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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zoe Jacobs; Fatma Jebri; Meric Srokosz; ‪Dionysios E. Raitsos; +10 Authors

    Under the impact of natural and anthropogenic climate variability, upwelling systems are known to change their properties leading to associated regime shifts in marine ecosystems. These often impact commercial fisheries and societies dependent on them. In a region where in situ hydrographic and biological marine data are scarce, this study uses a combination of remote sensing and ocean modelling to show how a stable seasonal upwelling off the Kenyan coast shifted into the territorial waters of neighboring Tanzania under the influence of the unique 1997/98 El Niño and positive Indian Ocean Dipole event. The formation of an anticyclonic gyre adjacent to the Kenyan/Tanzanian coast led to a reorganization of the surface currents and caused the southward migration of the Somali–Zanzibar confluence zone and is attributed to anomalous wind stress curl over the central Indian Ocean. This caused the lowest observed chlorophyll-a over the North Kenya banks (Kenya), while it reached its historical maximum off Dar Es Salaam (Tanzanian waters). We demonstrate that this situation is specific to the 1997/98 El Niño when compared with other the super El-Niño events of 1972,73, 1982–83 and 2015–16. Despite the lack of available fishery data in the region, the local ecosystem changes that the shift of this upwelling may have caused are discussed based on the literature. The likely negative impacts on local fish stocks in Kenya, affecting fishers’ livelihoods and food security, and the temporary increase in pelagic fishery species’ productivity in Tanzania are highlighted. Finally, we discuss how satellite observations may assist fisheries management bodies to anticipate low productivity periods, and mitigate their potentially negative economic impacts.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Remote Sensing
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/bx...
    Other literature type . 2020
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/7w...
    Other literature type . 2020
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Remote Sensing
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Remote Sensing
      Article . 2020
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/bx...
      Other literature type . 2020
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/7w...
      Other literature type . 2020
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kennedy Osuka; Sérgio Rosendo; Michael Riddell; Jeremy Huet; +3 Authors

    This study applied the social–ecological systems framework (SESF) to six fishing communities in northern Mozambique where marine resource management is being implemented through the Our Sea Our Life project. Data on 11 variables and 27 indicators were organised using the SESF to represent the key system dimensions (Governance system, Actors, Resource units and Resource system). Variables within each dimension were weighed to a cumulative score of one. High scores (> 0.50) for Governance system occurred where communities had fisheries management rules and good knowledge of fishing gear regulations. High scores for Actors were evident in communities with few migrant fishers and high participation in village savings and loans associations. Elevated scores of the Resource units occurred where fishers targeted a variety of fish taxa. A healthy Resource system was found in communities neighbouring highly productive and resilient reefs, characterised by high fish biomass and diversity. The status of social and ecological conditions coupled with initial levels of project support and quality of technical support were linked with project achievements. Application of the SESF is therefore valuable in understanding interdependent linkages between social and environmental conditions to inform the design of localised management interventions for social–ecological sustainability.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2020
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    AbstractAimUnderstanding the drivers of the structure of coral reef fish assemblages is vital for their future conservation. Quantifying the separate roles of natural drivers from the increasing influence of anthropogenic factors, such as fishing and climate change, is a key component of this understanding. It follows that the intrinsic role of historical biogeographical and geomorphological factors must be accounted for when trying to understand the effects of contemporary disturbances such as fishing.LocationComoros, Madagascar, Mozambique and Tanzania, Western Indian Ocean (WIO).MethodsWe modeled patterns in the density and biomass of an assemblage of reef‐associated fish species from 11 families, and their association with 16 biophysical variables.ResultsCanonical analysis of principal coordinates revealed strong country affiliations of reef fish assemblages and distance‐based linear modeling confirmed geographic location and reef geomorphology were the most significant correlates, explaining 32% of the observed variation in fish assemblage structure. Another 6%–8% of variation was explained by productivity gradients (chl_a), and reef exposure or slope. Where spatial effects were not significant between mainland continental locations, fishing effects became evident explaining 6% of the variation in data. No correlation with live coral was detected. Only 37 species, predominantly lower trophic level taxa, were significant in explaining differences in assemblages between sites.Main ConclusionsSpatial and geomorphological histories remain a major influence on the structure of reef fish assemblages in the WIO. Reef geomorphology was closely linked to standing biomass, with “ocean‐exposed” fringing reefs supporting high average biomass of ~1,000 kg/ha, while “lagoon‐exposed fringing” reefs and “inner seas patch complex” reefs yielded substantially less at ~500kg/ha. Further, the results indicate the influence of benthic communities on fish assemblages is scale dependent. Such insights will be pivotal for managers seeking to balance long‐term sustainability of artisanal reef fisheries with conservation of coral reef systems.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ecology and Evolutio...arrow_drop_down
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    Ecology and Evolution
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ecology and Evolution
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    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2019
    Data sources: PubMed Central
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/bd...
    Other literature type . 2019
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/gw...
    Other literature type . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ecology and Evolutio...arrow_drop_down
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      Ecology and Evolution
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ecology and Evolution
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Other literature type . 2019
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    Authors: Paris V. Stefanoudis; Sheena Talma; Nico Fassbender; Denise Swanborn; +14 Authors

    AbstractDeep reefs below 30 m provide essential ecosystem services for ocean health and human well‐being such as food security and climate change resilience. Yet, deep reefs remain poorly researched and largely unprotected, including in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO). Here, we assessed current conservation approaches in the WIO focusing on deep reefs, using a combination of online surveys and semi‐structured interviews. Results indicated that deep‐reef data are sparse and commonly stemming from non‐peer‐reviewed or non‐publicly available sources, and are often not used to inform conservation of WIO marine protected areas. Based on those findings, we co‐developed a framework with WIO stakeholders comprising recommendations linked to specific actions to be undertaken by regional actors to improve the capacity of the region to collect and share deep‐reef information. We hope this framework will enhance deep‐reef stewardship and management throughout the WIO and thus aid sustainable blue economic growth in the region.

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    Conservation Letters
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    Conservation Letters
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/55...
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    Authors: Mathew Ogalo Silas; Melita Samoilys; Joseph Kamau; Zoe Jacobs; +10 Authors

