• Energy Research

L'étude est basée sur l'analyse AHP pour identifier la sensibilité de chaque niveau d'éducation au respect de la paix. The AHP application presented, provided results of each relative factor or criteria to each respondent as well as the overall weightage for these criteria's given by each individual/respondent in our study. The findings of the study revealed that, the dominant alternative for academic professionals and field experts that can play impressive role in peace education is the primary schooling, while the central criteria having influence on peace education are norms/values, followed by approaches/standards and knowledge/skills with respect to teacher's judgements. On the other hand, significant factors/criteria for student's choice with respect to peace education is approaches and standards. Les étudiants préfèrent donc le niveau d'éducation primaire au stade le plus efficace pour les enfants pour apprendre/rattraper les compétences en éducation pour la paix et adopter des valeurs de paix. The quantification of impacting factors-like in our study are ; knowledge/skills, approaches/standards and norms/values. Decision making with respect to peace building in young generation will play a significatives role in achievement of sustainability in the peace. Therefore, at the grassroots level, providing trainings on peace education to the children in primary school can reduce risk of conflicts in Pakistan. The government and policy implementers should prioritize addition of peace education in devising curriculum and its implementation.Keywords ; AHP, peace education, knowledge and skills, teachers, sustainabilityJEL Classifications : D74, I25, Q01 DOI : https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10310 The study is based on AHP analysis to identify the feasibility of each level of schooling with respect to peace education. The AHP application presented, provided results of each relative factor or criteria to each respondent as well as the overall weightage for these criteria's given by each individual/respondent in our study. The findings of the study revealed that, the dominant alternative for academic professionals and field experts that can play impressive role in peace education is the primary schooling, while the central criteria having influence on peace education are norms/values, followed by approaches/standards and knowledge/skills with respect to teacher's judgements. On the other hand, significant factors/criteria for student's choice with respect to peace education is approaches and standards. Students also prefer primary education level as the most effective stage for children to learn/catch peace education skills and adopt peace values. The quantification of impacting factors-like in our study are; knowledge/skills, approaches/standards and norms/values. Decision making with respect to peace building in young generation will play a significant role in achievement of sustainability in the peace. Therefore, at the grassroots level, providing trainings on peace education to the children in primary school can reduce risk of conflicts in Pakistan. The government and policy implementers should prioritize addition of peace education in devising curriculum and its implementation.Keywords; AHP, peace education, knowledge and skills, teachers, sustainabilityJEL Classifications: D74, I25, Q01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10310 The study is based on AHP analysis to identify the feasibility of each level of schooling with respect to peace education. The AHP application presented, provided results of each relative factor or criteria to each respondent as well as the overall weight for these criteria given by each individual/respondent in our study. The findings of the study revealed that, the dominant alternative for academic professionals and field experts that can play an impressive role in peace education is the primary schooling, while the central criteria having influence on peace education are norms/values, followed by approaches/standards and knowledge/skills with respect to teacher's judgements. On the other hand, significant factors/criteria for student's choice with respect to peace education is approaches and standards. Students also prefer primary education level as the most effective stage for children to learn/catch peace education skills and adopt peace values. The quantification of impacting factors-like in our study are; knowledge/skills, approaches/standards and norms/values. Decision making with respect to peace building in young generation will play a significant role in achieving sustainability in peace. Therefore, at the grassroots level, providing training on peace education to the children in primary school can reduce the risk of conflicts in Pakistan. The government and policy implementers should prioritize addition of peace education in devising curriculum and its implementation.Keywords; AHP, peace education, knowledge and skills, teachers, sustainabilityJEL Classifications: D74, I25, Q01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10310 The study is based on AHP analysis to identify the feasibility of each level of schooling with respect to peace education. The AHP application presented, provided results of each relative factor orїia to each respondent as well as the overall weightage for theseíritia's given by each individual/respondent in our study. The findings of the study revealed that, the dominant alternative for academic professionals and field experts that can play impresionive role in peace education is the primary schooling, while the centralħia having influence on peace education are norms/values, followed by approaches/standards and knowledge/skills with respect to teacher's judgements. On the other hand, significant factors /їia for student's choice with respect to peace education is approaches and standards. Students also preferary primary education level as the most effective stage for children to learn/catch peace education skills and adopte peace values. The quantification of impacting factors-like in our study are; knowledge/skills, approaches/standards and norms/values. Decision making with respect to peace building in young generation will play a significant role in achievement of sustainability in the peace. Therefore, at the grassroots level, providing trainings on peace education to the children in primary school can reduce risk of conflicts in Pakistan. The government and policy implementers should prioritize addition of peace education in devising curriculum and its implementation.Keywords; AHP, peace education, knowledge and skills, teachers, sustainabilityJEL Classifications: D74, I25, Q01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10310 تعتمد الدراسة على تحليل AHP لتحديد جدوى كل مستوى من مستويات التعليم فيما يتعلق بالتعليم من أجل السلام. قدم طلب AHP، نتائج كل عامل أو معايير نسبية لكل مستجيب بالإضافة إلى الوزن الإجمالي لهذه المعايير التي قدمها كل فرد/مستجيب في دراستنا. كشفت نتائج الدراسة أن البديل السائد للمهنيين الأكاديميين والخبراء الميدانيين الذين يمكن أن يلعبوا دورًا مثيرًا للإعجاب في تعليم السلام هو التعليم الابتدائي، في حين أن المعايير المركزية التي لها تأثير على تعليم السلام هي المعايير/القيم، تليها النهج/المعايير والمعرفة/المهارات فيما يتعلق بأحكام المعلم. من ناحية أخرى، فإن العوامل/المعايير المهمة لاختيار الطالب فيما يتعلق بتعليم السلام هي النهج والمعايير. كما يفضل الطلاب مستوى التعليم الابتدائي باعتباره المرحلة الأكثر فعالية للأطفال لتعلم/اكتساب مهارات تعليم السلام وتبني قيم السلام. القياس الكمي للعوامل المؤثرة - مثل في دراستنا ؛ المعرفة/المهارات والنهج/المعايير والمعايير/القيم. سيلعب صنع القرار فيما يتعلق ببناء السلام لدى جيل الشباب دورًا مهمًا في تحقيق الاستدامة في السلام. لذلك، على المستوى الشعبي، يمكن أن يؤدي توفير التدريب على تعليم السلام للأطفال في المدارس الابتدائية إلى الحد من مخاطر النزاعات في باكستان. يجب على الحكومة ومنفذي السياسات إعطاء الأولوية لإضافة تعليم السلام في وضع المناهج وتنفيذها. الكلمات الرئيسية ؛ AHP، تعليم السلام، المعرفة والمهارات، المعلمون، الاستدامةJEL التصنيفات: D74، I25، Q01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10310

