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  • Energy Research

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Qirui Zhong; Nick Schutgens; Guido R. van der Werf; Twan van Noije; +16 Authors

    AbstractBiomass burning (BB) is a major source of aerosols that remain the most uncertain components of the global radiative forcing. Current global models have great difficulty matching observed aerosol optical depth (AOD) over BB regions. A common solution to address modelled AOD biases is scaling BB emissions. Using the relationship from an ensemble of aerosol models and satellite observations, we show that the bias in aerosol modelling results primarily from incorrect lifetimes and underestimated mass extinction coefficients. In turn, these biases seem to be related to incorrect precipitation and underestimated particle sizes. We further show that boosting BB emissions to correct AOD biases over the source region causes an overestimation of AOD in the outflow from Africa by 48%, leading to a double warming effect compared with when biases are simultaneously addressed for both aforementioned factors. Such deviations are particularly concerning in a warming future with increasing emissions from fires.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Université de Versai...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Nature Communications
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Nature Communications
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Research Collection
    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Université de Versai...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Nature Communications
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Nature Communications
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Article . 2022
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      Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Arellano, Avelino F., Jr.; Kasibhatla, Prasad S.; Giglio, Louis; van der Werf, Guido R.; +1 Authors

    We present a synthesis inversion of CO emissions from various geographical regions and for various source categories for the year 2000 using CO retrievals from the MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) instrument. We find a large discrepancy between our top‐down estimates and recent bottom‐up estimates of CO emissions from fossil fuel/biofuel (FFBF) use in Asia. A key conclusion of this study is that CO emissions in East Asia (EAS) are about a factor of 1.8–2 higher than recent bottom‐up estimates.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Caltech Authors (Cal...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Geophysical Research Letters
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Geophysical Research Letters
    Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Caltech Authors (Cal...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Geophysical Research Letters
      Article
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Geophysical Research Letters
      Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Guido R. van der Werf; Jurgen van Hal; Richard S. P. van Logtestijn; Weiwei Zhao; +1 Authors

    Coarse woody debris is a key terrestrial carbon pool, and its turnover through fire plays a fundamental role in global carbon cycling. Coarse dead wood fuel properties, which vary between tree species and wood decay stages, might affect its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during fire, either directly or indirectly through interacting with moisture or ground-wood contact. Using controlled laboratory burns, we tried to disentangle the effects of multiple biotic and abiotic factors: tree species (one conifer and three hard wood species), wood decay stages, moisture content, and ground-wood contact on coarse wood combustion, consumption, and CO2 and CO emissions during fire. Wood density was measured for all samples. We found that, compared to the other tested factors, wood decay stages acted as a predominant positive driver increasing coarse wood flammability and associated CO2 and CO emissions during fire. Wood moisture content (30 versus 7%) moderately inhibited wood flammability with slight interaction with wood decay effects. Wood decay effects can be mainly attributed to the decreasing wood density as wood becomes more decomposed. Our experimental data provides useful information for how several wood properties, especially moisture content and wood decay stages, with wood density as the key underlying trait, together drive coarse wood carbon turnover through fire to the atmosphere. Our results will help to improve the predictive power of global vegetation climate models on dead wood turnover and its feedback to climate.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forest Ecology and M...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Forest Ecology and Management
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forest Ecology and M...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Forest Ecology and Management
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • Authors: Philippe Ciais; Han Dolman; Antonio Bombelli; Riley Duren; +53 Authors

