• Energy Research

Renewable energy is now a trending topic in research as a source of energy that free of pollution and alternative energy sources to substitute fossil energy sources. Research on renewable energy has always been developed to support energy security. Wind is one of the renewable energy sources that can be utilized to generate electrical energy. In this research will converting residual wind from air conditioning to electrical energy again. The advantage of using the exhaust from the air conditioning blower is that it has a relatively stable wind speed every time, although not as big as wind speeds available in nature. From the measurement with anemometer obtained the greatest wind speed is 6 m/s when its distance of 4 cm from the blower, and power of air conditioner 2,5 horsepower (HP) at temperature 16°C. Turbine can convert wind energy into electrical energy. The wind turbine is placed in front of the air conditioner blower, then the turbine is combined with the generator. Wind output from the blower is spread in all way, so made turbine type L Savonius. Generators used are a direct current generator (DC) and alternating current generator (AC). At the time testing, used Air Conditioner with power 0,5 HP, 1 HP, and 2,5 HP. In the test with air conditioner 0,5 HP obtained output voltage from the ac generator is 19,5 V and current is 0,65 A. Test using dc generator get output voltage is 35 V and the current is 0,37 A. In the test with air conditioner 1 HP obtained output voltage from the ac generator is 24 V and current is 0,52 A. Test using dc generator get output voltage is 37 V and current is 0,34 A. In the test with air conditioner 2,5 HP obtained output voltage from the ac generator is 24 V and current is 0,53 A. Test using dc generator get output voltage is 38 V and current is 0,34 A. Value of the output voltage of the generator is influenced by the amount of AC power consumption. Amount of voltage generated by the generator may can be used to turn on the surface-mount device light-emitting diode (SMD LED).

Main advantage of electric vehicles (EV) compared to vehicles using fossil fuels is that does not produce air pollution. One day the existence of conventional vehicles will be replaced by EV. EV gets electricity supply from batteries. When using EV, one day the electrical energy in the batteries will run out. To recharge batteries, important components such as the Electrical Vehicle Charger (EVC) are needed. EVC provides the impact of voltage drop on the electric power system bus during the charging process. This voltage drop caused by the power supply from generators cannot meet the needs of loads, including chargers and batteries. To maintain the voltage so it remains at its safe operating voltage, the same bus with EVC is interconnected with renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources used in this study are four types of wind turbine power plants. Safe range of operating voltage in this research from 95% to 105%. This paper analyzes the change in voltage in the electric power system when the wind power plant fills EVC. The research methods section uses several scenarios. The aim is to determine the effect of each type of wind power plant on the bus voltage and EVC. Simulation results show that scenario 3 has the best results than the other scenarios. In scenario 3, voltage in bus 12 is 98,08%, voltage in bus 13 is 98,66%, and voltage in bus 14 is 98,42%. All three buses in safe limits of the operating voltage.

Electricity energy needs increase every year. If the load continues to increase and the supply of electricity is fixed, then one day it will cause the supply to be smaller than the demand. If electricity provider is able to provide electricity in accordance with the growth of expenses, then there will be an increase in the cost of production of the electric power system as well. Electricity production costs are different every hour, because it follows changes in load curve that changes every hour. This study aims to save electricity production costs for 1 day or 24 hours using load shifting methods with pump storage. The general definition of load shifting method is to move the peak load to the base load, so that the cost of generating electricity at peak loads becomes cheaper. Another way to move peak loads to basic loads can use pump storage. Indonesia has new Cisokan Pump Storage located in West Java. The working principle of pump storage is when the base load will act as pump to move water from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir, and during this process it will consume electricity. When the peak load will act as generator by draining water from the upper reservoir to the lower reservoir, so that it will reduce electricity consumption during peak loads. In this study, two scenarios will be conducted to determine whether load shifting methods using pump storage can save the cost of production of the electrical power system. The first scenario is the operation of 24-hour electric power system without pump storage. The second scenario is the operation of the electrical power system for 24 hours using pump storage. The result of this study, for scenario 1 the total cost of production for 24 hours is $ 20.251.047,78. For scenario 2, the total production cost for 24 hours is $ 20.174.721,5. From scenario 1 and 2, using pump storage as medium to load shifting methods has proven to save 24 hours of electricity power production costs of $ 76.326,28 and electricity prices are also lower in $/kWh every hour.

By considering the applied technology and load demand growth, a power system structure (PSS) becomes smartly huge networks that are consisted of many latest integrated parts and interconnected systems. Many local systems are expanded to a modern power system for increasing reliability and quality while delivering energy from generator sites to load demand areas. Recently, an environmental protection and a renewable energy source penetrate the PSS, which are subjected to reduce pollutant discharges and to increase the green potential energy source. This paper presents an operating assessment of the PSS based on a topology development of a local interconnection system and a captive power plant. These studies are used to evaluate the performances of the expanded local power grid whereas sun power plants are installed. In these works, the operating assessment is approached using a power flow study (PFS) for defining expanded structure performances. In addition, obtaining procedures are also facilitated with Takagi method (TM) and thunderstorm algorithm (TA) for a hybrid structure of the PFS considering an integrated renewable energy source (IRES). Based on technical scenarios, results show that the scenario is performed in differences. The case studies also give in various implications. The IRES have affected the system performances. The PSS contributes to the committed portion to cover the load. TM and TA can be applied to the hybrid structure of the PFS.

In the future, vehicles that use fossil fuels will be replaced by electrical vehicles. The reason are fossil energy sources will be focused on electricity generation and besides that the availability of fossil energy is also running low. Another reason to prefer electrical vehicles is not produce air pollution or can be called environment friendly vehicle. There is an additional instrument to support the existence of electrical vehicles, namely battery charging station (BCS). Electrical vehicles use batteries as electricity storage. There are several electrical vehicles use hybrid system like uses battery, and solar panels on it to produce electrical energy. Based on these backgrounds, this article will discuss the about interconnection of battery charging station and renewable energy in electrical power system. Types of renewable energy in this paper are photovoltaic and wind power plant. Both of these power plants have role as distributed generation to help power system charge the BCS. In this study using standard 14 bus IEEE electrical power system. In the test method, several study cases will be made to be compared. The first study case is to analyze changes in voltage in the electric power system. The second study case is to analyze short circuit in the distributed generation to electrical power system. The final results of all scenarios will be compared to determine the impact of chargers, photovoltaics, and wind power plants when connected to the electric power system.