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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zahoor Ali Khan; Ayesha Anjum Butt; Turki Ali Alghamdi; Aisha Fatima; +3 Authors

    Le Smart Grid (SG) joue un rôle vital dans le réseau électrique moderne.Les données augmentent avec l'augmentation drastique du nombre d'utilisateurs.Une technologie efficace est nécessaire pour gérer cette croissance spectaculaire des données.L' informatique en nuage est ensuite utilisée pour stocker les données et fournir de nombreux services aux consommateurs.Il existe divers centres de données en nuage (DC), qui traitent les demandes provenant des consommateurs.Toutefois, il y a un risque de retard en raison de la grande zone géographique entre le nuage et le consommateur. l'informatique de brouillard est présentée pour minimiser le retard et maximiser l'efficacité. Cependant, la question de l'équilibrage de la charge se pose ; à mesure que le nombre de consommateurs et de services fournis par le brouillard augmente. Ainsi, un mécanisme amélioré est nécessaire pour équilibrer la charge de brouillard. Dans ce document, une architecture à trois couches comprenant des couches de nuage, de brouillard et de consommateur est proposée. Un algorithme méta-heuristique : une optimisation améliorée de l'essaim de particules avec Levy Walk (IPSOLW) est proposée pour équilibrer la charge de brouillard. Les consommateurs envoient une demande aux serveurs de brouillard, qui fournissent ensuite des services. De plus, le cloud est déployé pour enregistrer le les enregistrements de tous les consommateurs et pour fournir les services aux consommateurs, si la couche de brouillard est défaillante. L'algorithme proposé est ensuite comparé aux algorithmes existants : algorithme génétique, optimisation de l'essaim de particules, PSO binaire, coucou avec levy walk et BAT. En outre, les politiques de courtier de service sont utilisées pour une sélection efficace de DC. Les politiques de courtier de service utilisées dans cet article sont : le centre de données le plus proche, optimiser le temps de réponse, reconfigurer dynamiquement avec la charge et la nouvelle politique de courtier de service avancé. En outre, le temps de réponse et le temps de traitement sont minimisés. L'IPSOLW a surperformé à ses algorithmes homologues avec près de 4,89% de meilleurs résultats. Smart Grid (SG) juega un papel vital en la red eléctrica moderna. Los datos están aumentando con el drástico aumento en el número de usuarios. Se requiere una tecnología eficiente para manejar este crecimiento dramático de datos. La computación en la nube se utiliza para almacenar los datos y proporcionar numerosos servicios a los consumidores. Hay varios centros de datos en la nube (DC), que se ocupan de las solicitudes procedentes de los consumidores. Sin embargo, existe la posibilidad de retraso debido a la gran área geográfica entre la nube y el consumidor. Por lo tanto, un concepto de La computación en niebla se presenta para minimizar el retraso y maximizar la eficiencia. Sin embargo, el problema del equilibrio de carga está aumentando; a medida que crece el número de consumidores y servicios proporcionados por la niebla. Por lo tanto, se requiere un mecanismo mejorado para equilibrar la carga de niebla. En este documento, se propone una arquitectura de tres capas que comprende capas de nube, niebla y consumidor. Un algoritmo metaheurístico: se propone una optimización mejorada del enjambre de partículas con Levy Walk (IPSOLW) para equilibrar la carga de niebla. Los consumidores envían solicitudes a los servidores de niebla, que luego proporcionan servicios. registros de todos los consumidores y para proporcionar los servicios a los consumidores, si falla la capa de niebla. El algoritmo propuesto se compara con los algoritmos existentes: algoritmo genético, optimización de enjambre de partículas, PSO binario, cuco con paseo de impuestos y Bat. Además, las políticas de intermediación de servicios se utilizan para una selección eficiente de DC. Las políticas de intermediación de servicios utilizadas en este documento son: centro de datos más cercano, optimizar el tiempo de respuesta, reconfigurar dinámicamente con carga y la nueva política de intermediación de servicios avanzados. Además, el tiempo de respuesta y el tiempo de procesamiento se minimizan. El IPSOLW ha superado a sus algoritmos de contrapartida con casi un 4,89% de mejores resultados. Smart Grid (SG) plays vital role in modern electricity grid.The data is increasing with the drastic increase in number of users.An efficient technology is required to handle this dramatic growth of data.Cloud computing is then used to store the data and to provide numerous services to the consumers.There are various cloud Data Centers (DC), which deal with the requests coming from consumers.However, there is a chance of delay due to the large geographical area between cloud and consumer.So, a concept of fog computing is presented to minimize the delay and to maximize the efficiency.However, the issue of load balancing is raising; as the number of consumers and services provided