    Le changement climatique devrait entraîner une réduction significative des captures mondiales au cours du XXIe siècle. Pourtant, on comprend peu les impacts du changement climatique sur les pêches tropicales, qui soutiennent de nombreux moyens de subsistance, comme c'est le cas dans la région occidentale de l'océan Indien (WIO). Ici, nous nous concentrons sur deux pays centraux de l'OIO - le Kenya et la Tanzanie - et exécutons un modèle de poissons multi-espèces (modèle d'enveloppe bio-climatique dynamique à spectre de taille ; SS-DBEM) pour 43 espèces d'importance commerciale et artisanale, afin d'étudier les effets du changement climatique. Nous incluons les deux zones économiques exclusives (ZEE) nationales en tant que domaines. Le modèle a été forcé par les données d'un modèle biogéochimique (NEMO-MEDUSA), exécuté sous le scénario d'émissions élevées Voie de concentration représentative (RCP) 8.5, jusqu'à la fin du 21e siècle. Les impacts de la pêche et du changement climatique ont été étudiés en exécutant SS-DBEM selon cinq scénarios de pressions de pêche pour prédire une série de scénarios futurs possibles. La pression de pêche a été représentée par le rendement maximal durable (RMD), exprimé en RMD0, RMD1, RMD2, RMD3 et RMD4 représentant une mortalité par pêche de 0, 1, 2, 3 et 4 fois le RMD, respectivement. Des réductions importantes de la biomasse moyenne des poissons ont été projetées au cours du XXIe siècle, avec des réductions médianes de la biomasse des espèces de poissons de 63 à 76 % et de 56 à 69 % pour les ZEE du Kenya et de la Tanzanie respectivement dans les scénarios de pêche. Les thonidés ont été particulièrement touchés par le changement climatique futur, les six espèces modélisées présentant des réductions de biomasse d'au moins 70 % dans les deux ZEE pour tous les scénarios de pêche au cours du XXIe siècle. Les réductions de la biomasse halieutique ont été beaucoup plus importantes au cours de la seconde moitié du XXIe siècle, mettant en évidence les avantages pour les pêches tropicales de l'action mondiale contre le changement climatique. • Projection de l'impact du changement climatique (sous RCP8.5) sur 43 espèces clés. • Concentrez-vous sur deux pays centraux de l'OIO : le Kenya et la Tanzanie. • Des réductions importantes de la biomasse moyenne des poissons avec des réductions médianes allant jusqu'à 76 %. • Réduction plus importante de la biomasse halieutique au cours de la seconde moitié du XXIe siècle. Se prevé que el cambio climático cause reducciones significativas en las capturas pesqueras mundiales durante el siglo XXI. Sin embargo, se entiende poco sobre los impactos del cambio climático en las pesquerías tropicales, que sustentan muchos medios de vida, como es el caso de la región del Océano Índico Occidental (OMI). Aquí, nos centramos en dos países centrales de la OMI, Kenia y Tanzania, y ejecutamos un modelo de peces multiespecie (Modelo de envoltura bioclimática dinámica de espectro de tamaño; SS-DBEM) para 43 especies de importancia comercial y artesanal, para investigar los efectos del cambio climático. Incluimos como dominios tanto las Zonas Económicas Exclusivas (ZEE) nacionales. El modelo fue forzado por datos de un modelo biogeoquímico (NEMO-MEDUSA), ejecutado bajo el escenario de altas emisiones Ruta de Concentración Representativa (RCP) 8.5, hasta finales del siglo XXI. Los impactos de la pesca y el cambio climático se investigaron mediante la ejecución de SS-DBEM en cinco escenarios de presiones pesqueras para predecir una gama de posibles escenarios futuros. La presión de pesca se representó como el rendimiento máximo sostenible (RMS), expresado como RMS0, RMS1, RMS2, RMS3 y RMS4, que representan la mortalidad por pesca de 0, 1, 2, 3 y 4 veces el RMS, respectivamente. Se proyectaron grandes reducciones en la biomasa promedio de peces durante el siglo XXI, con reducciones medianas de la biomasa de especies de peces del 63-76% y del 56–69% para las ZEE de Kenia y Tanzania, respectivamente, en todos los escenarios de pesca. Los atunes se vieron particularmente afectados por el cambio climático futuro, y las seis especies modeladas exhibieron reducciones de biomasa de al menos el 70% en ambas ZEE para todos los escenarios de pesca durante el siglo XXI. Las reducciones en la biomasa de peces fueron mucho más severas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XXI, destacando los beneficios para las pesquerías tropicales de la acción global sobre el cambio climático. • Proyección del impacto del cambio climático (bajo RCP8.5) en 43 especies clave. • Centrarse en dos países centrales de la OMI: Kenia y Tanzania. • Grandes reducciones en la biomasa media de peces con reducciones medias de hasta el 76%. • Reducciones de la biomasa de peces más severas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XXI. Climate change is projected to cause significant reductions in global fisheries catch during the 21st Century. Yet, little is understood of climate change impacts on tropical fisheries, which support many livelihoods, as is the case in the Western Indian Ocean region (WIO). Here, we focus on two central WIO countries ― Kenya and Tanzania ― and run a multi-species fish model (Size Spectrum Dynamic Bio-climate Envelope Model; SS-DBEM) for 43 species of commercial and artisanal importance, to investigate the effects of climate change. We include both national Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) as domains. The model was forced by data from a biogeochemical model (NEMO-MEDUSA), run under the high emissions scenario Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5, until the end of the 21st century. Impacts of fisheries and climate change were investigated by running SS-DBEM under five scenarios of fishing pressures to predict a range of possible future scenarios. Fishing pressure was represented as the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), expressed as MSY0, MSY1, MSY2, MSY3 and MSY4 representing fishing mortality of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 times MSY, respectively. Large reductions in average fish biomass were projected over the 21st Century, with median reductions of fish species biomass of 63–76% and 56–69% for the Kenyan and Tanzanian EEZs respectively across the fishing scenarios. Tunas were particularly impacted by future climate change, with the six modelled species exhibiting biomass reductions of at least 70% in both EEZs for all fishing scenarios during the 21st Century. Reductions in fish biomass were much more severe during the second half of the 21st Century, highlighting the benefits to tropical fisheries of global action on climate change. • Projection of impact of climate change (under RCP8.5) on 43 key species. • Focus on two central WIO countries: Kenya and Tanzania. • Large reductions in average fish biomass with median reductions of up to 76%. • Reductions in fish biomass more severe during the second half of the 21st Century. من المتوقع أن يتسبب تغير المناخ في انخفاضات كبيرة في مصائد الأسماك العالمية خلال القرن الحادي والعشرين. ومع ذلك، لا يُفهم سوى القليل عن آثار تغير المناخ على مصائد الأسماك المدارية، التي تدعم العديد من سبل العيش، كما هو الحال في منطقة غرب المحيط الهندي (WIO). هنا، نركز على بلدين مركزيين في WIO - كينيا وتنزانيا - ونقوم بتشغيل نموذج أسماك متعدد الأنواع (Size Spectrum Dynamic Bio - climate Envelope Model ؛ SS - DBEM) لـ 43 نوعًا من الأهمية التجارية والحرفية، للتحقيق في آثار تغير المناخ. نقوم بتضمين كل من المناطق الاقتصادية الخالصة الوطنية (EEZs) كمجالات. تم فرض النموذج من خلال بيانات من نموذج بيولوجي كيميائي (NEMO - MEDUSA)، يعمل بموجب سيناريو التركيز التمثيلي للانبعاثات العالية (RCP) 8.5، حتى نهاية القرن الحادي والعشرين. تم التحقيق في آثار مصايد الأسماك وتغير المناخ من خلال تشغيل SS - DBEM في إطار خمسة سيناريوهات لضغوط الصيد للتنبؤ بمجموعة من السيناريوهات المستقبلية المحتملة. تم تمثيل ضغط الصيد على أنه أقصى عائد مستدام (MSY)، معبراً عنه بـ MSY0 و MSY1 و MSY2 و MSY3 و MSY4 يمثل وفيات الصيد من 0 و 1 و 2 و 3 و 4 أضعاف MSY، على التوالي. كان من المتوقع حدوث انخفاضات كبيرة في متوسط الكتلة الحيوية للأسماك خلال القرن الحادي والعشرين، مع انخفاض متوسط الكتلة الحيوية لأنواع الأسماك بنسبة 63-76 ٪ و 56-69 ٪ للمناطق الاقتصادية الخالصة الكينية والتنزانية على التوالي عبر سيناريوهات الصيد. تأثرت أسماك التونة بشكل خاص بتغير المناخ في المستقبل، حيث أظهرت الأنواع الستة النموذجية انخفاضًا في الكتلة الحيوية بنسبة 70 ٪ على الأقل في كلتا المنطقتين الاقتصاديتين الخالصتين لجميع سيناريوهات الصيد خلال القرن الحادي والعشرين. كان الانخفاض في الكتلة الحيوية للأسماك أكثر حدة خلال النصف الثاني من القرن الحادي والعشرين، مما يسلط الضوء على الفوائد التي تعود على مصائد الأسماك الاستوائية من العمل العالمي بشأن تغير المناخ. • إسقاط تأثير تغير المناخ (بموجب RCP8.5) على 43 نوعًا رئيسيًا. • التركيز على بلدين مركزيين للمنظمة: كينيا وتنزانيا. • انخفاضات كبيرة في متوسط الكتلة الحيوية للأسماك مع انخفاض متوسط يصل إلى 76 ٪. • انخفاض في الكتلة الحيوية للأسماك أكثر حدة خلال النصف الثاني من القرن الحادي والعشرين.