    Résumé. Un système d'observation et d'analyse du carbone intégré à l'échelle mondiale est nécessaire pour améliorer la compréhension fondamentale du cycle mondial du carbone, pour améliorer notre capacité à projeter les changements futurs et pour vérifier l'efficacité des politiques visant à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et à augmenter la séquestration du carbone. La construction d'un système intégré d'observation du carbone nécessite des avancées transformationnelles du cadre exploratoire clairsemé existant vers un système dense, robuste et durable dans toutes ses composantes : les émissions anthropiques, l'atmosphère, l'océan et la biosphère terrestre. L'objectif de cette étude est d'identifier l'état actuel des observations de carbone et les besoins d'un système mondial intégré d'observation du carbone qui peut être construit au cours de la prochaine décennie. Une conclusion clé est l'expansion substantielle (de plusieurs ordres de grandeur) des réseaux d'observation au sol nécessaires pour atteindre la haute résolution spatiale pour les flux de CO2 et de CH4 et pour les stocks de carbone afin de répondre aux objectifs politiques pertinents et d'attribuer les changements de flux aux processus sous-jacents dans chaque région. Afin d'établir des diagnostics de flux et de stocks sur des zones éloignées telles que les océans du sud, les forêts tropicales et l'Arctique, les observations in situ devront être complétées par des mesures de télédétection. La télédétection offre l'avantage d'une couverture spatiale dense et de revisites fréquentes. Un défi clé consiste à amener les mesures de télédétection à un niveau de cohérence et de précision à long terme afin qu'elles puissent être efficacement combinées dans des modèles pour réduire les incertitudes, en synergie avec les données au sol. Apporter des contraintes d'observation strictes sur les émissions de combustibles fossiles et de changement d'affectation des terres sera le plus grand défi pour le déploiement d'un système intégré d'observation du carbone pertinent pour les politiques. Cela nécessitera des données in situ et de télédétection à une résolution et une densité beaucoup plus élevées que celles actuellement atteintes pour les flux naturels, bien que sur une petite superficie (villes, sites industriels, centrales électriques), ainsi que l'inclusion de mesures indirectes de CO2 de combustibles fossiles telles que le radiocarbone dans les traceurs de combustion de CO2 et de carbone. En outre, un système de surveillance du carbone pertinent pour les politiques devrait également fournir des mécanismes pour concilier les estimations des flux régionaux descendants (basés sur l'atmosphère) et ascendants (basés sur la surface) sur toute la gamme des échelles spatiales et temporelles pertinentes pour les politiques d'atténuation. Le succès du système reposera sur des engagements à long terme en matière de suivi, sur une meilleure collaboration internationale pour combler les lacunes dans les observations actuelles, sur des efforts soutenus pour améliorer l'accès aux différents flux de données et rendre les bases de données interopérables, et sur l'étalonnage de chaque composante du système à des échelles internationales convenues. Resumen. Se necesita un sistema de observación y análisis de carbono integrado a nivel mundial para mejorar la comprensión fundamental del ciclo global del carbono, para mejorar nuestra capacidad de proyectar cambios futuros y para verificar la efectividad de las políticas destinadas a reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y aumentar el secuestro de carbono. Construir un sistema integrado de observación de carbono requiere avances transformacionales desde el marco exploratorio escaso existente hacia un sistema denso, robusto y sostenido en todos los componentes: las emisiones antropogénicas, la atmósfera, el océano y la biosfera terrestre. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar el estado actual de las emisiones de carbono y las necesidades de un sistema global integrado de emisiones de carbono que pueda construirse en la próxima década. Una conclusión clave es la expansión sustancial (en varios órdenes de magnitud) de las redes de observación terrestres necesarias para alcanzar la alta resolución espacial para los flujos de CO2 y CH4, y para las reservas de carbono para abordar los objetivos relevantes para las políticas y atribuir los cambios de flujo a los procesos subyacentes en cada región. Para establecer diagnósticos de flujo y stock en áreas remotas como los océanos del sur, los bosques tropicales y el Ártico, las observaciones in situ deberán complementarse con mediciones de teledetección. La teledetección ofrece la ventaja de una cobertura espacial densa y una revisión frecuente. Un desafío clave es llevar las mediciones de teledetección a un nivel de consistencia y precisión a largo plazo para que puedan combinarse de manera eficiente en modelos para reducir las incertidumbres, en sinergia con los datos basados en tierra. Traer restricciones observacionales estrictas sobre las emisiones de combustibles fósiles y el cambio en el uso de la tierra será el mayor desafío para el despliegue de un sistema integrado de observación de carbono relevante para las políticas. Esto requerirá datos in situ y teledetectados con una resolución y densidad mucho más altas que las que se logran actualmente para los flujos naturales, aunque en una pequeña superficie de tierra (ciudades, sitios industriales, centrales eléctricas), así como la inclusión de mediciones indirectas de CO2 de combustibles fósiles, como el radiocarbono en CO2 y los trazadores de combustión de combustibles de carbono. Además, un sistema de monitoreo de carbono relevante para las políticas también debe proporcionar mecanismos para conciliar las estimaciones regionales de flujo de arriba hacia abajo (basadas en la atmósfera) y de abajo hacia arriba (basadas en la superficie) en toda la gama de escalas espaciales y temporales relevantes para las políticas de mitigación. El éxito del sistema dependerá de los compromisos a largo plazo con el monitoreo, de una mejor colaboración internacional para llenar los vacíos en las observaciones actuales, de esfuerzos sostenidos para mejorar el acceso a los diferentes flujos de datos y hacer que las bases de datos sean interoperables, y de la calibración de cada componente del sistema a escalas internacionales acordadas. Abstract. A globally integrated carbon observation and analysis system is needed to improve the fundamental understanding of the global carbon cycle, to improve our ability to project future changes, and to verify the effectiveness of policies aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration. Building an integrated carbon observation system requires transformational advances from the existing sparse, exploratory framework towards a dense, robust, and sustained system in all components: anthropogenic emissions, the atmosphere, the ocean, and the terrestrial biosphere. The goal of this study is to identify the current state of carbon observations and needs for a global integrated carbon observation system that can be built in the next decade. A key conclusion is the substantial expansion (by several orders of magnitude) of the ground-based observation networks required to reach the high spatial resolution for CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and for carbon stocks for addressing policy relevant objectives, and attributing flux changes to underlying processes in each region. In order to establish flux and stock diagnostics over remote areas such as the southern oceans, tropical forests and the Arctic, in situ observations will have to be complemented with remote-sensing measurements. Remote sensing offers the advantage of dense spatial coverage and frequent revisit. A key challenge is to bring remote sensing measurements to a level of long-term consistency and accuracy so that they can be efficiently combined in models to reduce uncertainties, in synergy with ground-based data. Bringing tight observational constraints on fossil fuel and land use change emissions will be the biggest challenge for deployment of a policy-relevant integrated carbon observation system. This will require in-situ and remotely sensed data at much higher resolution and density than currently achieved for natural fluxes, although over a small land area (cities, industrial sites, power plants), as well as the inclusion of fossil fuel CO2 proxy measurements such as radiocarbon in CO2 and carbon-fuel combustion tracers. Additionally, a policy relevant carbon monitoring system should also provide mechanisms for reconciling regional top-down (atmosphere-based) and bottom-up (surface-based) flux estimates across the range of spatial and temporal scales relevant to mitigation policies. The success of the system will rely on long-term commitments to monitoring, on improved international collaboration to fill gaps in the current observations, on sustained efforts to improve access to the different data streams and make databases inter-operable, and on the calibration of each component of the system to agreed-upon international scales. الخلاصة. هناك حاجة إلى نظام متكامل عالميًا لمراقبة الكربون وتحليله لتحسين الفهم الأساسي لدورة الكربون العالمية، وتحسين قدرتنا على توقع التغييرات المستقبلية، والتحقق من فعالية السياسات التي تهدف إلى الحد من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة وزيادة عزل الكربون. يتطلب بناء نظام متكامل لمراقبة الكربون تقدمًا تحويليًا من الإطار الاستكشافي المتناثر الحالي نحو نظام كثيف وقوي ومستدام في جميع المكونات: الانبعاثات البشرية المنشأ والغلاف الجوي والمحيطات والمحيط الحيوي الأرضي. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد الوضع الحالي لملاحظات الكربون والاحتياجات لنظام عالمي متكامل لمراقبة الكربون يمكن بناؤه في العقد المقبل. الاستنتاج الرئيسي هو التوسع الكبير (بعدة مرات من حيث الحجم) لشبكات المراقبة الأرضية المطلوبة للوصول إلى الاستبانة المكانية العالية لتدفقات ثاني أكسيد الكربون والميثان، ولمخزونات الكربون لمعالجة الأهداف ذات الصلة بالسياسات، وعزو تغييرات التدفق إلى العمليات الأساسية في كل منطقة. من أجل إنشاء تشخيصات التدفق والأرصدة في المناطق النائية مثل المحيطات الجنوبية والغابات الاستوائية والقطب الشمالي، يجب استكمال الملاحظات في الموقع بقياسات الاستشعار عن بعد. يوفر الاستشعار عن بعد ميزة التغطية المكانية الكثيفة وإعادة الزيارة المتكررة. ويتمثل أحد التحديات الرئيسية في الوصول بقياسات الاستشعار عن بعد إلى مستوى من الاتساق والدقة على المدى الطويل بحيث يمكن دمجها بكفاءة في نماذج للحد من أوجه عدم اليقين، بالتآزر مع البيانات الأرضية. سيكون فرض قيود صارمة على مراقبة الوقود الأحفوري وانبعاثات تغير استخدام الأراضي هو التحدي الأكبر أمام نشر نظام متكامل لمراقبة الكربون ذي صلة بالسياسات. وسيتطلب ذلك بيانات في الموقع ومستشعرة عن بعد بدقة وكثافة أعلى بكثير مما هو متحقق حاليًا للتدفقات الطبيعية، على الرغم من أنها على مساحة أرض صغيرة (المدن والمواقع الصناعية ومحطات الطاقة)، بالإضافة إلى تضمين قياسات وكيل ثاني أكسيد الكربون للوقود الأحفوري مثل الكربون المشع في ثاني أكسيد الكربون وتتبع احتراق الوقود الكربوني. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يجب أن يوفر نظام رصد الكربون ذي الصلة بالسياسة أيضًا آليات للتوفيق بين تقديرات التدفق الإقليمية من أعلى إلى أسفل (القائمة على الغلاف الجوي) ومن أسفل إلى أعلى (السطحية) عبر نطاق المقاييس المكانية والزمنية ذات الصلة بسياسات التخفيف. سيعتمد نجاح النظام على الالتزامات طويلة الأجل بالرصد، وعلى تحسين التعاون الدولي لسد الثغرات في الملاحظات الحالية، وعلى الجهود المستمرة لتحسين الوصول إلى تدفقات البيانات المختلفة وجعل قواعد البيانات قابلة للتشغيل المتبادل، وعلى معايرة كل مكون من مكونات النظام وفقًا للنطاقات الدولية المتفق عليها.