by fog grow.So, an enhanced mechanism is required to balance the load of fog.In this paper, a three-layered architecture comprising of cloud, fog and consumer layers is proposed.A meta-heuristic algorithm: Improved Particle Swarm Optimization with Levy Walk (IPSOLW) is proposed to balance the load of fog.Consumers send request to the fog servers, which then provide services.Further, cloud is deployed to save the records of all consumers and to provide the services to the consumers, if fog layer is failed.The proposed algorithm is then compared with existing algorithms: genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, binary PSO, cuckoo with levy walk and BAT.Further, service broker policies are used for efficient selection of DC.The service broker policies used in this paper are: closest data center, optimize response time, reconfigure dynamically with load and new advance service broker policy.Moreover, response time and processing time are minimized.The IPSOLW has outperformed to its counterpart algorithms with almost 4.89% better results. تلعب الشبكة الذكية (SG) دورًا حيويًا في شبكة الكهرباء الحديثة. تتزايد البيانات مع الزيادة الهائلة في عدد المستخدمين. هناك حاجة إلى تقنية فعالة للتعامل مع هذا النمو الهائل في البيانات. ثم يتم استخدام الحوسبة السحابية لتخزين البيانات وتقديم العديد من الخدمات للمستهلكين. هناك العديد من مراكز البيانات السحابية (DC)، والتي تتعامل مع الطلبات الواردة من المستهلكين. ومع ذلك، هناك فرصة للتأخير بسبب المساحة الجغرافية الكبيرة بين السحابة والمستهلك. لذا، فإن مفهوم يتم تقديم حوسبة الضباب لتقليل التأخير وتحقيق أقصى قدر من الكفاءة. ومع ذلك، فإن مشكلة موازنة الحمل آخذة في الازدياد ؛ مع نمو عدد المستهلكين والخدمات التي يقدمها الضباب. لذلك، هناك حاجة إلى آلية محسنة لموازنة حمل الضباب. في هذه الورقة، يتم اقتراح بنية ثلاثية الطبقات تتكون من طبقات السحابة والضباب والمستهلك. خوارزمية استدلالية: تحسين سرب الجسيمات مع Levy Walk (IPSOLW) لموازنة حمل الضباب. يرسل المستهلكون طلبًا إلى خوادم الضباب، والتي تقدم بعد ذلك الخدمات. علاوة على ذلك، يتم نشر السحابة لحفظ سجلات جميع المستهلكين ولتقديم الخدمات للمستهلكين، في حالة فشل طبقة الضباب. ثم تتم مقارنة الخوارزمية المقترحة مع الخوارزميات الحالية: الخوارزمية الجينية، وتحسين سرب الجسيمات، و PSO الثنائي، والوقواق مع مشية الجباية و BAT. علاوة على ذلك، يتم استخدام سياسات وسيط الخدمة للاختيار الفعال للتيار المستمر. سياسات وسيط الخدمة المستخدمة في هذه الورقة هي: أقرب مركز بيانات، وتحسين وقت الاستجابة، وإعادة التكوين ديناميكيًا مع الحمل وسياسة وسيط الخدمة المتقدمة الجديدة. علاوة على ذلك، يتم تقليل وقت الاستجابة ووقت المعالجة إلى الحد الأدنى. لقد تفوقت IPSOLW على الخوارزميات النظيرة لها بنتائج أفضل بنسبة 4.89 ٪ تقريبًا.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2019
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/wd...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rasool Bukhsh; Muhammad Umar Javed; Aisha Fatima; Nadeem Javaid; +2 Authors

    The computing devices in data centers of cloud and fog remain in continues running cycle to provide services. The long execution state of large number of computing devices consumes a significant amount of power, which emits an equivalent amount of heat in the environment. The performance of the devices is compromised in heating environment. The high powered cooling systems are installed to cool the data centers. Accordingly, data centers demand high electricity for computing devices and cooling systems. Moreover, in Smart Grid (SG) managing energy consumption to reduce the electricity cost for consumers and minimum rely on fossil fuel based power supply (utility) is an interesting domain for researchers. The SG applications are time-sensitive. In this paper, fog based model is proposed for a community to ensure real-time energy management service provision. Three scenarios are implemented to analyze cost efficient energy management for power-users. In first scenario, community’s and fog’s power demand is fulfilled from the utility. In second scenario, community’s Renewable Energy Resources (RES) based Microgrid (MG) is integrated with the utility to meet the demand. In third scenario, the demand is fulfilled by integrating fog’s MG, community’s MG and the utility. In the scenarios, the energy demand of fog is evaluated with proposed mechanism. The required amount of energy to run computing devices against number of requests and amount of power require cooling down the devices are calculated to find energy demand by fog’s data center. The simulations of case studies show that the energy cost to meet the demand of the community and fog’s data center in third scenario is 15.09% and 1.2% more efficient as compared to first and second scenarios, respectively. In this paper, an energy contract is also proposed that ensures the participation of all power generating stakeholders. The results advocate the cost efficiency of proposed contract as compared to third scenario. The integration of RES reduce the energy cost and reduce emission of CO 2 . The simulations for energy management and plots of results are performed in Matlab. The simulation for fog’s resource management, measuring processing, and response time are performed in CloudAnalyst.