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    Ocean & Coastal Management
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      Ocean & Coastal Management
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    Authors: Colin Abernethy; Ekaterina Popova; Juliane Wihsgott; Kennedy Osuka; +13 Authors

    Les robots marins ont le potentiel d'améliorer la recherche marine WIO pour améliorer l'adaptation régionale aux défis posés par le changement climatique en fournissant une capacité de recherche accrue qui contourne la nécessité d'infrastructures coûteuses, telles que les grands navires de recherche. Cet article teste ce potentiel et évalue l'état de préparation des communautés WIO à adopter des technologies autonomes pour répondre à ses priorités de recherche marine. Nous appliquons une gamme d'analyses à une étude de cas de robots marins entreprise dans les eaux autour de l'île de Pemba, une partie de l'archipel de Zanzibar, en Tanzanie en 2019. La campagne faisait partie d'un projet multinational axé sur l'augmentation de la capacité de l'OIO à relever les défis de la sécurité alimentaire et de la durabilité des océans. Un programme d'engagement communautaire avec six communautés côtières tanzaniennes a entraîné des changements positifs dans les attitudes envers les robots marins, avec des augmentations signalées dans la compréhension et l'acceptation de ces technologies. La suspicion des robots a été réduite et un risque plus faible de retrait de l'équipement opérationnel a été enregistré suite à la fourniture de matériel éducatif. L'analyse des coûts, des risques et des avantages montre que les robots marins sont perçus comme offrant des avantages de haut niveau, mais à un coût élevé difficile à atteindre en utilisant un financement national ou régional. Une évaluation de la capacité des instituts marins WIO à adopter de telles technologies montre qu'avant ce travail, peu de compétences ou d'infrastructures liées aux robots marins étaient disponibles pour les chercheurs et a en outre confirmé que les opportunités de financement étaient perçues comme largement indisponibles aux niveaux institutionnel, national, régional ou international. Les réponses des partenaires régionaux à la suite de l'achèvement de l'étude de cas ont toutefois révélé un accroissement de la capacité perçue, en particulier en ce qui concerne l'accès à l'infrastructure et à l'expertise, ainsi que le soutien et les possibilités de financement à chaque niveau. L'étude de cas présentée s'est avérée avoir été un précieux démonstrateur des avantages de l'utilisation de robots marins pour répondre aux exigences de recherche sur les océans côtiers de WIO et il a été démontré que la capacité régionale avait considérablement augmenté dans le large éventail d'instituts marins étudiés tout au long de la période de l'étude de cas. Cette étude démontre que la prise de mesures précoces en vue de l'adoption de robots marins autonomes a augmenté la capacité de recherche marine régionale de WIO et accru la confiance et la volonté des chercheurs locaux de rechercher des solutions alternatives aux défis de recherche marine en cours. Les recommandations pour les actions futures qui continueront d'augmenter la capacité et la préparation à l'adoption régionale des robots marins comprennent l'investissement aux niveaux local, national et régional pour fournir des opportunités de formation accessibles et faciliter les collaborations régionales et internationales ; l'investissement dans un centre régional ou un centre d'excellence pour la technologie robotique marine ; l'adoption précoce de technologies autonomes plus petites et moins chères nouvellement émergentes ; l'investissement dans les compétences locales et les installations de soutien pour aider l'adhésion et l'acceptation locales tout en soutenant la capacité régionale. Los robots marinos tienen el potencial de mejorar la investigación marina de la OMI para mejorar la adaptación regional a los desafíos presentados por el cambio climático al proporcionar una mayor capacidad de investigación que evita el requisito de una infraestructura costosa, como los grandes buques de investigación. Este documento pone a prueba este potencial y evalúa la disposición de las comunidades de la OMI a adoptar tecnologías autónomas para cumplir con sus prioridades de investigación marina. Aplicamos una serie de análisis a un estudio de caso de robots marinos realizado en aguas alrededor de la isla de Pemba, parte del archipiélago de Zanzíbar, en Tanzania en 2019. La campaña formó parte de un proyecto multinacional centrado en aumentar la capacidad de la OMI para hacer frente a los desafíos de la seguridad alimentaria y la sostenibilidad de los océanos. Un programa de participación comunitaria con seis comunidades costeras de Tanzania dio lugar a cambios positivos en las actitudes hacia los robots marinos con aumentos reportados en la comprensión y aceptación de tales tecnologías. La sospecha de los robots se redujo y se registró un menor riesgo de retirar el equipo operativo después de la provisión de material educativo. El análisis de costos, riesgos y beneficios muestra que se percibe que los robots marinos proporcionan beneficios de alto nivel, pero tienen un alto costo que es difícil de lograr con fondos nacionales o regionales. Una evaluación de la capacidad de los institutos marinos de la OMI para adoptar tales tecnologías muestra que antes de este trabajo, los investigadores disponían de pocas habilidades o infraestructuras relacionadas con los robots marinos y confirmó además que se percibía que las oportunidades de financiación no estaban disponibles en gran medida a nivel institucional, nacional, regional o internacional. Sin embargo, las respuestas de los socios regionales después de la finalización del estudio de caso revelaron un aumento en la capacidad percibida, particularmente relacionada con el acceso a la infraestructura y la experiencia, así como el apoyo y las oportunidades de financiación en cada nivel. Se demuestra que el estudio de caso presentado ha sido un valioso demostrador de los beneficios del uso de robots marinos para cumplir con los requisitos de investigación oceánica costera de WIO y se demostró que la capacidad regional aumentó sustancialmente dentro de la amplia gama de institutos marinos encuestados durante todo el período del estudio de caso. Este estudio demuestra que dar los primeros pasos hacia la adopción de robots marinos autónomos ha aumentado la capacidad de investigación marina regional de la OMI y ha aumentado la confianza y la voluntad de los investigadores locales para buscar soluciones alternativas a los desafíos actuales de la investigación marina. Las recomendaciones para la acción futura que continuarán aumentando la capacidad y la preparación para la adopción regional de robots marinos incluyen la inversión a nivel local, nacional y regional para proporcionar oportunidades de capacitación accesibles y facilitar las colaboraciones regionales e internacionales; inversión en un centro regional o centro de excelencia para la tecnología robótica marina; adopción temprana de tecnologías autónomas más pequeñas y baratas que están surgiendo recientemente; inversión en habilidades locales e instalaciones de apoyo para ayudar a la aceptación y aceptación local al tiempo que se apoya la capacidad regional. Marine robots have the potential to enhance WIO marine research to improve regional adaptation to the challenges presented by climate change by providing enhanced research capacity that bypasses the requirement for expensive infrastructure, such