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    Authors: van Der Molen, M.K.; Dolman, A.J.; Ciais, P.; Eglin, T.; +22 Authors

    Drought as an intermittent disturbance of the water cycle interacts with the carbon cycle differently than the ‘gradual’ climate change. During drought plants respond physiologically and structurally to prevent excessive water loss according to species-specific water use strategies. This has consequences for carbon uptake by photosynthesis and release by total ecosystem respiration. After a drought the disturbances in the reservoirs of moisture, organic matter and nutrients in the soil and carbohydrates in plants lead to longer-term effects in plant carbon cycling, and potentially mortality. Direct and carry-over effects, mortality and consequently species competition in response to drought are strongly related to the survival strategies of species. Here we review the state of the art of the understanding of the relation between soil moisture drought and the interactions with the carbon cycle of the terrestrial ecosystems. We argue that plant strategies must be given an adequate role in global vegetation models if the effects of drought on the carbon cycle are to be described in a way that justifies the interacting processes.

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    DSpace at VU
    Article . 2011
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    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    Authors: G. J. Collatz; Louis Giglio; James T. Randerson; Prasad S. Kasibhatla; +3 Authors

    Abstract. Biomass burning represents an important source of atmospheric aerosols and greenhouse gases, yet little is known about its interannual variability or the underlying mechanisms regulating this variability at continental to global scales. Here we investigated fire emissions during the 8 year period from 1997 to 2004 using satellite data and the CASA biogeochemical model. Burned area from 2001–2004 was derived using newly available active fire and 500 m. burned area datasets from MODIS following the approach described by Giglio et al. (2006). ATSR and VIRS satellite data were used to extend the burned area time series back in time through 1997. In our analysis we estimated fuel loads, including organic soil layer and peatland fuels, and the net flux from terrestrial ecosystems as the balance between net primary production (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and biomass burning, using time varying inputs of precipitation (PPT), temperature, solar radiation, and satellite-derived fractional absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR). For the 1997–2004 period, we found that on average approximately 58 Pg C year−1 was fixed by plants as NPP, and approximately 95% of this was returned back to the atmosphere via Rh. Another 4%, or 2.5 Pg C year−1 was emitted by biomass burning; the remainder consisted of losses from fuel wood collection and subsequent burning. At a global scale, burned area and total fire emissions were largely decoupled from year to year. Total carbon emissions tracked burning in forested areas (including deforestation fires in the tropics), whereas burned area was largely controlled by savanna fires that responded to different environmental and human factors. Biomass burning emissions showed large interannual variability with a range of more than 1 Pg C year−1, with a maximum in 1998 (3.2 Pg C year−1) and a minimum in 2000 (2.0 Pg C year−1).

