de NO2, 45% en AOD, disminución del 50% en la concentración costera de Chl-a y disminución del 29% en la turbidez) en el sur de Asia. La tasa de reducción de las emisiones de NO2 fue la más alta para Lahore (32%), Nueva Delhi (31%), Ahmadabad (29%), Karachi (26%), Hyderabad (24%) y Chennai (17%) durante el estricto período de confinamiento de abril a junio de 2020. Una correlación positiva entre AOD y las emisiones de NO2 (0.23-0.50) implica que una disminución en AOD se atribuye a una reducción en NO2. Se observó que durante el confinamiento estricto, la turbidez ha disminuido en un 29%, 11%, 16% y 17% a lo largo de las regiones costeras de Karachi, Mumbai, Calcuta y Dhaka, respectivamente, mientras que se observó un aumento del 5–6% en la turbidez en Madras durante el mismo período. Los hallazgos enfatizan la importancia de reducir las emisiones de N debido a la interrupción del consumo de combustibles fósiles y sus relaciones con la reducción de la contaminación del aire y el agua. Se concluye que el ambiente atmosférico e hidrosférico puede mejorarse mediante la implementación de restricciones inteligentes en el consumo de combustibles fósiles con un efecto mínimo en la socioeconómica de la región. Se recomiendan restricciones inteligentes en el uso de combustibles fósiles para controlar la contaminación del aire y del agua incluso después de que las actividades sociales y económicas reanuden el escenario habitual. The strict lockdown measures not only contributed to curbing the spread of COVID-19 infection, but also improved the environmental conditions worldwide. The main goal of the current study was to investigate the co-benefits of COVID-19 lockdown on the atmosphere and aquatic ecological system under restricted anthropogenic activities in South Asia. The remote sensing data (a) NO2 emissions from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), (b) Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and (c) chlorophyll (Chl-a) and turbidity data from MODIS-Aqua Level-3 during Jan–Oct (2020) were analyzed to assess the changes in air and water pollution compared to the last five years (2015–2019). The interactions between the air and water pollution were also investigated using overland runoff and precipitation in 2019 and 2020 at a monthly scale to investigate the anomalous events, which could affect the N loading to coastal regions. The results revealed a considerable drop in the air and water pollution (30–40% reduction in NO2 emissions, 45% in AOD, 50% decline in coastal Chl-a concentration, and 29% decline in turbidity) over South Asia. The rate of reduction in NO2 emissions was found the highest for Lahore (32%), New Delhi (31%), Ahmadabad (29%), Karachi (26%), Hyderabad (24%), and Chennai (17%) during the strict lockdown period from Apr–Jun, 2020. A positive correlation between AOD and NO2 emissions (0.23–0.50) implies that a decrease in AOD is attributed to a reduction in NO2. It was observed