Environmental quality indicators are crucial for responsive and cost-effective policies. The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between environmental quality indicators and financial development in Malaysia. For this purpose, the number of environmental quality indicators has been used, i.e., air pollution measured by carbon dioxide emissions, population density per square kilometer of land area, agricultural production measured by cereal production and livestock production, and energy resources considered by energy use and fossil fuel energy consumption, which placed an impact on the financial development of the country. The study used four main financial indicators, i.e., broad money supply (M2), domestic credit provided by the financial sector (DCFS), domestic credit to the private sector (DCPC), and inflation (CPI), which each financial indicator separately estimated with the environmental quality indicators, over a period of 1975-2013. The study used the generalized method of moments (GMM) technique to minimize the simultaneity from the model. The results show that carbon dioxide emissions exert the positive correlation with the M2, DCFC, and DCPC, while there is a negative correlation with the CPI. However, these results have been evaporated from the GMM estimates, where carbon emissions have no significant relationship with any of the four financial indicators in Malaysia. The GMM results show that population density has a negative relationship with the all four financial indicators; however, in case of M2, this relationship is insignificant to explain their result. Cereal production has a positive relationship with the DCPC, while there is a negative relationship with the CPI. Livestock production exerts the positive relationship with the all four financial indicators; however, this relationship with the CPI has a more elastic relationship, while the remaining relationship is less elastic with the three financial indicators in a country. Energy resources comprise energy use and fossil fuel energy consumption, both have distinct results with the financial indicators, as energy demand have a positive and significant relationship with the DCFC, DCPC, and CPI, while fossil fuel energy consumption have a negative relationship with these three financial indicators. The results of the study are of value to both environmentalists and policy makers.