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    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
    Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
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    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6...
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    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
    Article . 2006
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    Article . 2006
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      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
      Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
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      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
      Article
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6...
      Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article
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      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
      Other literature type . 2018
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      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
      Article . 2006
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      DSpace at VU
      Article . 2006
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    Authors: van der Werf, G. R; Dempewolf, J.; Trigg, S. N; Randerson, J. T; +8 Authors

    Drainage of peatlands and deforestation have led to large-scale fires in equatorial Asia, affecting regional air quality and global concentrations of greenhouse gases. Here we used several sources of satellite data with biogeochemical and atmospheric modeling to better understand and constrain fire emissions from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea during 2000–2006. We found that average fire emissions from this region [128 ± 51 (1σ) Tg carbon (C) year −1 , T = 10 12 ] were comparable to fossil fuel emissions. In Borneo, carbon emissions from fires were highly variable, fluxes during the moderate 2006 El Niño more than 30 times greater than those during the 2000 La Niña (and with a 2000–2006 mean of 74 ± 33 Tg C yr −1 ). Higher rates of forest loss and larger areas of peatland becoming vulnerable to fire in drought years caused a strong nonlinear relation between drought and fire emissions in southern Borneo. Fire emissions from Sumatra showed a positive linear trend, increasing at a rate of 8 Tg C year −2 (approximately doubling during 2000–2006). These results highlight the importance of including deforestation in future climate agreements. They also imply that land manager responses to expected shifts in tropical precipitation may critically determine the strength of climate–carbon cycle feedbacks during the 21st century.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DSpace at VU
    Article . 2008
    Data sources: DSpace at VU
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      DSpace at VU
      Article . 2008
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      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Hanqin Tian; Naiqing Pan; Rona L. Thompson; Josep G. Canadell; +54 Authors

    Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone-depleting substance that has been accumulating in the atmosphere since the preindustrial period. The mole fraction of atmospheric N2O has increased by nearly 25 % from 270 ppb (parts per billion) in 1750 to 336 ppb in 2022, with the fastest annual growth rate since 1980 of more than 1.3 ppb yr−1 in both 2020 and 2021. According to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR6), the relative contribution of N2O to the total enhanced effective radiative forcing of greenhouse gases was 6.4 % for 1750–2022. As a core component of our global greenhouse gas assessments coordinated by the Global Carbon Project (GCP), our global N2O budget incorporates both natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks and accounts for the interactions between nitrogen additions and the biogeochemical processes that control N2O emissions. We use bottom-up (BU: inventory, statistical extrapolation of flux measurements, and process-based land and ocean modeling) and top-down (TD: atmospheric measurement-based inversion) approaches. We provide a comprehensive quantification of global N2O sources and sinks in 21 natural and anthropogenic categories in 18 regions between 1980 and 2020. We estimate that total annual anthropogenic N2O emissions have increased 40 % (or 1.9 Tg N yr−1) in the past 4 decades (1980–2020). Direct agricultural emissions in 2020 (3.9 Tg N yr−1, best estimate) represent the large majority of anthropogenic emissions, followed by other direct anthropogenic sources, including fossil fuel and industry, waste and wastewater, and biomass burning (2.1 Tg N yr−1), and indirect anthropogenic sources (1.3 Tg N yr−1) . For the year 2020, our best estimate of total BU emissions for natural and anthropogenic sources was 18.5 (lower–upper bounds: 10.6–27.0) Tg N yr−1, close to our TD estimate of 17.0 (16.6–17.4) Tg N yr−1. For the 2010–2019 period, the annual BU decadal-average emissions for both natural and anthropogenic sources were 18.2 (10.6–25.9) Tg N yr−1 and TD emissions were 17.4 (15.8–19.20) Tg N yr−1. The once top emitter Europe has reduced its emissions by 31 % since the 1980s, while those of emerging economies have grown, making China the top emitter since the 2010s. The observed atmospheric N2O concentrations in recent years have exceeded projected levels under all scenarios in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), underscoring the importance of reducing anthropogenic N2O emissions. To evaluate mitigation efforts and contribute to the Global Stocktake of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, we propose the establishment of a global network for monitoring and modeling N2O from the surface through to the stratosphere. The data presented in this work can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/RQ8P-2Z4R (Tian et al., 2023).

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    Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2...
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.48350/19...
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2024
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/0n...
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.48350/19...
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    Authors: C. Le Quéré; R. M. Andrew; P. Friedlingstein; S. Sitch; +82 Authors

    Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use and land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2008–2017), EFF was 9.4±0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.7±0.02 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.4±0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.2±0.8 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.5 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2017 alone, the growth in EFF was about 1.6 % and emissions increased to 9.9±0.5 GtC yr−1. Also for 2017, ELUC was 1.4±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM was 4.6±0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.5±0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.8±0.8 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 405.0±0.1 ppm averaged over 2017. For 2018, preliminary data for the first 6–9 months indicate a renewed growth in EFF of +2.7 % (range of 1.8 % to 3.7 %) based on national emission projections for China, the US, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. The analysis presented here shows that the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period of 1959–2017, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations show (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land-use change emissions, (2) a persistent low agreement among the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean models, originating outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2018.

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    Wageningen Staff Publications
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    Authors: Emilio Chuvieco; Florent Mouillot; Guido R. van der Werf; Jesús San Miguel; +9 Authors

    Fire has a diverse range of impacts on Earth's physical and social systems. Accurate and up to date information on areas affected by fire is critical to better understand drivers of fire activity, as well as its relevance for biogeochemical cycles, climate, air quality, and to aid fire management. Mapping burned areas was traditionally done from field sketches. With the launch of the first Earth observation satellites, remote sensing quickly became a more practical alternative to detect burned areas, as they provide timely regional and global coverage of fire occurrence. This review paper explores the physical basis to detect burned area from satellite observations, describes the historical trends of using satellite sensors to monitor burned areas, summarizes the most recent approaches to map burned areas and evaluates the existing burned area products (both at global and regional scales). Finally, it identifies potential future opportunities to further improve burned area detection from Earth observation satellites.