that during strict lockdown, the turbidity has decreased by 29%, 11%, 16%, and 17% along the coastal regions of Karachi, Mumbai, Calcutta, and Dhaka, respectively, while a 5–6% increase in turbidity was seen over the Madras during the same period. The findings stress the importance of reduced N emissions due to halted fossil fuel consumption and their relationships with the reduced air and water pollution. It is concluded that the atmospheric and hydrospheric environment can be improved by implementing smart restrictions on fossil fuel consumption with a minimum effect on socioeconomics in the region. Smart constraints on fossil fuel usage are recommended to control air and water pollution even after the social and economic activities resume business-as-usual scenario. لم تساهم إجراءات الإغلاق الصارمة في الحد من انتشار عدوى COVID -19 فحسب، بل أدت أيضًا إلى تحسين الظروف البيئية في جميع أنحاء العالم. كان الهدف الرئيسي من الدراسة الحالية هو التحقيق في الفوائد المشتركة لإغلاق COVID -19 على الغلاف الجوي والنظام البيئي المائي في ظل الأنشطة البشرية المقيدة في جنوب آسيا. تم تحليل بيانات الاستشعار عن بعد (أ) انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين من جهاز مراقبة الأوزون (OMI)، (ب) العمق البصري للهباء الجوي (AOD) من مقياس الطيف التصويري متوسط الدقة (MODIS)، و (ج) بيانات الكلوروفيل (Chl - a) والتعكر من MODIS - Aqua Level -3 خلال الفترة من يناير إلى أكتوبر (2020) لتقييم التغيرات في تلوث الهواء والماء مقارنة بالسنوات الخمس الماضية (2015–2019). كما تم التحقيق في التفاعلات بين تلوث الهواء والمياه باستخدام الجريان السطحي وهطول الأمطار في عامي 2019 و 2020 على نطاق شهري للتحقيق في الأحداث الشاذة، والتي يمكن أن تؤثر على تحميل N إلى المناطق الساحلية. كشفت النتائج عن انخفاض كبير في تلوث الهواء والماء (انخفاض بنسبة 30-40 ٪ في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين، و 45 ٪ في AOD، وانخفاض بنسبة 50 ٪ في تركيز Chl - a الساحلي، وانخفاض بنسبة 29 ٪ في التعكر) فوق جنوب آسيا. وجد أن معدل الانخفاض في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين هو الأعلى في لاهور (32 ٪) ونيودلهي (31 ٪) وأحمد أباد (29 ٪) وكراتشي (26 ٪) وحيدر أباد (24 ٪) وتشيناي (17 ٪) خلال فترة الإغلاق الصارمة من أبريل إلى يونيو 2020. تشير العلاقة الإيجابية بين انبعاثات أكسيد النيتروجين وثاني أكسيد النيتروجين (0.23-0.50) إلى أن انخفاض أكسيد النيتروجين يعزى إلى انخفاض ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين. لوحظ أنه خلال الإغلاق الصارم، انخفض التعكر بنسبة 29 ٪ و 11 ٪ و 16 ٪ و 17 ٪ على طول المناطق الساحلية في كراتشي ومومباي وكلكتا ودكا، على التوالي، في حين لوحظت زيادة بنسبة 5-6 ٪ في التعكر فوق مدراس خلال نفس الفترة. وتشدد النتائج على أهمية خفض انبعاثات النيتروجين بسبب وقف استهلاك الوقود الأحفوري وعلاقاتها بانخفاض تلوث الهواء والماء. وخلص إلى أنه يمكن تحسين البيئة الجوية والمائية من خلال تنفيذ قيود ذكية على استهلاك الوقود الأحفوري بأقل تأثير على الاقتصاد الاجتماعي في المنطقة. يوصى بالقيود الذكية على استخدام الوقود الأحفوري للسيطرة على تلوث الهواء والماء حتى بعد استئناف الأنشطة الاجتماعية والاقتصادية لسيناريو العمل كالمعتاد.