as large research vessels. This paper tests this potential and assesses the readiness of WIO communities to adopt autonomous technologies to meet its marine research priorities. We apply a range of analyses to a marine robots case study undertaken in waters around the island of Pemba, part of the Zanzibar archipelago, in Tanzania in 2019. The campaign formed part of a multinational project focused on increasing WIO capacity to meet food security and ocean sustainability challenges. A community engagement programme with six Tanzanian coastal communities resulted in positive changes in attitudes towards marine robots with reported increases in understanding and acceptance of such technologies. Suspicion of the robots was reduced and a lower risk of removing operational equipment was recorded following the provision of educational material. Cost, risk and benefit analysis shows that marine robots are perceived to provide high level benefits, but come at a high cost that is difficult to achieve using national or regional funding. An assessment of the capacity of WIO marine institutes to adopt such technologies shows that prior to this work, few skills or infrastructure related to marine robots were available to researchers and further confirmed that funding opportunities were perceived to be largely unavailable at institutional, national, regional or international levels. Responses from regional partners following completion of the case study however, revealed an uplift in perceived capacity, particularly related to access to infrastructure and expertise as well as support and opportunities for funding at each level. The presented case study is shown to have been a valuable demonstrator of the benefits of using marine robots to meet WIO coastal ocean research requirements and regional capacity was shown to be substantially increased within the broad range of marine institutes surveyed throughout the case study period. This study demonstrates that taking early steps towards adopting marine autonomous robots has increased WIO regional marine research capacity and increased the confidence and willingness of local researchers to seek alternative solutions to ongoing marine research challenges. Recommendations for future action that will continue to increase the capacity and readiness for regional adoption of marine robots include investment at local, national and regional levels to provide accessible training opportunities and to facilitate regional and international collaborations; investment in a regional hub, or centre of excellence for marine robotic technology; early adoption of newly emerging smaller, cheaper autonomous technologies; investment in local skills and support facilities to aid local buy-in and acceptance while supporting regional capacity. تتمتع الروبوتات البحرية بالقدرة على تعزيز البحوث البحرية لمنظمة الويبو لتحسين التكيف الإقليمي مع التحديات التي يطرحها تغير المناخ من خلال توفير قدرة بحثية معززة تتجاوز متطلبات البنية التحتية باهظة الثمن، مثل سفن الأبحاث الكبيرة. تختبر هذه الورقة هذه الإمكانات وتقيم استعداد مجتمعات WIO لتبني تقنيات مستقلة لتلبية أولويات أبحاثها البحرية. نطبق مجموعة من التحليلات على دراسة حالة الروبوتات البحرية التي أجريت في المياه المحيطة بجزيرة بيمبا، وهي جزء من أرخبيل زنجبار، في تنزانيا في عام 2019. شكلت الحملة جزءًا من مشروع متعدد الجنسيات يركز على زيادة قدرة WIO على مواجهة تحديات الأمن الغذائي واستدامة المحيطات. أدى برنامج المشاركة المجتمعية مع ستة مجتمعات ساحلية تنزانية إلى تغييرات إيجابية في المواقف تجاه الروبوتات البحرية مع الزيادات المبلغ عنها في فهم وقبول هذه التقنيات. تم تقليل الاشتباه في الروبوتات وتم تسجيل خطر أقل لإزالة المعدات التشغيلية بعد توفير المواد التعليمية. يُظهر تحليل التكلفة والمخاطر والفوائد أن الروبوتات البحرية يُنظر إليها على أنها توفر فوائد عالية المستوى، ولكنها تأتي بتكلفة عالية يصعب تحقيقها باستخدام التمويل الوطني أو الإقليمي. يُظهر تقييم لقدرة المعاهد البحرية التابعة للمنظمة على اعتماد مثل هذه التقنيات أنه قبل هذا العمل، كان هناك عدد قليل من المهارات أو البنية التحتية المتعلقة بالروبوتات البحرية المتاحة للباحثين وأكد كذلك أن فرص التمويل كان يُنظر إليها على أنها غير متاحة إلى حد كبير على المستويات المؤسسية أو الوطنية أو الإقليمية أو الدولية. ومع ذلك، كشفت الردود الواردة من الشركاء الإقليميين بعد الانتهاء من دراسة الحالة عن ارتفاع في القدرات المتصورة، لا سيما فيما يتعلق بالوصول إلى البنية التحتية والخبرات وكذلك الدعم وفرص التمويل على كل مستوى. تبين أن دراسة الحالة المقدمة كانت دليلاً قيّماً على فوائد استخدام الروبوتات البحرية لتلبية متطلبات أبحاث المحيطات الساحلية لمنظمة WIO، وتبين أن القدرة الإقليمية قد زادت بشكل كبير ضمن مجموعة واسعة من المعاهد البحرية التي تم مسحها طوال فترة دراسة الحالة. توضح هذه الدراسة أن اتخاذ خطوات مبكرة نحو اعتماد الروبوتات البحرية المستقلة قد زاد من قدرة البحوث البحرية الإقليمية للمنظمة العالمية للملكية الفكرية وزاد من ثقة واستعداد الباحثين المحليين للبحث عن حلول بديلة لتحديات البحوث البحرية المستمرة. تشمل التوصيات المتعلقة بالإجراءات المستقبلية التي ستستمر في زيادة القدرة والاستعداد للاعتماد الإقليمي للروبوتات البحرية الاستثمار على المستويات المحلية والوطنية والإقليمية لتوفير فرص تدريب يمكن الوصول إليها ولتسهيل التعاون الإقليمي والدولي ؛ والاستثمار في مركز إقليمي أو مركز امتياز لتكنولوجيا الروبوتات البحرية ؛ والاعتماد المبكر للتقنيات المستقلة الأصغر والأرخص الناشئة حديثًا ؛ والاستثمار في المهارات المحلية ومرافق الدعم للمساعدة في المشاركة والقبول المحليين مع دعم القدرات الإقليمية.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
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    Ocean & Coastal Management
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Ocean & Coastal Management
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/4q...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
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      Ocean & Coastal Management
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/4q...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/qe...
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: John R. Turner; Bryce D. Stewart; Kennedy Osuka; Ronan C. Roche; +2 Authors

    Understanding how Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) improve conservation outcomes across anthropogenic pressures can improve the benefits derived from them. Effects of protection for coral reefs in the western and central Indian Ocean were assessed using size-spectra analysis of fish and the relationships of trophic group biomass with human population density. Length-spectra relationships quantifying the relative abundance of small and large fish (slope) and overall productivity of the system (intercept) showed inconsistent patterns with MPA protection. The results suggest that both the slopes and intercepts were significantly higher in highly and well-protected MPAs. This indicates that effective MPAs are more productive and support higher abundances of smaller fish, relative to moderately protected MPAs. Trophic group biomass spanning piscivores and herbivores, decreased with increasing human density implying restoration of fish functional structure is needed. This would require addressing fisher needs and supporting effective MPA management to secure ecosystem benefits for coastal communities.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Marine Pollution Bul...arrow_drop_down
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    Marine Pollution Bulletin
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Marine Pollution Bul...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Marine Pollution Bulletin
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zoe Jacobs; Fatma Jebri; Meric Srokosz; ‪Dionysios E. Raitsos; +10 Authors