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    Remote Sensing of Environment
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
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      MPG.PuRe
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Qirui Zhong; Nick Schutgens; Guido R. van der Werf; Twan van Noije; +16 Authors

    AbstractBiomass burning (BB) is a major source of aerosols that remain the most uncertain components of the global radiative forcing. Current global models have great difficulty matching observed aerosol optical depth (AOD) over BB regions. A common solution to address modelled AOD biases is scaling BB emissions. Using the relationship from an ensemble of aerosol models and satellite observations, we show that the bias in aerosol modelling results primarily from incorrect lifetimes and underestimated mass extinction coefficients. In turn, these biases seem to be related to incorrect precipitation and underestimated particle sizes. We further show that boosting BB emissions to correct AOD biases over the source region causes an overestimation of AOD in the outflow from Africa by 48%, leading to a double warming effect compared with when biases are simultaneously addressed for both aforementioned factors. Such deviations are particularly concerning in a warming future with increasing emissions from fires.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Université de Versai...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Nature Communications
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Nature Communications
    Article . 2022
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2022
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      Nature Communications
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Nature Communications
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Arellano, Avelino F., Jr.; Kasibhatla, Prasad S.; Giglio, Louis; van der Werf, Guido R.; +1 Authors

    We present a synthesis inversion of CO emissions from various geographical regions and for various source categories for the year 2000 using CO retrievals from the MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) instrument. We find a large discrepancy between our top‐down estimates and recent bottom‐up estimates of CO emissions from fossil fuel/biofuel (FFBF) use in Asia. A key conclusion of this study is that CO emissions in East Asia (EAS) are about a factor of 1.8–2 higher than recent bottom‐up estimates.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Caltech Authors (Cal...arrow_drop_down
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    Geophysical Research Letters
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Geophysical Research Letters
    Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Caltech Authors (Cal...arrow_drop_down
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      Geophysical Research Letters
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Geophysical Research Letters
      Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Guido R. van der Werf; Jurgen van Hal; Richard S. P. van Logtestijn; Weiwei Zhao; +1 Authors

    Coarse woody debris is a key terrestrial carbon pool, and its turnover through fire plays a fundamental role in global carbon cycling. Coarse dead wood fuel properties, which vary between tree species and wood decay stages, might affect its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during fire, either directly or indirectly through interacting with moisture or ground-wood contact. Using controlled laboratory burns, we tried to disentangle the effects of multiple biotic and abiotic factors: tree species (one conifer and three hard wood species), wood decay stages, moisture content, and ground-wood contact on coarse wood combustion, consumption, and CO2 and CO emissions during fire. Wood density was measured for all samples. We found that, compared to the other tested factors, wood decay stages acted as a predominant positive driver increasing coarse wood flammability and associated CO2 and CO emissions during fire. Wood moisture content (30 versus 7%) moderately inhibited wood flammability with slight interaction with wood decay effects. Wood decay effects can be mainly attributed to the decreasing wood density as wood becomes more decomposed. Our experimental data provides useful information for how several wood properties, especially moisture content and wood decay stages, with wood density as the key underlying trait, together drive coarse wood carbon turnover through fire to the atmosphere. Our results will help to improve the predictive power of global vegetation climate models on dead wood turnover and its feedback to climate.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forest Ecology and M...arrow_drop_down
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    Forest Ecology and Management
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forest Ecology and M...arrow_drop_down
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      Forest Ecology and Management
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • Authors: Philippe Ciais; Han Dolman; Antonio Bombelli; Riley Duren; +53 Authors