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    Authors: Muhammad Shafeeque; Arfan Arshad; Ahmed Elbeltagi; Abid Sarwar; +4 Authors

    Les mesures strictes de confinement ont non seulement contribué à freiner la propagation de l'infection à COVID-19, mais ont également amélioré les conditions environnementales dans le monde entier. L'objectif principal de la présente étude était d'étudier les co-bénéfices du confinement de la COVID-19 sur l'atmosphère et le système écologique aquatique dans le cadre d'activités anthropiques restreintes en Asie du Sud. Les données de télédétection (a) des émissions de NO2 de l'instrument de surveillance de l'ozone (OMI), (b) de la profondeur optique des aérosols (AOD) du spectroradiomètre d'imagerie à résolution modérée (MODIS) et (c) de la chlorophylle (Chl-a) et des données de turbidité de MODIS-Aqua Level-3 au cours de janvier-octobre (2020) ont été analysées pour évaluer les changements dans la pollution de l'air et de l'eau par rapport aux cinq dernières années (2015–2019). Les interactions entre la pollution de l'air et de l'eau ont également été étudiées en utilisant le ruissellement terrestre et les précipitations en 2019 et 2020 à une échelle mensuelle pour enquêter sur les événements anormaux, qui pourraient affecter la charge d'azote dans les régions côtières. Les résultats ont révélé une baisse considérable de la pollution de l'air et de l'eau (réduction de 30 à 40 % des émissions de NO2, de 45 % de l'AOD, de 50 % de la concentration de chl-a sur les côtes et de 29 % de la turbidité) en Asie du Sud. Le taux de réduction des émissions de NO2 a été le plus élevé à Lahore (32 %), New Delhi (31 %), Ahmadabad (29 %), Karachi (26 %), Hyderabad (24 %) et Chennai (17 %) pendant la période de confinement strict d'avril à juin 2020. Une corrélation positive entre l'AOD et les émissions de NO2 (0,23-0,50) implique qu'une diminution de l'AOD est attribuée à une réduction du NO2. Il a été observé que pendant le confinement strict, la turbidité a diminué de 29 %, 11 %, 16 % et 17 % le long des régions côtières de Karachi, Mumbai, Calcutta et Dhaka, respectivement, tandis qu'une augmentation de 5 à 6 % de la turbidité a été observée sur les Madras au cours de la même période. Les résultats soulignent l'importance de la réduction des émissions d'azote en raison de l'arrêt de la consommation de combustibles fossiles et de leurs relations avec la réduction de la pollution de l'air et de l'eau. Il est conclu que l'environnement atmosphérique et hydrosphérique peut être amélioré en mettant en œuvre des restrictions intelligentes sur la consommation de combustibles fossiles avec un effet minimum sur la socio-économie dans la région. Des contraintes intelligentes sur l'utilisation des combustibles fossiles sont recommandées pour contrôler la pollution de l'air et de l'eau même après la reprise des activités sociales et économiques. Las estrictas medidas de confinamiento no solo contribuyeron a frenar la propagación de la infección por COVID-19, sino que también mejoraron las condiciones ambientales en todo el mundo. El objetivo principal del estudio actual fue investigar los beneficios colaterales del confinamiento por COVID-19 en la atmósfera y el sistema ecológico acuático bajo actividades antropogénicas restringidas en el sur de Asia. Los datos de teledetección (a) emisiones de NO2 del Instrumento de Monitoreo de Ozono (OMI), (b) Profundidad Óptica de Aerosol (AOD) del Espectrorradiómetro de Imágenes de Resolución Moderada (MODIS) y (c) clorofila (Chl-a) y datos de turbidez de MODIS-Aqua Nivel-3 durante enero-octubre (2020) se analizaron para evaluar los cambios en la contaminación del aire y el agua en comparación con los últimos cinco años (2015–2019). Las interacciones entre la contaminación del aire y del agua también se investigaron utilizando la escorrentía y las precipitaciones terrestres en 2019 y 2020 a escala mensual para investigar los eventos anómalos, que podrían afectar la carga de N en las regiones costeras. Los resultados revelaron una caída considerable en la contaminación del aire y el agua (reducción del 30–40% en las emisiones de NO2, 45% en AOD, disminución del 50% en la concentración costera de Chl-a y disminución del 29% en la turbidez) en el sur de Asia. La tasa de reducción de las emisiones de NO2 fue la más alta para Lahore (32%), Nueva Delhi (31%), Ahmadabad (29%), Karachi (26%), Hyderabad (24%) y Chennai (17%) durante el estricto período de confinamiento de abril a junio de 2020. Una correlación positiva entre AOD y las emisiones de NO2 (0.23-0.50) implica que una disminución en AOD se atribuye a una reducción en NO2. Se observó que durante el confinamiento estricto, la turbidez ha disminuido en un 29%, 11%, 16% y 17% a lo largo de las regiones costeras de Karachi, Mumbai, Calcuta y Dhaka, respectivamente, mientras que se observó un aumento del 5–6% en la turbidez en Madras durante el mismo período. Los hallazgos enfatizan la importancia de reducir las emisiones de N debido a