• Energy Research

Abstract To achieve a water-secure world, water management should be approached from a multidimensional and integrative perspective, addressing the water-related issues of health, household supply, economics, the environment, and resilience to water-related and climate change hazards. Although water security has significantly improved since 2000 in Africa, there are still vast inequalities in access to water suitable in terms of quantity and quality, especially in rural areas. To achieve water-related sustainable development of African economies, a broad scope of innovative technological and management solutions is required, involving governments, research institutions, private sector parties, and civil society. This special series, composed of 8 papers, illustrates a selection of the most relevant results achieved by the 7 research projects selected and financed by the European Union under 2 dedicated Horizon 2020 calls in 2015: Water-5b-2015 “A coordination platform” and Water-5c-2015 “Development of water supply and sanitation technology, systems and tools, and/or methodologies.” The innovations presented in this special series include both technological advancements and w'ater management approaches, given that the development of water-related technologies in developing countries needs to be integrated into water management strategies and economic instruments. This special series aims to help policy makers take informed decisions on how to implement innovative approaches to increase water security in African countries. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:853–855. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

A procedure for the design of an aerobic cometabolic process for the on-site degradation of chlorinated solvents in a packed bed reactor was developed using groundwater from an aquifer contaminated by trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TeCA). The work led to the selection of butane among five tested growth substrates, and to the development and characterization from the site's indigenous biomass of a suspended-cell consortium capable to degrade TCE (first order constant: 96 L gprotein(-1) day(-1) at 30 °C and 4.3 L gprotein(-1) day(-1) at 15 °C) with a 90 % mineralization of the organic chlorine. The consortium immobilization had strong effects on the butane and TCE degradation rates. The microbial community structure was slightly changed by a temperature shift from 30 to 15 °C, but remarkably affected by biomass adhesion. Given the higher TCE normalized degradation rate (0.59 day(-1) at 15 °C) and attached biomass concentration (0.13 gprotein Lbioreactor(-1) at 15 °C) attained, the porous ceramic carrier Biomax was selected as the best option for the packed bed reactor process. The low TeCA degradation rate exhibited by the developed consortium suggested the inclusion of a chemical pre-treatment based on the TeCA to TCE conversion via β-elimination, a very fast reaction at alkaline pH. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this represents the first attempt to develop a procedure for the development of a packed bed reactor process for the aerobic cometabolism of chlorinated solvents.

The ability of a Rhodococcus aetherovorans strain, BCP1, to grow on butane and to degrade chloroform in the 0-633 microM range (0-75.5 mg l(-1)) via aerobic cometabolism was investigated by means of resting-cell assays. BCP1 degraded chloroform with a complete mineralization of the organic Cl. The resulting butane and chloroform maximum specific degradation rates were equal to 118 and 22 micromol mg(protein)(-1)day(-1), respectively. Butane inhibition on chloroform degradation was satisfactorily interpreted by means of a model of competitive inhibition, with an inhibition constant equal to 38 % of the estimated butane half-saturation constant, whereas chloroform (at 11 microM) did not inhibit butane utilization. Acetylene (1,720 microM) induced an almost complete inactivation of the degradation of both butane and chloroform, indicating that the studied cometabolic process is mediated by a monooxygenase enzyme. BCP1 proved capable of degrading vinyl chloride and 1,1,2-trichloroethane, but not 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene. BCP1 could grow on the intermediates of the most common butane metabolic pathways and on the aliphatic hydrocarbons from ethane to n-heptane. After growth on n-hexane, it was able to deplete chloroform (13 microM) with a degradation rate higher than that obtained, at the same chloroform concentration, after growth on butane.

The aerobic cometabolic biodegradation of a mixture of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) including vinyl chloride (VC), cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE, trans-DCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA) and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (1,1,2,2-TeCA) was investigated at both 25 and 17 degrees C by means of bioaugmented and non-bioaugmented sediment-groundwater slurry microcosm tests. The goals of the study were (i) to study the long-term aerobic biodegradation of a CAH mixture including a high-chlorinated solvent (1,1,2,2-TeCA) generally considered non-biodegradable in aerobic conditions; (ii) to investigate the efficacy of bioaugmentation with two types of internal inocula obtained from the indigenous biomass of the studied site; (iii) to identify the CAH-degrading bacteria. VC, methane and propane were utilized as growth substrates. The non-bioaugmented microcosms were characterized, at 25 degrees C, by an average 18-day lag-time for the direct metabolism of VC (accompanied by the cometabolism of cis- and trans-DCE) and by long lag-times (36-264 days) for the onset of methane or propane utilization (associated with the cometabolism of the remaining CAHs). In the inoculated microcosms the lag-phases for the onset of growth substrate utilization and CAH cometabolism were significantly shorter (0-15 days at 25 degrees C). Biodegradation of the 6-CAH mixture was successfully continued for up to 410 days. The low-chlorinated solvents were characterized by higher depletion rates. The composition of the microbial consortium of a propane-utilizing microcosm was determined by 16s rDNA sequencing and phylotype analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that documents the long-term aerobic biodegradation of 1,1,2,2-TeCA.