    Résumé. Un système d'observation et d'analyse du carbone intégré à l'échelle mondiale est nécessaire pour améliorer la compréhension fondamentale du cycle mondial du carbone, pour améliorer notre capacité à projeter les changements futurs et pour vérifier l'efficacité des politiques visant à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et à augmenter la séquestration du carbone. La construction d'un système intégré d'observation du carbone nécessite des avancées transformationnelles du cadre exploratoire clairsemé existant vers un système dense, robuste et durable dans toutes ses composantes : les émissions anthropiques, l'atmosphère, l'océan et la biosphère terrestre. L'objectif de cette étude est d'identifier l'état actuel des observations de carbone et les besoins d'un système mondial intégré d'observation du carbone qui peut être construit au cours de la prochaine décennie. Une conclusion clé est l'expansion substantielle (de plusieurs ordres de grandeur) des réseaux d'observation au sol nécessaires pour atteindre la haute résolution spatiale pour les flux de CO2 et de CH4 et pour les stocks de carbone afin de répondre aux objectifs politiques pertinents et d'attribuer les changements de flux aux processus sous-jacents dans chaque région. Afin d'établir des diagnostics de flux et de stocks sur des zones éloignées telles que les océans du sud, les forêts tropicales et l'Arctique, les observations in situ devront être complétées par des mesures de télédétection. La télédétection offre l'avantage d'une couverture spatiale dense et de revisites fréquentes. Un défi clé consiste à amener les mesures de télédétection à un niveau de cohérence et de précision à long terme afin qu'elles puissent être efficacement combinées dans des modèles pour réduire les incertitudes, en synergie avec les données au sol. Apporter des contraintes d'observation strictes sur les émissions de combustibles fossiles et de changement d'affectation des terres sera le plus grand défi pour le déploiement d'un système intégré d'observation du carbone pertinent pour les politiques. Cela nécessitera des données in situ et de télédétection à une résolution et une densité beaucoup plus élevées que celles actuellement atteintes pour les flux naturels, bien que sur une petite superficie (villes, sites industriels, centrales électriques), ainsi que l'inclusion de mesures indirectes de CO2 de combustibles fossiles telles que le radiocarbone dans les traceurs de combustion de CO2 et de carbone. En outre, un système de surveillance du carbone pertinent pour les politiques devrait également fournir des mécanismes pour concilier les estimations des flux régionaux descendants (basés sur l'atmosphère) et ascendants (basés sur la surface) sur toute la gamme des échelles spatiales et temporelles pertinentes pour les politiques d'atténuation. Le succès du système reposera sur des engagements à long terme en matière de suivi, sur une meilleure collaboration internationale pour combler les lacunes dans les observations actuelles, sur des efforts soutenus pour améliorer l'accès aux différents flux de données et rendre les bases de données interopérables, et sur l'étalonnage de chaque composante du système à des échelles internationales convenues. Resumen. Se necesita un sistema de observación y análisis de carbono integrado a nivel mundial para mejorar la comprensión fundamental del ciclo global del carbono, para mejorar nuestra capacidad de proyectar cambios futuros y para verificar la efectividad de las políticas destinadas a reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y aumentar el secuestro de carbono. Construir un sistema integrado de observación de carbono requiere avances transformacionales desde el marco exploratorio escaso existente hacia un sistema denso, robusto y sostenido en todos los componentes: las emisiones antropogénicas, la atmósfera, el océano y la biosfera terrestre. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar el estado actual de las emisiones de carbono y las necesidades de un sistema global integrado de emisiones de carbono que pueda construirse en la próxima década. Una conclusión clave es la expansión sustancial (en varios órdenes de magnitud) de las redes de observación terrestres necesarias para alcanzar la alta resolución espacial para los flujos de CO2 y CH4, y para las reservas de carbono para abordar los objetivos relevantes para las políticas y atribuir los cambios de flujo a los procesos subyacentes en cada región. Para establecer diagnósticos de flujo y stock en áreas remotas como los océanos del sur, los bosques tropicales y el Ártico, las observaciones in situ deberán complementarse con mediciones de teledetección. La teledetección ofrece la ventaja de una cobertura espacial densa y una revisión frecuente. Un desafío clave es llevar las mediciones de teledetección a un nivel de consistencia y precisión a largo plazo para que puedan combinarse de manera eficiente en modelos para reducir las incertidumbres, en sinergia con los datos basados en tierra. Traer restricciones observacionales estrictas sobre las emisiones de combustibles fósiles y el cambio en el uso de la tierra será el mayor desafío para el despliegue de un sistema integrado de observación de carbono relevante para las políticas. Esto requerirá datos in situ y teledetectados con una resolución y densidad mucho más altas que las que se logran actualmente para los flujos naturales, aunque en una pequeña superficie de tierra (ciudades, sitios industriales, centrales eléctricas), así como la inclusión de mediciones indirectas de CO2 de combustibles fósiles, como el radiocarbono en CO2 y los trazadores de combustión de combustibles de carbono. Además, un sistema de monitoreo de carbono relevante para las políticas también debe proporcionar mecanismos para conciliar las estimaciones regionales de flujo de arriba hacia abajo (basadas en la atmósfera) y de abajo hacia arriba (basadas en la superficie) en toda la gama de escalas espaciales y temporales relevantes para las políticas de mitigación. El éxito del sistema dependerá de los compromisos a largo plazo con el monitoreo, de una mejor colaboración internacional para llenar los vacíos en las observaciones actuales, de esfuerzos sostenidos para mejorar el acceso a los diferentes flujos de datos y hacer que las bases de datos sean interoperables, y de la calibración de cada componente del sistema a escalas internacionales acordadas. Abstract. A globally integrated carbon observation and analysis system is needed to improve the fundamental understanding of the global carbon cycle, to improve our ability to project future changes, and to verify the effectiveness of policies aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration. Building an integrated carbon observation system requires transformational advances from the existing sparse, exploratory framework towards a dense, robust, and sustained system in all components: anthropogenic emissions, the atmosphere, the ocean, and the terrestrial biosphere. The goal of this study is to identify the current state of carbon observations and needs for a global integrated carbon observation system that can be built in the next decade. A key conclusion is the substantial expansion (by several orders of magnitude) of the ground-based observation networks required to reach the high spatial resolution for CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and for carbon stocks for addressing policy relevant objectives, and attributing flux changes to underlying processes in each region. In order to establish flux and stock diagnostics over remote areas such as the southern oceans, tropical forests and the Arctic, in situ observations will have to be complemented with remote-sensing measurements. Remote sensing offers the advantage of dense spatial coverage and frequent revisit. A key challenge is to bring remote sensing measurements to a level of long-term consistency and accuracy so that they can be efficiently combined in models to reduce uncertainties, in synergy with ground-based data. Bringing tight observational constraints on fossil fuel and land use change emissions will be the biggest challenge for deployment of a policy-relevant integrated carbon observation system. This will require in-situ and remotely sensed data at much higher resolution and density than currently achieved for natural fluxes, although over a small land area (cities, industrial sites, power plants), as well as the inclusion of fossil fuel CO2 proxy measurements such as radiocarbon in CO2 and carbon-fuel combustion tracers. Additionally, a policy relevant carbon monitoring system should also provide mechanisms for reconciling regional top-down (atmosphere-based) and bottom-up (surface-based) flux estimates across the range of spatial and temporal scales relevant to mitigation policies. The success of the system will rely on long-term commitments to monitoring, on improved international collaboration to fill gaps in the current observations, on sustained efforts to improve access to the different data streams and make databases inter-operable, and on the calibration of each component of the system to agreed-upon international scales. الخلاصة. هناك حاجة إلى نظام متكامل عالميًا لمراقبة الكربون وتحليله لتحسين الفهم الأساسي لدورة الكربون العالمية، وتحسين قدرتنا على توقع التغييرات المستقبلية، والتحقق من فعالية السياسات التي تهدف إلى الحد من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة وزيادة عزل الكربون. يتطلب بناء نظام متكامل لمراقبة الكربون تقدمًا تحويليًا من الإطار الاستكشافي المتناثر الحالي نحو نظام كثيف وقوي ومستدام في جميع المكونات: الانبعاثات البشرية المنشأ والغلاف الجوي والمحيطات والمحيط الحيوي الأرضي. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد الوضع الحالي لملاحظات الكربون والاحتياجات لنظام عالمي متكامل لمراقبة الكربون يمكن بناؤه في العقد المقبل. الاستنتاج الرئيسي هو التوسع الكبير (بعدة مرات من حيث الحجم) لشبكات المراقبة الأرضية المطلوبة للوصول إلى الاستبانة المكانية العالية لتدفقات ثاني أكسيد الكربون والميثان، ولمخزونات الكربون لمعالجة الأهداف ذات الصلة بالسياسات، وعزو تغييرات التدفق إلى العمليات الأساسية في كل منطقة. من أجل إنشاء تشخيصات التدفق والأرصدة في المناطق النائية مثل المحيطات الجنوبية والغابات الاستوائية والقطب الشمالي، يجب استكمال الملاحظات في الموقع بقياسات الاستشعار عن بعد. يوفر الاستشعار عن بعد ميزة التغطية المكانية الكثيفة وإعادة الزيارة المتكررة. ويتمثل أحد التحديات الرئيسية في الوصول بقياسات الاستشعار عن بعد إلى مستوى من الاتساق والدقة على المدى الطويل بحيث يمكن دمجها بكفاءة في نماذج للحد من أوجه عدم اليقين، بالتآزر مع البيانات الأرضية. سيكون فرض قيود صارمة على مراقبة الوقود الأحفوري وانبعاثات تغير استخدام الأراضي هو التحدي الأكبر أمام نشر نظام متكامل لمراقبة الكربون ذي صلة بالسياسات. وسيتطلب ذلك بيانات في الموقع ومستشعرة عن بعد بدقة وكثافة أعلى بكثير مما هو متحقق حاليًا للتدفقات الطبيعية، على الرغم من أنها على مساحة أرض صغيرة (المدن والمواقع الصناعية ومحطات الطاقة)، بالإضافة إلى تضمين قياسات وكيل ثاني أكسيد الكربون للوقود الأحفوري مثل الكربون المشع في ثاني أكسيد الكربون وتتبع احتراق الوقود الكربوني. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يجب أن يوفر نظام رصد الكربون ذي الصلة بالسياسة أيضًا آليات للتوفيق بين تقديرات التدفق الإقليمية من أعلى إلى أسفل (القائمة على الغلاف الجوي) ومن أسفل إلى أعلى (السطحية) عبر نطاق المقاييس المكانية والزمنية ذات الصلة بسياسات التخفيف. سيعتمد نجاح النظام على الالتزامات طويلة الأجل بالرصد، وعلى تحسين التعاون الدولي لسد الثغرات في الملاحظات الحالية، وعلى الجهود المستمرة لتحسين الوصول إلى تدفقات البيانات المختلفة وجعل قواعد البيانات قابلة للتشغيل المتبادل، وعلى معايرة كل مكون من مكونات النظام وفقًا للنطاقات الدولية المتفق عليها.