la interrupción del consumo de combustibles fósiles y sus relaciones con la reducción de la contaminación del aire y el agua. Se concluye que el ambiente atmosférico e hidrosférico puede mejorarse mediante la implementación de restricciones inteligentes en el consumo de combustibles fósiles con un efecto mínimo en la socioeconómica de la región. Se recomiendan restricciones inteligentes en el uso de combustibles fósiles para controlar la contaminación del aire y del agua incluso después de que las actividades sociales y económicas reanuden el escenario habitual. The strict lockdown measures not only contributed to curbing the spread of COVID-19 infection, but also improved the environmental conditions worldwide. The main goal of the current study was to investigate the co-benefits of COVID-19 lockdown on the atmosphere and aquatic ecological system under restricted anthropogenic activities in South Asia. The remote sensing data (a) NO2 emissions from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), (b) Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and (c) chlorophyll (Chl-a) and turbidity data from MODIS-Aqua Level-3 during Jan–Oct (2020) were analyzed to assess the changes in air and water pollution compared to the last five years (2015–2019). The interactions between the air and water pollution were also investigated using overland runoff and precipitation in 2019 and 2020 at a monthly scale to investigate the anomalous events, which could affect the N loading to coastal regions. The results revealed a considerable drop in the air and water pollution (30–40% reduction in NO2 emissions, 45% in AOD, 50% decline in coastal Chl-a concentration, and 29% decline in turbidity) over South Asia. The rate of reduction in NO2 emissions was found the highest for Lahore (32%), New Delhi (31%), Ahmadabad (29%), Karachi (26%), Hyderabad (24%), and Chennai (17%) during the strict lockdown period from Apr–Jun, 2020. A positive correlation between AOD and NO2 emissions (0.23–0.50) implies that a decrease in AOD is attributed to a reduction in NO2. It was observed that during strict lockdown, the turbidity has decreased by 29%, 11%, 16%, and 17% along the coastal regions of Karachi, Mumbai, Calcutta, and Dhaka, respectively, while a 5–6% increase in turbidity was seen over the Madras during the same period. The findings stress the importance of reduced N emissions due to halted fossil fuel consumption and their relationships with the reduced air and water pollution. It is concluded that the atmospheric and hydrospheric environment can be improved by implementing smart restrictions on fossil fuel consumption with a minimum effect on socioeconomics in the region. Smart constraints on fossil fuel usage are recommended to control air and water pollution even after the social and economic activities resume business-as-usual scenario. لم تساهم إجراءات الإغلاق الصارمة في الحد من انتشار عدوى COVID -19 فحسب، بل أدت أيضًا إلى تحسين الظروف البيئية في جميع أنحاء العالم. كان الهدف الرئيسي من الدراسة الحالية هو التحقيق في الفوائد المشتركة لإغلاق COVID -19 على الغلاف الجوي والنظام البيئي المائي في ظل الأنشطة البشرية المقيدة في جنوب آسيا. تم تحليل بيانات الاستشعار عن بعد (أ) انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين من جهاز مراقبة الأوزون (OMI)، (ب) العمق البصري للهباء الجوي (AOD) من مقياس الطيف التصويري متوسط الدقة (MODIS)، و (ج) بيانات الكلوروفيل (Chl - a) والتعكر من MODIS - Aqua Level -3 خلال الفترة من يناير إلى أكتوبر (2020) لتقييم التغيرات في تلوث الهواء والماء مقارنة بالسنوات الخمس الماضية (2015–2019). كما تم التحقيق في التفاعلات بين تلوث الهواء والمياه باستخدام الجريان السطحي وهطول الأمطار في عامي 2019 و 2020 على نطاق شهري للتحقيق في الأحداث الشاذة، والتي يمكن أن تؤثر على تحميل N إلى المناطق الساحلية. كشفت النتائج عن انخفاض كبير في تلوث الهواء والماء (انخفاض بنسبة 30-40 ٪ في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين، و 45 ٪ في AOD، وانخفاض بنسبة 50 ٪ في تركيز Chl - a الساحلي، وانخفاض بنسبة 29 ٪ في التعكر) فوق جنوب آسيا. وجد أن معدل الانخفاض في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين هو الأعلى في لاهور (32 ٪) ونيودلهي (31 ٪) وأحمد أباد (29 ٪) وكراتشي (26 ٪) وحيدر أباد (24 ٪) وتشيناي (17 ٪) خلال فترة الإغلاق الصارمة من أبريل إلى يونيو 2020. تشير العلاقة الإيجابية بين انبعاثات أكسيد النيتروجين وثاني أكسيد النيتروجين (0.23-0.50) إلى أن انخفاض أكسيد النيتروجين يعزى إلى انخفاض ثاني أكسيد النيتروجين. لوحظ أنه خلال الإغلاق الصارم، انخفض التعكر بنسبة 29 ٪ و 11 ٪ و 16 ٪ و 17 ٪ على طول المناطق الساحلية في كراتشي ومومباي وكلكتا ودكا، على التوالي، في حين لوحظت زيادة بنسبة 5-6 ٪ في التعكر فوق مدراس خلال نفس الفترة. وتشدد النتائج على أهمية خفض انبعاثات النيتروجين بسبب وقف استهلاك الوقود الأحفوري وعلاقاتها بانخفاض تلوث الهواء والماء. وخلص إلى أنه يمكن تحسين البيئة الجوية والمائية من خلال تنفيذ قيود ذكية على استهلاك الوقود الأحفوري بأقل تأثير على الاقتصاد الاجتماعي في المنطقة. يوصى بالقيود الذكية على استخدام الوقود الأحفوري للسيطرة على تلوث الهواء والماء حتى بعد استئناف الأنشطة الاجتماعية والاقتصادية لسيناريو العمل كالمعتاد.