    Under the impact of natural and anthropogenic climate variability, upwelling systems are known to change their properties leading to associated regime shifts in marine ecosystems. These often impact commercial fisheries and societies dependent on them. In a region where in situ hydrographic and biological marine data are scarce, this study uses a combination of remote sensing and ocean modelling to show how a stable seasonal upwelling off the Kenyan coast shifted into the territorial waters of neighboring Tanzania under the influence of the unique 1997/98 El Niño and positive Indian Ocean Dipole event. The formation of an anticyclonic gyre adjacent to the Kenyan/Tanzanian coast led to a reorganization of the surface currents and caused the southward migration of the Somali–Zanzibar confluence zone and is attributed to anomalous wind stress curl over the central Indian Ocean. This caused the lowest observed chlorophyll-a over the North Kenya banks (Kenya), while it reached its historical maximum off Dar Es Salaam (Tanzanian waters). We demonstrate that this situation is specific to the 1997/98 El Niño when compared with other the super El-Niño events of 1972,73, 1982–83 and 2015–16. Despite the lack of available fishery data in the region, the local ecosystem changes that the shift of this upwelling may have caused are discussed based on the literature. The likely negative impacts on local fish stocks in Kenya, affecting fishers’ livelihoods and food security, and the temporary increase in pelagic fishery species’ productivity in Tanzania are highlighted. Finally, we discuss how satellite observations may assist fisheries management bodies to anticipate low productivity periods, and mitigate their potentially negative economic impacts.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Remote Sensing
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
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    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2020
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Kennedy Osuka; Sérgio Rosendo; Michael Riddell; Jeremy Huet; +3 Authors

    This study applied the social–ecological systems framework (SESF) to six fishing communities in northern Mozambique where marine resource management is being implemented through the Our Sea Our Life project. Data on 11 variables and 27 indicators were organised using the SESF to represent the key system dimensions (Governance system, Actors, Resource units and Resource system). Variables within each dimension were weighed to a cumulative score of one. High scores (> 0.50) for Governance system occurred where communities had fisheries management rules and good knowledge of fishing gear regulations. High scores for Actors were evident in communities with few migrant fishers and high participation in village savings and loans associations. Elevated scores of the Resource units occurred where fishers targeted a variety of fish taxa. A healthy Resource system was found in communities neighbouring highly productive and resilient reefs, characterised by high fish biomass and diversity. The status of social and ecological conditions coupled with initial levels of project support and quality of technical support were linked with project achievements. Application of the SESF is therefore valuable in understanding interdependent linkages between social and environmental conditions to inform the design of localised management interventions for social–ecological sustainability.

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    AbstractAimUnderstanding the drivers of the structure of coral reef fish assemblages is vital for their future conservation. Quantifying the separate roles of natural drivers from the increasing influence of anthropogenic factors, such as fishing and climate change, is a key component of this understanding. It follows that the intrinsic role of historical biogeographical and geomorphological factors must be accounted for when trying to understand the effects of contemporary disturbances such as fishing.LocationComoros, Madagascar, Mozambique and Tanzania, Western Indian Ocean (WIO).MethodsWe modeled patterns in the density and biomass of an assemblage of reef‐associated fish species from 11 families, and their association with 16 biophysical variables.ResultsCanonical analysis of principal coordinates revealed strong country affiliations of reef fish assemblages and distance‐based linear modeling confirmed geographic location and reef geomorphology were the most significant correlates, explaining 32% of the observed variation in fish assemblage structure. Another 6%–8% of variation was explained by productivity gradients (chl_a), and reef exposure or slope. Where spatial effects were not significant between mainland continental locations, fishing effects became evident explaining 6% of the variation in data. No correlation with live coral was detected. Only 37 species, predominantly lower trophic level taxa, were significant in explaining differences in assemblages between sites.Main ConclusionsSpatial and geomorphological histories remain a major influence on the structure of reef fish assemblages in the WIO. Reef geomorphology was closely linked to standing biomass, with “ocean‐exposed” fringing reefs supporting high average biomass of ~1,000 kg/ha, while “lagoon‐exposed fringing” reefs and “inner seas patch complex” reefs yielded substantially less at ~500kg/ha. Further, the results indicate the influence of benthic communities on fish assemblages is scale dependent. Such insights will be pivotal for managers seeking to balance long‐term sustainability of artisanal reef fisheries with conservation of coral reef systems.

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    Ecology and Evolution
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Ecology and Evolution
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    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2019
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/bd...
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      Ecology and Evolution
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/bd...
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    Authors: Paris V. Stefanoudis; Sheena Talma; Nico Fassbender; Denise Swanborn; +14 Authors

    AbstractDeep reefs below 30 m provide essential ecosystem services for ocean health and human well‐being such as food security and climate change resilience. Yet, deep reefs remain poorly researched and largely unprotected, including in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO). Here, we assessed current conservation approaches in the WIO focusing on deep reefs, using a combination of online surveys and semi‐structured interviews. Results indicated that deep‐reef data are sparse and commonly stemming from non‐peer‐reviewed or non‐publicly available sources, and are often not used to inform conservation of WIO marine protected areas. Based on those findings, we co‐developed a framework with WIO stakeholders comprising recommendations linked to specific actions to be undertaken by regional actors to improve the capacity of the region to collect and share deep‐reef information. We hope this framework will enhance deep‐reef stewardship and management throughout the WIO and thus aid sustainable blue economic growth in the region.

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    Conservation Letters
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/55...
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    Authors: Mathew Ogalo Silas; Melita Samoilys; Joseph Kamau; Zoe Jacobs; +10 Authors