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    Authors: van Der Molen, M.K.; Dolman, A.J.; Ciais, P.; Eglin, T.; +22 Authors

    Drought as an intermittent disturbance of the water cycle interacts with the carbon cycle differently than the ‘gradual’ climate change. During drought plants respond physiologically and structurally to prevent excessive water loss according to species-specific water use strategies. This has consequences for carbon uptake by photosynthesis and release by total ecosystem respiration. After a drought the disturbances in the reservoirs of moisture, organic matter and nutrients in the soil and carbohydrates in plants lead to longer-term effects in plant carbon cycling, and potentially mortality. Direct and carry-over effects, mortality and consequently species competition in response to drought are strongly related to the survival strategies of species. Here we review the state of the art of the understanding of the relation between soil moisture drought and the interactions with the carbon cycle of the terrestrial ecosystems. We argue that plant strategies must be given an adequate role in global vegetation models if the effects of drought on the carbon cycle are to be described in a way that justifies the interacting processes.

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    DSpace at VU
    Article . 2011
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    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    Authors: G. J. Collatz; Louis Giglio; James T. Randerson; Prasad S. Kasibhatla; +3 Authors

    Abstract. Biomass burning represents an important source of atmospheric aerosols and greenhouse gases, yet little is known about its interannual variability or the underlying mechanisms regulating this variability at continental to global scales. Here we investigated fire emissions during the 8 year period from 1997 to 2004 using satellite data and the CASA biogeochemical model. Burned area from 2001–2004 was derived using newly available active fire and 500 m. burned area datasets from MODIS following the approach described by Giglio et al. (2006). ATSR and VIRS satellite data were used to extend the burned area time series back in time through 1997. In our analysis we estimated fuel loads, including organic soil layer and peatland fuels, and the net flux from terrestrial ecosystems as the balance between net primary production (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and biomass burning, using time varying inputs of precipitation (PPT), temperature, solar radiation, and satellite-derived fractional absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR). For the 1997–2004 period, we found that on average approximately 58 Pg C year−1 was fixed by plants as NPP, and approximately 95% of this was returned back to the atmosphere via Rh. Another 4%, or 2.5 Pg C year−1 was emitted by biomass burning; the remainder consisted of losses from fuel wood collection and subsequent burning. At a global scale, burned area and total fire emissions were largely decoupled from year to year. Total carbon emissions tracked burning in forested areas (including deforestation fires in the tropics), whereas burned area was largely controlled by savanna fires that responded to different environmental and human factors. Biomass burning emissions showed large interannual variability with a range of more than 1 Pg C year−1, with a maximum in 1998 (3.2 Pg C year−1) and a minimum in 2000 (2.0 Pg C year−1).