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    Authors: Rubén Agregán; José M. Lorenzo; Manoj Kumar; Mohammad Ali Shariati; +5 Authors

    The reuse of lignocellulosic biomaterials as a source of clean energy has been explored in recent years due to the large amount of waste that involves human activities, such as those related to agriculture and food. The anaerobic digestion (AD) of plant-based biomass for bioenergy production poses a series of challenges that new technologies are attempting to solve. An improved decomposition of recalcitrant lignocellulose together with an increase in biogas production yield are the main objectives of these new approaches, which also seek the added value of being environmentally friendly. Recent research has reported significant progress in this regard, offering promising outcomes on the degradation of lignocellulose and its subsequent transformation into biomethane by specialized anaerobic microorganisms, overcoming the drawbacks inherent to the process and improving the yield of methane production. The future of the agri–food industry seems to be heading towards the implementation of a circular economy through the introduction of strategies based on the optimized use of lignocellulosic residues as a source of clean and sustainable energy.

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    Energies
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    Authors: Rubén Agregán; José M. Lorenzo; Manoj Kumar; Mohammad Ali Shariati; +5 Authors

    The reuse of lignocellulosic biomaterials as a source of clean energy has been explored in recent years due to the large amount of waste that involves human activities, such as those related to agriculture and food. The anaerobic digestion (AD) of plant-based biomass for bioenergy production poses a series of challenges that new technologies are attempting to solve. An improved decomposition of recalcitrant lignocellulose together with an increase in biogas production yield are the main objectives of these new approaches, which also seek the added value of being environmentally friendly. Recent research has reported significant progress in this regard, offering promising outcomes on the degradation of lignocellulose and its subsequent transformation into biomethane by specialized anaerobic microorganisms, overcoming the drawbacks inherent to the process and improving the yield of methane production. The future of the agri–food industry seems to be heading towards the implementation of a circular economy through the introduction of strategies based on the optimized use of lignocellulosic residues as a source of clean and sustainable energy.

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    Authors: Usman Zafar; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Safdar; Rehan Mehmood Sabir; +2 Authors

    In Pakistan, energy production from nuclear, hydro, and gas sources is about 99%, and only 1% is produced from renewable energy resources. Biomass is an emerging renewable resource for Pakistan obtained by converting loose biomass into pellets of high density. In this regard, biomass is receiving more and more attention day by day due to its abundant availability. Due to improper management of biomass in terms of transportation, handling, storing, and lack of awareness, its use for energy production is very low. The environmental and health effects of dumping and incineration techniques are becoming more dangerous for developing countries and rural communities day by day. The densification technique is a currently emerging technology for developing countries. Pellet development using yard waste is a new concept that can meet energy demands in addition to reducing environmental pollution and sources of waste management. For this purpose, the biomass of yard waste was shredded and then dried under sunlight or open drying to reduce the moisture content in the biomass material to less than 16% before being carbonized. Five samples with different moisture content levels were made and pellets were prepared from them. The results achieved by the characterization of pellets show that yard waste pellets at 5% moisture content had the highest calorific value of about 17.76 MJ/kg. Flue gas analysis was carried out and emissions from all were determined at all five moisture contents.

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    https://doi.org/10.3390/asec20...
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    Authors: Usman Zafar; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Safdar; Rehan Mehmood Sabir; +2 Authors

    In Pakistan, energy production from nuclear, hydro, and gas sources is about 99%, and only 1% is produced from renewable energy resources. Biomass is an emerging renewable resource for Pakistan obtained by converting loose biomass into pellets of high density. In this regard, biomass is receiving more and more attention day by day due to its abundant availability. Due to improper management of biomass in terms of transportation, handling, storing, and lack of awareness, its use for energy production is very low. The environmental and health effects of dumping and incineration techniques are becoming more dangerous for developing countries and rural communities day by day. The densification technique is a currently emerging technology for developing countries. Pellet development using yard waste is a new concept that can meet energy demands in addition to reducing environmental pollution and sources of waste management. For this purpose, the biomass of yard waste was shredded and then dried under sunlight or open drying to reduce the moisture content in the biomass material to less than 16% before being carbonized. Five samples with different moisture content levels were made and pellets were prepared from them. The results achieved by the characterization of pellets show that yard waste pellets at 5% moisture content had the highest calorific value of about 17.76 MJ/kg. Flue gas analysis was carried out and emissions from all were determined at all five moisture contents.