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    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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      Energies
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    Authors: Zahoor Ali Khan; Muhammad Awais; Turki Ali Alghamdi; Adia Khalid; +3 Authors

    De nos jours, l'espérance de vie limitée de la batterie est un problème important pour la livraison fiable des données dans un réseau de capteurs sans fil sous-marin (UWSN). Les méthodologies de transmission conventionnelles augmentent le surdébit de transmission, c'est-à-dire la collision de paquets, qui influencent la transmission de données. Le remplacement de la batterie des capteurs dans un environnement sous-marin brutal est une tâche difficile. Par conséquent, pour maintenir une distance stratégique par rapport à la défaillance inattendue du réseau et augmenter la durée de vie du réseau, des protocoles de routage écoénergétiques sont nécessaires. À cette fin, dans cet article, un protocole de routage proactif avec trois types de réseau différents est proposé pour résoudre les problèmes susmentionnés. Le protocole proposé modifie de manière adaptative sa stratégie de communication en fonction du type de réseau, c'est-à-dire un réseau dense, un réseau partiellement dense et un réseau clairsemé. Cette stratégie adaptative aide les protocoles de routage à poursuivre leur transmission en évitant les trous de vide. Dans le protocole proposé appelé Approche de routage proactive avec sélection de chemin économe en énergie (PA-EPS-Case I), le concept de superposition d'intertransmission verticale est introduit (en utilisant le chemin le plus court et le plus rapide) dans la région dense et partiellement dense. En outre, le concept de formation de grappes est également ajouté pour assurer le succès de la transmission dans les régions éparses. Le taux de livraison des paquets (PDR) est amélioré par le protocole proposé avec un retard de bout en bout (E2E) minimum et un taux de chute des paquets. L'évolutivité des protocoles de routage proposés est également analysée en faisant varier le nombre de nœuds de 100 à 500. Une analyse comparative est effectuée avec deux protocoles de routage de pointe, à savoir : la profondeur de pondération et le routage basé sur la profondeur de la division de la zone d'acheminement (WDFAD-DBR) et le WDFAD-DBR basé sur le cluster (C-DBR). Les résultats de la simulation démontrent que le protocole proposé a atteint un PDR supérieur de 12,64 % avec une diminution de 20 % du délai E2E par rapport au C-DBR. En outre, le protocole de routage proposé a surpassé C-DBR en termes de taux de chute de paquets jusqu'à 14,29 % avec une augmentation de la CE jusqu'à 30 %. Hoy en día, la esperanza de vida limitada de la batería es un problema importante para la entrega confiable de datos en una red de sensores inalámbricos submarinos (UWSN). Las metodologías de transmisión convencionales aumentan la sobrecarga de transmisión, es decir, la colisión de paquetes, que influyen en la transmisión de datos. La sustitución de la batería de los sensores en un entorno submarino brutal es una tarea difícil. Por lo tanto, para mantener una distancia estratégica de la falla inesperada de la red y aumentar la esperanza de vida de la red, se requieren protocolos de enrutamiento energéticamente eficientes. En este sentido, en este trabajo, se propone un protocolo de enrutamiento proactivo con tres tipos de red diferentes para resolver los problemas antes mencionados. El protocolo propuesto cambia de forma adaptativa su estrategia de comunicación en función del tipo de red, es decir, red densa, red parcialmente densa y red dispersa. Esta estrategia adaptativa ayuda a los protocolos de enrutamiento a continuar su transmisión evitando los huecos. En el protocolo propuesto denominado Enfoque de enrutamiento proactivo con selección de ruta de eficiencia energética (PA-EPS-Caso I), se introduce el concepto de capas verticales entre transmisiones (utilizando la ruta más corta y rápida) en la región densa y parcialmente densa. Además, también se adjunta el concepto de formación de clústeres para que la transmisión sea exitosa en las regiones dispersas. La relación de entrega de paquetes (PDR) se mejora mediante el