SAARC members urgently need to secure sustainable energy supplies at affordable prices. Alarmingly high oil prices in the face of ever increasing energy demand have resulted in severe pressure on resources of SAARC members. The objective of this study examine the relationship among energy consumption, economic growth, relative prices of energy, FDI and different financial development indicators (i.e., broad money supply, liquid liabilities, domestic credit provided by banking sector and domestic credit to private sector) in the panel of selected SAARC countries namely Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka over a period of 1975–2011. Panel cointegration test suggest that the variables are cointegrated and have a long-run relationship between them. In addition, three different panel data methods i.e. pooled least square, fixed effects and random effects have been used to test the validity of the “energy-growth nexus via financial development” in the SAARC region. Specification tests (i.e., F-test and Hausman test) indicate that the fixed effect model considered as the best model to examine the relationship between energy and growth determinants, this implies that variables are apparently influenced by country effects only. The fixed effect model shows that there is a significant relationship among energy consumption, economic growth, FDI and financial development (FD) proxies, however, FD indicators has a larger impact on increasing energy demand, followed by GDP per capita and FDI. Therefore, it is concluded that there is a trade-off between the energy and growth variables in SAARC region, collective efforts is required to transform SAARC region from an energy-starved to an energy efficient region.

The objective of the study is to establish the link between air pollution, fossil fuel energy consumption, industrialization, alternative and nuclear energy, combustible renewable and wastes, urbanization, and resulting impact on health services in Malaysia. The study employed two-stage least square regression technique on the time series data from 1975 to 2012 to possibly minimize the problem of endogeniety in the health services model. The results in general show that air pollution and environmental indicators act as a strong contributor to influence Malaysian health services. Urbanization and nuclear energy consumption both significantly increases the life expectancy in Malaysia, while fertility rate decreases along with the increasing urbanization in a country. Fossil fuel energy consumption and industrialization both have an indirect relationship with the infant mortality rate, whereas, carbon dioxide emissions have a direct relationship with the sanitation facility in a country. The results conclude that balancing the air pollution, environment, and health services needs strong policy vistas on the end of the government officials.

As growth regions evolve to accommodate the increasing population, they need to develop a wider variety of residential properties to accommodate the varying needs of the residents. As a result, the new accommodation is denser which involves higher embodied water carbon and energy. This research compares the construction differences in metropolitan and growth regions of Melbourne to identify embodied carbon, water, and energy. Representative areas of 25 km2 are selected from both regions. The growth region has 80% of the built area comprised of 2nd generation low-rise residential buildings whereas the prolific construction type in the Metropolitan region is mixed purpose industrial with 30% of the built area comprising of this type. The methodology implies open-source satellite imagery to build a spatial dataset in QGIS. The visual identification of the constructions in the study areas enables to identity the materials used in their construction. The total embodied carbon, water, and energy for the Metropolitan region are 32,895 tonnes, 4192 mL, and 3,694,412 GJ, respectively, whereas in the growth region, the totals are 179,376 tonnes carbon, 2533 mL water, and 2,243,571 GJ. Whilst Metropolitan has a significantly higher overall footprint when this is compared to the population of each region, it is shown that the growth region with its current construction type has a higher embodied carbon, water, and energy per head. The total per head for Metropolitan is 226.7 GJ energy, 257 kL water, and 20 tonnes carbon, whereas in the growth region, the embodied energy, water, and carbon, respectively, per head is 287.4 GJ, 324.6 kL, and 22 tonnes. The current performance per head of the growth region is considerably lower than that of Metropolitan. Using diverse residential construction types and efficient materials can serve the demanding needs of denser populated areas.

The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between macroeconomic factors (i.e., population growth; urbanization, industrialization, exchange rate, price level, food production index and live stock production index) and renewable energy in Pakistan over a period of 1975–2012. In addition, this study uses oil rent as an intervening variable to overcome the biasness of the single equation model. The results indicate that macroeconomic factors positively contributed to renewable energy consumption in Pakistan. The causality test indicate that there is a unidirectional causality running towards macroeconomic factors to renewable energy in Pakistan, however, renewable energy Granger cause oil rent but not via other route. In addition, there is bidirectional causality between exchange rate and live stock production in Pakistan. Variance decomposition analysis shows that economic growth has a major contribution to increase renewable energy in Pakistan.