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    https://doi.org/10.3390/asec20...
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      https://doi.org/10.3390/asec20...
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    Authors: Rana Ammar Aslam; Sangam Shrestha; Muhammad Nabeel Usman; Shahbaz Nasir Khan; +7 Authors

    Urban aquifers are experiencing increasing pressures from climate change, land-use change, and abstraction, consequently, altering groundwater levels and threatening sustainable water availability, consumption, and utilization. Sustainability in such areas requires the adaptation of groundwater resources to these stressors. Consequently, this research made projections about future climate, land use, and abstraction, examines how these drives will affect groundwater levels, and then proposes adaptation strategies to reduce the impact on Lahore’s groundwater resources. The objectives are achieved using an integrated modeling framework involving applications of Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and MODFLOW models. The results indicated a projected rise in Tmin by ~2.03 °C and Tmax by ~1.13 °C by 2100 under medium (RCP 4.5) and high-end (RCP 8.5) scenarios, respectively. Future precipitation changes for mid, near and far periods are projected to be −1.0%, 25%, and 24.5% under RCP4.5, and −17.5%, 27.5%, and 29.0% under RCP8.5, respectively. The built-up area in the Lahore division will dominate agricultural land in the future with an expansion from 965 m2 to 3716 km2 by the year 2100 under R1S1 (R2S2) land-use change scenarios (significant at p = 5%). The future population of the Lahore division will increase from 6.4 M to 24.6 M (28.7 M) by the year 2100 under SSP1 (SSP3) scenarios (significant at p = 5%). Groundwater level in bult-up areas will be projected to decline from 185 m to 125 m by 2100 due to increasing groundwater abstraction and expansion in the impermeable surface under all scenarios. In contrast, agricultural areas show a fluctuating trend with a slight increase in groundwater level due to decreasing abstraction and multiple recharge sources under combined scenarios. The results of this study can be a way forward for groundwater experts and related institutions to understand the potential situation of groundwater resources in the Lahore division and implement adaptation strategies to counteract diminishing groundwater resources.

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    Authors: Rana Ammar Aslam; Sangam Shrestha; Muhammad Nabeel Usman; Shahbaz Nasir Khan; +7 Authors

    Urban aquifers are experiencing increasing pressures from climate change, land-use change, and abstraction, consequently, altering groundwater levels and threatening sustainable water availability, consumption, and utilization. Sustainability in such areas requires the adaptation of groundwater resources to these stressors. Consequently, this research made projections about future climate, land use, and abstraction, examines how these drives will affect groundwater levels, and then proposes adaptation strategies to reduce the impact on Lahore’s groundwater resources. The objectives are achieved using an integrated modeling framework involving applications of Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and MODFLOW models. The results indicated a projected rise in Tmin by ~2.03 °C and Tmax by ~1.13 °C by 2100 under medium (RCP 4.5) and high-end (RCP 8.5) scenarios, respectively. Future precipitation changes for mid, near and far periods are projected to be −1.0%, 25%, and 24.5% under RCP4.5, and −17.5%, 27.5%, and 29.0% under RCP8.5, respectively. The built-up area in the Lahore division will dominate agricultural land in the future with an expansion from 965 m2 to 3716 km2 by the year 2100 under R1S1 (R2S2) land-use change scenarios (significant at p = 5%). The future population of the Lahore division will increase from 6.4 M to 24.6 M (28.7 M) by the year 2100 under SSP1 (SSP3) scenarios (significant at p = 5%). Groundwater level in bult-up areas will be projected to decline from 185 m to 125 m by 2100 due to increasing groundwater abstraction and expansion in the impermeable surface under all scenarios. In contrast, agricultural areas show a fluctuating trend with a slight increase in groundwater level due to decreasing abstraction and multiple recharge sources under combined scenarios. The results of this study can be a way forward for groundwater experts and related institutions to understand the potential situation of groundwater resources in the Lahore division and implement adaptation strategies to counteract diminishing groundwater resources.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Atmospherearrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Muhammad Waseem Rasheed; Jialiang Tang; Abid Sarwar; Suraj Shah; +7 Authors

    The amount of surface soil moisture (SSM) is a crucial ecohydrological natural resource that regulates important land surface processes. It affects critical land–atmospheric phenomena, including the division of energy and water (infiltration, runoff, and evaporation), that impacts the effectiveness of agricultural output (sensible and latent heat fluxes and surface air temperature). Despite its significance, there are several difficulties in making precise measurements, monitoring, and interpreting SSM at high spatial and temporal resolutions. The current study critically reviews the methods and procedures for calculating SSM and the variables influencing measurement accuracy and applicability under different fields, climates, and operational conditions. For laboratory and field measurements, this study divides SSM estimate strategies into (i) direct and (ii) indirect procedures. The accuracy and applicability of a technique depends on the environment and the resources at hand. Comparative research is geographically restricted, although precise and economical—direct measuring techniques like the gravimetric method are time-consuming and destructive. In contrast, indirect methods are more expensive and do not produce measurements at the spatial scale but produce precise data on a temporal scale. While measuring SSM across more significant regions, ground-penetrating radar and remote sensing methods are susceptible to errors caused by overlapping data and atmospheric factors. On the other hand, soft computing techniques like machine/deep learning are quite handy for estimating SSM without any technical or laborious procedures. We determine that factors, e.g., topography, soil type, vegetation, climate change, groundwater level, depth of soil, etc., primarily influence the SSM measurements. Different techniques have been put into practice for various practical situations, although comparisons between them are not available frequently in publications. Each method offers a unique set of potential advantages and disadvantages. The most accurate way of identifying the best soil moisture technique is the value selection method (VSM). The neutron probe is preferable to the FDR or TDR sensor for measuring soil moisture. Remote sensing techniques have filled the need for large-scale, highly spatiotemporal soil moisture monitoring. Through self-learning capabilities in data-scarce areas, machine/deep learning approaches facilitate soil moisture measurement and prediction.