    Le changement climatique devrait entraîner une réduction significative des captures mondiales au cours du XXIe siècle. Pourtant, on comprend peu les impacts du changement climatique sur les pêches tropicales, qui soutiennent de nombreux moyens de subsistance, comme c'est le cas dans la région occidentale de l'océan Indien (WIO). Ici, nous nous concentrons sur deux pays centraux de l'OIO - le Kenya et la Tanzanie - et exécutons un modèle de poissons multi-espèces (modèle d'enveloppe bio-climatique dynamique à spectre de taille ; SS-DBEM) pour 43 espèces d'importance commerciale et artisanale, afin d'étudier les effets du changement climatique. Nous incluons les deux zones économiques exclusives (ZEE) nationales en tant que domaines. Le modèle a été forcé par les données d'un modèle biogéochimique (NEMO-MEDUSA), exécuté sous le scénario d'émissions élevées Voie de concentration représentative (RCP) 8.5, jusqu'à la fin du 21e siècle. Les impacts de la pêche et du changement climatique ont été étudiés en exécutant SS-DBEM selon cinq scénarios de pressions de pêche pour prédire une série de scénarios futurs possibles. La pression de pêche a été représentée par le rendement maximal durable (RMD), exprimé en RMD0, RMD1, RMD2, RMD3 et RMD4 représentant une mortalité par pêche de 0, 1, 2, 3 et 4 fois le RMD, respectivement. Des réductions importantes de la biomasse moyenne des poissons ont été projetées au cours du XXIe siècle, avec des réductions médianes de la biomasse des espèces de poissons de 63 à 76 % et de 56 à 69 % pour les ZEE du Kenya et de la Tanzanie respectivement dans les scénarios de pêche. Les thonidés ont été particulièrement touchés par le changement climatique futur, les six espèces modélisées présentant des réductions de biomasse d'au moins 70 % dans les deux ZEE pour tous les scénarios de pêche au cours du XXIe siècle. Les réductions de la biomasse halieutique ont été beaucoup plus importantes au cours de la seconde moitié du XXIe siècle, mettant en évidence les avantages pour les pêches tropicales de l'action mondiale contre le changement climatique. • Projection de l'impact du changement climatique (sous RCP8.5) sur 43 espèces clés. • Concentrez-vous sur deux pays centraux de l'OIO : le Kenya et la Tanzanie. • Des réductions importantes de la biomasse moyenne des poissons avec des réductions médianes allant jusqu'à 76 %. • Réduction plus importante de la biomasse halieutique au cours de la seconde moitié du XXIe siècle. Se prevé que el cambio climático cause reducciones significativas en las capturas pesqueras mundiales durante el siglo XXI. Sin embargo, se entiende poco sobre los impactos del cambio climático en las pesquerías tropicales, que sustentan muchos medios de vida, como es el caso de la región del Océano Índico Occidental (OMI). Aquí, nos centramos en dos países centrales de la OMI, Kenia y Tanzania, y ejecutamos un modelo de peces multiespecie (Modelo de envoltura bioclimática dinámica de espectro de tamaño; SS-DBEM) para 43 especies de importancia comercial y artesanal, para investigar los efectos del cambio climático. Incluimos como dominios tanto las Zonas Económicas Exclusivas (ZEE) nacionales. El modelo fue forzado por datos de un modelo biogeoquímico (NEMO-MEDUSA), ejecutado bajo el escenario de altas emisiones Ruta de Concentración Representativa (RCP) 8.5, hasta finales del siglo XXI. Los impactos de la pesca y el cambio climático se investigaron mediante la ejecución de SS-DBEM en cinco escenarios de presiones pesqueras para predecir una gama de posibles escenarios futuros. La presión de pesca se representó como el rendimiento máximo sostenible (RMS), expresado como RMS0, RMS1, RMS2, RMS3 y RMS4, que representan la mortalidad por pesca de 0, 1, 2, 3 y 4 veces el RMS, respectivamente. Se proyectaron grandes reducciones en la biomasa promedio de peces durante el siglo XXI, con reducciones medianas de la biomasa de especies de peces del 63-76% y del 56–69% para las ZEE de Kenia y Tanzania, respectivamente, en todos los escenarios de pesca. Los atunes se vieron particularmente afectados por el cambio climático futuro, y las seis especies modeladas exhibieron reducciones de biomasa de al menos el 70% en ambas ZEE para todos los escenarios de pesca durante el siglo XXI. Las reducciones en la biomasa de peces fueron mucho más severas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XXI, destacando los beneficios para las pesquerías tropicales de la acción global sobre el cambio climático. • Proyección del impacto del cambio climático (bajo RCP8.5) en 43 especies clave. • Centrarse en dos países centrales de la OMI: Kenia y Tanzania. • Grandes reducciones en la biomasa media de peces con reducciones medias de hasta el 76%. • Reducciones de la biomasa de peces más severas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XXI. Climate change is projected to cause significant reductions in global fisheries catch during the 21st Century. Yet, little is understood of climate change impacts on tropical fisheries, which support many livelihoods, as is the case in the Western Indian Ocean region (WIO). Here, we focus on two central WIO countries ― Kenya and Tanzania ― and run a multi-species fish model (Size Spectrum Dynamic Bio-climate Envelope Model; SS-DBEM) for 43 species of commercial and artisanal importance, to investigate the effects of climate change. We include both national Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) as domains. The model was forced by data from a biogeochemical model (NEMO-MEDUSA), run under the high emissions scenario Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5, until the end of the 21st century. Impacts of fisheries and climate change were investigated by running SS-DBEM under five scenarios of fishing pressures to predict a range of possible future scenarios. Fishing pressure was represented as the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), expressed as MSY0, MSY1, MSY2, MSY3 and MSY4 representing fishing mortality of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 times MSY, respectively. Large reductions in average fish biomass were projected over the 21st Century, with median reductions of fish species biomass of 63–76% and 56–69% for the Kenyan and Tanzanian EEZs respectively across the fishing scenarios. Tunas were particularly impacted by future climate change, with the six modelled species exhibiting biomass reductions of at least 70% in both EEZs for all fishing scenarios during the 21st Century. Reductions in fish biomass were much more severe during the second half of the 21st Century, highlighting the benefits to tropical fisheries of global action on climate change. • Projection of impact of climate change (under RCP8.5) on 43 key species. • Focus on two central WIO countries: Kenya and Tanzania. • Large reductions in average fish biomass with median reductions of up to 76%. • Reductions in fish biomass more severe during the second half of the 21st Century. من المتوقع أن يتسبب تغير المناخ في انخفاضات كبيرة في مصائد الأسماك العالمية خلال القرن الحادي والعشرين. ومع ذلك، لا يُفهم سوى القليل عن آثار تغير المناخ على مصائد الأسماك المدارية، التي تدعم العديد من سبل العيش، كما هو الحال في منطقة غرب المحيط الهندي (WIO). هنا، نركز على بلدين مركزيين في WIO - كينيا وتنزانيا - ونقوم بتشغيل نموذج أسماك متعدد الأنواع (Size Spectrum Dynamic Bio - climate Envelope Model ؛ SS - DBEM) لـ 43 نوعًا من الأهمية التجارية والحرفية، للتحقيق في آثار تغير المناخ. نقوم بتضمين كل من المناطق الاقتصادية الخالصة الوطنية (EEZs) كمجالات. تم فرض النموذج من خلال بيانات من نموذج بيولوجي كيميائي (NEMO - MEDUSA)، يعمل بموجب سيناريو التركيز التمثيلي للانبعاثات العالية (RCP) 8.5، حتى نهاية القرن الحادي والعشرين. تم التحقيق في آثار مصايد الأسماك وتغير المناخ من خلال تشغيل SS - DBEM في إطار خمسة سيناريوهات لضغوط الصيد للتنبؤ بمجموعة من السيناريوهات المستقبلية المحتملة. تم تمثيل ضغط الصيد على أنه أقصى عائد مستدام (MSY)، معبراً عنه بـ MSY0 و MSY1 و MSY2 و MSY3 و MSY4 يمثل وفيات الصيد من 0 و 1 و 2 و 3 و 4 أضعاف MSY، على التوالي. كان من المتوقع حدوث انخفاضات كبيرة في متوسط الكتلة الحيوية للأسماك خلال القرن الحادي والعشرين، مع انخفاض متوسط الكتلة الحيوية لأنواع الأسماك بنسبة 63-76 ٪ و 56-69 ٪ للمناطق الاقتصادية الخالصة الكينية والتنزانية على التوالي عبر سيناريوهات الصيد. تأثرت أسماك التونة بشكل خاص بتغير المناخ في المستقبل، حيث أظهرت الأنواع الستة النموذجية انخفاضًا في الكتلة الحيوية بنسبة 70 ٪ على الأقل في كلتا المنطقتين الاقتصاديتين الخالصتين لجميع سيناريوهات الصيد خلال القرن الحادي والعشرين. كان الانخفاض في الكتلة الحيوية للأسماك أكثر حدة خلال النصف الثاني من القرن الحادي والعشرين، مما يسلط الضوء على الفوائد التي تعود على مصائد الأسماك الاستوائية من العمل العالمي بشأن تغير المناخ. • إسقاط تأثير تغير المناخ (بموجب RCP8.5) على 43 نوعًا رئيسيًا. • التركيز على بلدين مركزيين للمنظمة: كينيا وتنزانيا. • انخفاضات كبيرة في متوسط الكتلة الحيوية للأسماك مع انخفاض متوسط يصل إلى 76 ٪. • انخفاض في الكتلة الحيوية للأسماك أكثر حدة خلال النصف الثاني من القرن الحادي والعشرين.