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    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
    Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
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    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6...
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    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
    Article . 2006
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    Article . 2006
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      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
      Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC SA
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      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
      Article
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6...
      Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://www.atmos-chem-phys.ne...
      Article
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      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
      Other literature type . 2018
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      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
      Article . 2006
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      DSpace at VU
      Article . 2006
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    Authors: van der Werf, G. R; Dempewolf, J.; Trigg, S. N; Randerson, J. T; +8 Authors

    Drainage of peatlands and deforestation have led to large-scale fires in equatorial Asia, affecting regional air quality and global concentrations of greenhouse gases. Here we used several sources of satellite data with biogeochemical and atmospheric modeling to better understand and constrain fire emissions from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea during 2000–2006. We found that average fire emissions from this region [128 ± 51 (1σ) Tg carbon (C) year −1 , T = 10 12 ] were comparable to fossil fuel emissions. In Borneo, carbon emissions from fires were highly variable, fluxes during the moderate 2006 El Niño more than 30 times greater than those during the 2000 La Niña (and with a 2000–2006 mean of 74 ± 33 Tg C yr −1 ). Higher rates of forest loss and larger areas of peatland becoming vulnerable to fire in drought years caused a strong nonlinear relation between drought and fire emissions in southern Borneo. Fire emissions from Sumatra showed a positive linear trend, increasing at a rate of 8 Tg C year −2 (approximately doubling during 2000–2006). These results highlight the importance of including deforestation in future climate agreements. They also imply that land manager responses to expected shifts in tropical precipitation may critically determine the strength of climate–carbon cycle feedbacks during the 21st century.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DSpace at VU
    Article . 2008
    Data sources: DSpace at VU
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      DSpace at VU
      Article . 2008
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      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Hanqin Tian; Naiqing Pan; Rona L. Thompson; Josep G. Canadell; +54 Authors

    Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone-depleting substance that has been accumulating in the atmosphere since the preindustrial period. The mole fraction of atmospheric N2O has increased by nearly 25 % from 270 ppb (parts per billion) in 1750 to 336 ppb in 2022, with the fastest annual growth rate since 1980 of more than 1.3 ppb yr−1 in both 2020 and 2021. According to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR6), the relative contribution of N2O to the total enhanced effective radiative forcing of greenhouse gases was 6.4 % for 1750–2022. As a core component of our global greenhouse gas assessments coordinated by the Global Carbon Project (GCP), our global N2O budget incorporates both natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks and accounts for the interactions between nitrogen additions and the biogeochemical processes that control N2O emissions. We use bottom-up (BU: inventory, statistical extrapolation of flux measurements, and process-based land and ocean modeling) and top-down (TD: atmospheric measurement-based inversion) approaches. We provide a comprehensive quantification of global N2O sources and sinks in 21 natural and anthropogenic categories in 18 regions between 1980 and 2020. We estimate that total annual anthropogenic N2O emissions have increased 40 % (or 1.9 Tg N yr−1) in the past 4 decades (1980–2020). Direct agricultural emissions in 2020 (3.9 Tg N yr−1, best estimate) represent the large majority of anthropogenic emissions, followed by other direct anthropogenic sources, including fossil fuel and industry, waste and wastewater, and biomass burning (2.1 Tg N yr−1), and indirect anthropogenic sources (1.3 Tg N yr−1) . For the year 2020, our best estimate of total BU emissions for natural and anthropogenic sources was 18.5 (lower–upper bounds: 10.6–27.0) Tg N yr−1, close to our TD estimate of 17.0 (16.6–17.4) Tg N yr−1. For the 2010–2019 period, the annual BU decadal-average emissions for both natural and anthropogenic sources were 18.2 (10.6–25.9) Tg N yr−1 and TD emissions were 17.4 (15.8–19.20) Tg N yr−1. The once top emitter Europe has reduced its emissions by 31 % since the 1980s, while those of emerging economies have grown, making China the top emitter since the 2010s. The observed atmospheric N2O concentrations in recent years have exceeded projected levels under all scenarios in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), underscoring the importance of reducing anthropogenic N2O emissions. To evaluate mitigation efforts and contribute to the Global Stocktake of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, we propose the establishment of a global network for monitoring and modeling N2O from the surface through to the stratosphere. The data presented in this work can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/RQ8P-2Z4R (Tian et al., 2023).

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    Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2...
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.48350/19...
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2024
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/0n...
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.48350/19...
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    Authors: C. Le Quéré; R. M. Andrew; P. Friedlingstein; S. Sitch; +82 Authors

    Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use and land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2008–2017), EFF was 9.4±0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.7±0.02 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.4±0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.2±0.8 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.5 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2017 alone, the growth in EFF was about 1.6 % and emissions increased to 9.9±0.5 GtC yr−1. Also for 2017, ELUC was 1.4±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM was 4.6±0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.5±0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.8±0.8 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 405.0±0.1 ppm averaged over 2017. For 2018, preliminary data for the first 6–9 months indicate a renewed growth in EFF of +2.7 % (range of 1.8 % to 3.7 %) based on national emission projections for China, the US, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. The analysis presented here shows that the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period of 1959–2017, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations show (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land-use change emissions, (2) a persistent low agreement among the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean models, originating outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2018.

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    Wageningen Staff Publications
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    Authors: Emilio Chuvieco; Florent Mouillot; Guido R. van der Werf; Jesús San Miguel; +9 Authors

    Fire has a diverse range of impacts on Earth's physical and social systems. Accurate and up to date information on areas affected by fire is critical to better understand drivers of fire activity, as well as its relevance for biogeochemical cycles, climate, air quality, and to aid fire management. Mapping burned areas was traditionally done from field sketches. With the launch of the first Earth observation satellites, remote sensing quickly became a more practical alternative to detect burned areas, as they provide timely regional and global coverage of fire occurrence. This review paper explores the physical basis to detect burned area from satellite observations, describes the historical trends of using satellite sensors to monitor burned areas, summarizes the most recent approaches to map burned areas and evaluates the existing burned area products (both at global and regional scales). Finally, it identifies potential future opportunities to further improve burned area detection from Earth observation satellites.

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    Remote Sensing of Environment
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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