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    Authors: Muhammad Waseem Rasheed; Jialiang Tang; Abid Sarwar; Suraj Shah; +7 Authors

    The amount of surface soil moisture (SSM) is a crucial ecohydrological natural resource that regulates important land surface processes. It affects critical land–atmospheric phenomena, including the division of energy and water (infiltration, runoff, and evaporation), that impacts the effectiveness of agricultural output (sensible and latent heat fluxes and surface air temperature). Despite its significance, there are several difficulties in making precise measurements, monitoring, and interpreting SSM at high spatial and temporal resolutions. The current study critically reviews the methods and procedures for calculating SSM and the variables influencing measurement accuracy and applicability under different fields, climates, and operational conditions. For laboratory and field measurements, this study divides SSM estimate strategies into (i) direct and (ii) indirect procedures. The accuracy and applicability of a technique depends on the environment and the resources at hand. Comparative research is geographically restricted, although precise and economical—direct measuring techniques like the gravimetric method are time-consuming and destructive. In contrast, indirect methods are more expensive and do not produce measurements at the spatial scale but produce precise data on a temporal scale. While measuring SSM across more significant regions, ground-penetrating radar and remote sensing methods are susceptible to errors caused by overlapping data and atmospheric factors. On the other hand, soft computing techniques like machine/deep learning are quite handy for estimating SSM without any technical or laborious procedures. We determine that factors, e.g., topography, soil type, vegetation, climate change, groundwater level, depth of soil, etc., primarily influence the SSM measurements. Different techniques have been put into practice for various practical situations, although comparisons between them are not available frequently in publications. Each method offers a unique set of potential advantages and disadvantages. The most accurate way of identifying the best soil moisture technique is the value selection method (VSM). The neutron probe is preferable to the FDR or TDR sensor for measuring soil moisture. Remote sensing techniques have filled the need for large-scale, highly spatiotemporal soil moisture monitoring. Through self-learning capabilities in data-scarce areas, machine/deep learning approaches facilitate soil moisture measurement and prediction.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Khan, Muhammad U.; Ahmad, Muhammad; Sultan, Muhammad; Ihsanullah, Sohoo; +7 Authors

    Pakistan is facing a severe energy crisis due to its heavy dependency on the import of costly fossil fuels, which ultimately leads to expansive electricity generation, a low power supply, and interruptive load shedding. In this regard, the utilization of available renewable energy resources within the country for production of electricity can lessen this energy crisis. Livestock waste/manure is considered the most renewable and abundant material for biogas generation. Pakistan is primarily an agricultural country, and livestock is widely kept by the farming community, in order to meet their needs. According to the 2016–2018 data on the livestock population, poultry held the largest share at 45.8%, followed by buffaloes (20.6%), cattle (12.7%), goats (10.8%), sheep (8.4%), asses (1.3%), camels (0.25%), horses (0.1%), and mules (0.05%). Different animals produce different amounts of manure, based upon their size, weight, age, feed, and type. The most manure is produced by cattle (10–20 kg/day), while poultry produce the least (0.08–0.1 kg/day). Large quantities of livestock manure are produced from each province of Pakistan; Punjab province was the highest contributor (51%) of livestock manure in 2018. The potential livestock manure production in Pakistan was 417.3 million tons (Mt) in 2018, from which 26,871.35 million m3 of biogas could be generated—with a production potential of 492.6 petajoules (PJ) of heat energy and 5521.5 MW of electricity. Due to its favorable conditions for biodigester technologies, and through the appropriate development of anaerobic digestion, the currently prevailing energy crises in Pakistan could be eliminated.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainability
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2021
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Khan, Muhammad U.; Ahmad, Muhammad; Sultan, Muhammad; Ihsanullah, Sohoo; +7 Authors