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    Ocean & Coastal Management
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    Authors: Colin Abernethy; Ekaterina Popova; Juliane Wihsgott; Kennedy Osuka; +13 Authors

    Les robots marins ont le potentiel d'améliorer la recherche marine WIO pour améliorer l'adaptation régionale aux défis posés par le changement climatique en fournissant une capacité de recherche accrue qui contourne la nécessité d'infrastructures coûteuses, telles que les grands navires de recherche. Cet article teste ce potentiel et évalue l'état de préparation des communautés WIO à adopter des technologies autonomes pour répondre à ses priorités de recherche marine. Nous appliquons une gamme d'analyses à une étude de cas de robots marins entreprise dans les eaux autour de l'île de Pemba, une partie de l'archipel de Zanzibar, en Tanzanie en 2019. La campagne faisait partie d'un projet multinational axé sur l'augmentation de la capacité de l'OIO à relever les défis de la sécurité alimentaire et de la durabilité des océans. Un programme d'engagement communautaire avec six communautés côtières tanzaniennes a entraîné des changements positifs dans les attitudes envers les robots marins, avec des augmentations signalées dans la compréhension et l'acceptation de ces technologies. La suspicion des robots a été réduite et un risque plus faible de retrait de l'équipement opérationnel a été enregistré suite à la fourniture de matériel éducatif. L'analyse des coûts, des risques et des avantages montre que les robots marins sont perçus comme offrant des avantages de haut niveau, mais à un coût élevé difficile à atteindre en utilisant un financement national ou régional. Une évaluation de la capacité des instituts marins WIO à adopter de telles technologies montre qu'avant ce travail, peu de compétences ou d'infrastructures liées aux robots marins étaient disponibles pour les chercheurs et a en outre confirmé que les opportunités de financement étaient perçues comme largement indisponibles aux niveaux institutionnel, national, régional ou international. Les réponses des partenaires régionaux à la suite de l'achèvement de l'étude de cas ont toutefois révélé un accroissement de la capacité perçue, en particulier en ce qui concerne l'accès à l'infrastructure et à l'expertise, ainsi que le soutien et les possibilités de financement à chaque niveau. L'étude de cas présentée s'est avérée avoir été un précieux démonstrateur des avantages de l'utilisation de robots marins pour répondre aux exigences de recherche sur les océans côtiers de WIO et il a été démontré que la capacité régionale avait considérablement augmenté dans le large éventail d'instituts marins étudiés tout au long de la période de l'étude de cas. Cette étude démontre que la prise de mesures précoces en vue de l'adoption de robots marins autonomes a augmenté la capacité de recherche marine régionale de WIO et accru la confiance et la volonté des chercheurs locaux de rechercher des solutions alternatives aux défis de recherche marine en cours. Les recommandations pour les actions futures qui continueront d'augmenter la capacité et la préparation à l'adoption régionale des robots marins comprennent l'investissement aux niveaux local, national et régional pour fournir des opportunités de formation accessibles et faciliter les collaborations régionales et internationales ; l'investissement dans un centre régional ou un centre d'excellence pour la technologie robotique marine ; l'adoption précoce de technologies autonomes plus petites et moins chères nouvellement émergentes ; l'investissement dans les compétences locales et les installations de soutien pour aider l'adhésion et l'acceptation locales tout en soutenant la capacité régionale. Los robots marinos tienen el potencial de mejorar la investigación marina de la OMI para mejorar la adaptación regional a los desafíos presentados por el cambio climático al proporcionar una mayor capacidad de investigación que evita el requisito de una infraestructura costosa, como los grandes buques de investigación. Este documento pone a prueba este potencial y evalúa la disposición de las comunidades de la OMI a adoptar tecnologías autónomas para cumplir con sus prioridades de investigación marina. Aplicamos una serie de análisis a un estudio de caso de robots marinos realizado en aguas alrededor de la isla de Pemba, parte del archipiélago de Zanzíbar, en Tanzania en 2019. La campaña formó parte de un proyecto multinacional centrado en aumentar la capacidad de la OMI para hacer frente a los desafíos de la seguridad alimentaria y la sostenibilidad de los océanos. Un programa de participación comunitaria con seis comunidades costeras de Tanzania dio lugar a cambios positivos en las actitudes hacia los robots marinos con aumentos reportados en la comprensión y aceptación de tales tecnologías. La sospecha de los robots se redujo y se registró un menor riesgo de retirar el equipo operativo después de la provisión de material educativo. El análisis de costos, riesgos y beneficios muestra que se percibe que los robots marinos proporcionan beneficios de alto nivel, pero tienen un alto costo que es difícil de lograr con fondos nacionales o regionales. Una evaluación de la capacidad de los institutos marinos de la OMI para adoptar tales tecnologías muestra que antes de este trabajo, los investigadores disponían de pocas habilidades o infraestructuras relacionadas con los robots marinos y confirmó además que se percibía que las oportunidades de financiación no estaban disponibles en gran medida a nivel institucional, nacional, regional o internacional. Sin embargo, las respuestas de los socios regionales después de la finalización del estudio de caso revelaron un aumento en la capacidad percibida, particularmente relacionada con el acceso a la infraestructura y la experiencia, así como el apoyo y las oportunidades de financiación en cada nivel. Se demuestra que el estudio de caso presentado ha sido un valioso demostrador de los beneficios del uso de robots marinos para cumplir con los requisitos de investigación oceánica costera de WIO y se demostró que la capacidad regional aumentó sustancialmente dentro de la amplia gama de institutos marinos encuestados durante todo el período del estudio de caso. Este estudio demuestra que dar los primeros pasos hacia la adopción de robots marinos autónomos ha aumentado la capacidad de investigación marina regional de la OMI y ha aumentado la confianza y la voluntad de los investigadores locales para buscar soluciones alternativas a los desafíos actuales de la investigación marina. Las recomendaciones para la acción futura que continuarán aumentando la capacidad y la preparación para la adopción regional de robots marinos incluyen la inversión a nivel local, nacional y regional para proporcionar oportunidades de capacitación accesibles y facilitar las colaboraciones regionales e internacionales; inversión en un centro regional o centro de excelencia para la tecnología robótica marina; adopción temprana de tecnologías autónomas más pequeñas y baratas que están surgiendo recientemente; inversión en habilidades locales e instalaciones de apoyo para ayudar a la aceptación y aceptación local al tiempo que se apoya la capacidad regional. Marine robots have the potential to enhance WIO marine research to improve regional adaptation to the challenges presented by climate change by providing enhanced research capacity that bypasses the requirement for expensive infrastructure, such as large research vessels. This paper tests this potential and assesses the readiness of WIO communities to adopt autonomous technologies to meet its marine research priorities. We apply a range of analyses to a marine robots case study undertaken in waters around the island of Pemba, part of the Zanzibar archipelago, in Tanzania in 2019. The campaign formed part of a multinational project focused on increasing WIO capacity to meet food security and ocean sustainability challenges. A community engagement programme with six Tanzanian coastal communities resulted in positive changes in attitudes towards marine robots with reported increases in understanding and acceptance of such technologies. Suspicion of the robots was reduced and a lower risk of removing operational equipment was recorded following the provision of educational material. Cost, risk and benefit analysis shows that marine robots are perceived to provide high level benefits, but come at a high cost that is difficult to achieve using national or regional funding. An assessment of the capacity of WIO marine institutes to adopt such technologies shows that prior to this work, few skills or infrastructure related to marine robots were available to researchers and further confirmed that funding opportunities were perceived to be largely unavailable at institutional, national, regional or international levels. Responses from regional partners following completion of the case study however, revealed an uplift in perceived capacity, particularly related to access to infrastructure and expertise as well as support and opportunities for funding at each level. The presented case study is shown to have been a valuable demonstrator of the benefits of using marine robots to meet WIO coastal ocean research requirements and regional capacity was shown to be substantially increased within the broad range of marine institutes surveyed throughout the case study period. This study demonstrates that taking early steps towards adopting marine autonomous robots has increased WIO regional marine research capacity and increased the confidence and willingness of local researchers to seek alternative solutions to ongoing marine research challenges. Recommendations for future action that will continue to increase the capacity and readiness for regional adoption of marine robots include investment at local, national and regional levels to provide accessible training opportunities and to facilitate regional and international collaborations; investment in a regional hub, or centre of excellence for marine robotic technology; early adoption of newly emerging smaller, cheaper autonomous technologies; investment in local skills and support facilities to aid local buy-in and acceptance while supporting regional capacity. تتمتع الروبوتات البحرية بالقدرة على تعزيز البحوث البحرية لمنظمة الويبو لتحسين التكيف الإقليمي مع التحديات التي يطرحها تغير المناخ من خلال توفير قدرة بحثية معززة تتجاوز متطلبات البنية التحتية باهظة الثمن، مثل سفن الأبحاث الكبيرة. تختبر هذه الورقة هذه الإمكانات وتقيم استعداد مجتمعات WIO لتبني تقنيات مستقلة لتلبية أولويات أبحاثها البحرية. نطبق مجموعة من التحليلات على دراسة حالة الروبوتات البحرية التي أجريت في المياه المحيطة بجزيرة بيمبا، وهي جزء من أرخبيل زنجبار، في تنزانيا في عام 2019. شكلت الحملة جزءًا من مشروع متعدد الجنسيات يركز على زيادة قدرة WIO على مواجهة تحديات الأمن الغذائي واستدامة المحيطات. أدى برنامج المشاركة المجتمعية مع ستة مجتمعات ساحلية تنزانية إلى تغييرات إيجابية في المواقف تجاه الروبوتات البحرية مع الزيادات المبلغ عنها في فهم وقبول هذه التقنيات. تم تقليل الاشتباه في الروبوتات وتم تسجيل خطر أقل لإزالة المعدات التشغيلية بعد توفير المواد التعليمية. يُظهر تحليل التكلفة والمخاطر والفوائد أن الروبوتات البحرية يُنظر إليها على أنها توفر فوائد عالية المستوى، ولكنها تأتي بتكلفة عالية يصعب تحقيقها باستخدام التمويل الوطني أو الإقليمي. يُظهر تقييم لقدرة المعاهد البحرية التابعة للمنظمة على اعتماد مثل هذه التقنيات أنه قبل هذا العمل، كان هناك عدد قليل من المهارات أو البنية التحتية المتعلقة بالروبوتات البحرية المتاحة للباحثين وأكد كذلك أن فرص التمويل كان يُنظر إليها على أنها غير متاحة إلى حد كبير على المستويات المؤسسية أو الوطنية أو الإقليمية أو الدولية. ومع ذلك، كشفت الردود الواردة من الشركاء الإقليميين بعد الانتهاء من دراسة الحالة عن ارتفاع في القدرات المتصورة، لا سيما فيما يتعلق بالوصول إلى البنية التحتية والخبرات وكذلك الدعم وفرص التمويل على كل مستوى. تبين أن دراسة الحالة المقدمة كانت دليلاً قيّماً على فوائد استخدام الروبوتات البحرية لتلبية متطلبات أبحاث المحيطات الساحلية لمنظمة WIO، وتبين أن القدرة الإقليمية قد زادت بشكل كبير ضمن مجموعة واسعة من المعاهد البحرية التي تم مسحها طوال فترة دراسة الحالة. توضح هذه الدراسة أن اتخاذ خطوات مبكرة نحو اعتماد الروبوتات البحرية المستقلة قد زاد من قدرة البحوث البحرية الإقليمية للمنظمة العالمية للملكية الفكرية وزاد من ثقة واستعداد الباحثين المحليين للبحث عن حلول بديلة لتحديات البحوث البحرية المستمرة. تشمل التوصيات المتعلقة بالإجراءات المستقبلية التي ستستمر في زيادة القدرة والاستعداد للاعتماد الإقليمي للروبوتات البحرية الاستثمار على المستويات المحلية والوطنية والإقليمية لتوفير فرص تدريب يمكن الوصول إليها ولتسهيل التعاون الإقليمي والدولي ؛ والاستثمار في مركز إقليمي أو مركز امتياز لتكنولوجيا الروبوتات البحرية ؛ والاعتماد المبكر للتقنيات المستقلة الأصغر والأرخص الناشئة حديثًا ؛ والاستثمار في المهارات المحلية ومرافق الدعم للمساعدة في المشاركة والقبول المحليين مع دعم القدرات الإقليمية.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
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    Ocean & Coastal Management
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      Ocean & Coastal Management
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/4q...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/qe...
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: John R. Turner; Bryce D. Stewart; Kennedy Osuka; Ronan C. Roche; +2 Authors

    Understanding how Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) improve conservation outcomes across anthropogenic pressures can improve the benefits derived from them. Effects of protection for coral reefs in the western and central Indian Ocean were assessed using size-spectra analysis of fish and the relationships of trophic group biomass with human population density. Length-spectra relationships quantifying the relative abundance of small and large fish (slope) and overall productivity of the system (intercept) showed inconsistent patterns with MPA protection. The results suggest that both the slopes and intercepts were significantly higher in highly and well-protected MPAs. This indicates that effective MPAs are more productive and support higher abundances of smaller fish, relative to moderately protected MPAs. Trophic group biomass spanning piscivores and herbivores, decreased with increasing human density implying restoration of fish functional structure is needed. This would require addressing fisher needs and supporting effective MPA management to secure ecosystem benefits for coastal communities.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Marine Pollution Bul...arrow_drop_down
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    Marine Pollution Bulletin
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Marine Pollution Bul...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Marine Pollution Bulletin
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