    Pakistan is facing a severe energy crisis due to its heavy dependency on the import of costly fossil fuels, which ultimately leads to expansive electricity generation, a low power supply, and interruptive load shedding. In this regard, the utilization of available renewable energy resources within the country for production of electricity can lessen this energy crisis. Livestock waste/manure is considered the most renewable and abundant material for biogas generation. Pakistan is primarily an agricultural country, and livestock is widely kept by the farming community, in order to meet their needs. According to the 2016–2018 data on the livestock population, poultry held the largest share at 45.8%, followed by buffaloes (20.6%), cattle (12.7%), goats (10.8%), sheep (8.4%), asses (1.3%), camels (0.25%), horses (0.1%), and mules (0.05%). Different animals produce different amounts of manure, based upon their size, weight, age, feed, and type. The most manure is produced by cattle (10–20 kg/day), while poultry produce the least (0.08–0.1 kg/day). Large quantities of livestock manure are produced from each province of Pakistan; Punjab province was the highest contributor (51%) of livestock manure in 2018. The potential livestock manure production in Pakistan was 417.3 million tons (Mt) in 2018, from which 26,871.35 million m3 of biogas could be generated—with a production potential of 492.6 petajoules (PJ) of heat energy and 5521.5 MW of electricity. Due to its favorable conditions for biodigester technologies, and through the appropriate development of anaerobic digestion, the currently prevailing energy crises in Pakistan could be eliminated.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2021
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Muhammad Shafeeque; Mohsin Hafeez; Abid Sarwar; Arfan Arshad; +4 Authors

    AbstractQuantifying water-saving potential (WSP) is crucial for sustainable water resource management in canal command areas and river basins. Previous studies have partially or fully ignored the importance of groundwater in WSP assessments, particularly in irrigated areas. This study is aimed at quantifying WSP in the Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) command area of the Indus River Basin, Pakistan, under various scenarios of future climate change and groundwater recharge. These quantifications are conducted using an empirical model based on the Budyko theory. The model was forced using observed, remote sensing, and CMIP6 future climate data for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP245 and SSP585) and their ensembles (cold-dry, cold-wet, warm-dry, and warm-wet) for possible futures. The results showed that the average WSP in the LCC command area was 466 ± 48 mm/year during the historical period (2001–2020). The WSP is projected to decrease by – 68 ± 3% under the warm-dry ensemble scenario (SSP245 and SSP585) and – 48 ± 13% under the ensembled cold-wet scenario by 2100. The results also demonstrated that WSP could be increased by up to 70 ± 9% by artificially recharging 20% of the abstracted groundwater per year in the LCC command area by the late twenty-first century. Our findings highlight the importance of adopting artificial groundwater recharge to enhance the WSP and sustainably manage water resources in the LCC command area. Policymakers should consider these findings when deciding on water resource management in the Indus River Basin.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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    Theoretical and Applied Climatology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/wb...
    Other literature type . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pb...
    Other literature type . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Theoretical and Applied Climatology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/wb...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pb...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
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    Authors: Muhammad Shafeeque; Mohsin Hafeez; Abid Sarwar; Arfan Arshad; +4 Authors

    AbstractQuantifying water-saving potential (WSP) is crucial for sustainable water resource management in canal command areas and river basins. Previous studies have partially or fully ignored the importance of groundwater in WSP assessments, particularly in irrigated areas. This study is aimed at quantifying WSP in the Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) command area of the Indus River Basin, Pakistan, under various scenarios of future climate change and groundwater recharge. These quantifications are conducted using an empirical model based on the Budyko theory. The model was forced using observed, remote sensing, and CMIP6 future climate data for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP245 and SSP585) and their ensembles (cold-dry, cold-wet, warm-dry, and warm-wet) for possible futures. The results showed that the average WSP in the LCC command area was 466 ± 48 mm/year during the historical period (2001–2020). The WSP is projected to decrease by – 68 ± 3% under the warm-dry ensemble scenario (SSP245 and SSP585) and – 48 ± 13% under the ensembled cold-wet scenario by 2100. The results also demonstrated that WSP could be increased by up to 70 ± 9% by artificially recharging 20% of the abstracted groundwater per year in the LCC command area by the late twenty-first century. Our findings highlight the importance of adopting artificial groundwater recharge to enhance the WSP and sustainably manage water resources in the LCC command area. Policymakers should consider these findings when deciding on water resource management in the Indus River Basin.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Theoretical and Applied Climatology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/wb...
    Other literature type . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pb...
    Other literature type . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Theoretical and Applied Climatology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/wb...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pb...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
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