protocolo propuesto con un retraso mínimo de extremo a extremo (E2E) y una relación de caída de paquetes. La escalabilidad de los protocolos de enrutamiento propuestos también se analiza variando el número de nodos de 100 a 500. Se realiza un análisis comparativo con dos protocolos de enrutamiento de vanguardia, a saber: enrutamiento basado en profundidad de división de área de ponderación y reenvío (WDFAD-DBR) y WDFAD-DBR basado en clústeres (C-DBR). Los resultados de la simulación demuestran que el protocolo propuesto logró una PDR un 12,64% más alta con una disminución del 20% en el retraso de E2E que la C-DBR. Además, el protocolo de enrutamiento propuesto superó a C-DBR en términos de tasa de caída de paquetes hasta el 14,29% con un aumento de EC de hasta el 30%. Nowadays, constrained battery life expectancy is an important issue for reliable data delivery in an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). Conventional transmission methodologies increase the transmission overhead, i.e., the collision of packets, which influence the data transmission. Replacement of the sensors' battery in brutal underwater environment is a difficult task. Therefore, to maintain a strategic distance from the unexpected failure of the network and to increase the life expectancy of the network, energy efficient routing protocols are required. At this end, in this paper, a proactive routing protocol with three different network types is proposed to solve the aforementioned issues. The proposed protocol adaptively changes its communication strategy depending on the type of the network, i.e., dense network, partially dense network and sparse network. This adaptive strategy helps the routing protocols to continue their transmission by avoiding the void holes. In the proposed protocol named Proactive routing Approach with Energy efficient Path Selection (PA-EPS-Case I), vertical inter-transmission layering concept is introduced (using shortest and fastest path) in the dense and partially dense region. In addition, cluster formation concept is also appended to make transmission successful in the sparse regions. The Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) is improved by the proposed protocol with minimum End to End (E2E) delay and packet drop ratio. Scalability of the proposed routing protocols is also analyzed by varying the number of nodes from 100-500. A comparative analysis is performed with two cutting edge routing protocols namely: Weighting Depth and Forwarding Area Division Depth Based Routing (WDFAD-DBR) and Cluster-based WDFAD-DBR (C-DBR). Simulation results demonstrate that proposed protocol achieved 12.64% higher PDR with 20% decrease in E2E delay than C-DBR. Furthermore, the proposed routing protocol outperformed C-DBR in terms of packet drop ratio up to 14.29% with an increase of EC up to 30%. في الوقت الحاضر، يعد العمر المتوقع للبطارية المقيد مشكلة مهمة لتوصيل البيانات الموثوقة في شبكة الاستشعار اللاسلكية تحت الماء (UWSN). تزيد منهجيات الإرسال التقليدية من النفقات العامة للإرسال، أي تصادم الحزم، مما يؤثر على نقل البيانات. يعد استبدال بطارية المستشعرات في بيئة قاسية تحت الماء مهمة صعبة. لذلك، للحفاظ على مسافة استراتيجية من الفشل غير المتوقع للشبكة ولزيادة العمر المتوقع للشبكة، يلزم وجود بروتوكولات توجيه موفرة للطاقة. في هذه النهاية، في هذه الورقة، يُقترح بروتوكول توجيه استباقي مع ثلاثة أنواع مختلفة من الشبكات لحل المشكلات المذكورة أعلاه. يغير البروتوكول المقترح بشكل تكيفي استراتيجية الاتصال الخاصة به اعتمادًا على نوع الشبكة، أي الشبكة الكثيفة والشبكة الكثيفة جزئيًا والشبكة المتفرقة. تساعد هذه الاستراتيجية التكيفية بروتوكولات التوجيه على مواصلة انتقالها عن طريق تجنب ثقوب الفراغ. في البروتوكول المقترح المسمى نهج التوجيه الاستباقي مع اختيار المسار الموفر للطاقة (PA - EPS - Case I)، يتم تقديم مفهوم الطبقات العمودية بين الإرسال (باستخدام أقصر وأسرع مسار) في المنطقة الكثيفة والكثيفة جزئيًا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم إلحاق مفهوم تكوين التجمعات أيضًا لجعل انتقال العدوى ناجحًا في المناطق المتناثرة. يتم تحسين نسبة تسليم الحزمة (PDR) من خلال البروتوكول المقترح مع الحد الأدنى من التأخير من النهاية إلى النهاية (E2E) ونسبة إسقاط الحزمة. كما يتم تحليل قابلية التوسع في بروتوكولات التوجيه المقترحة من خلال تغيير عدد العقد من 100 إلى 500. يتم إجراء تحليل مقارن مع اثنين من بروتوكولات التوجيه المتطورة وهي: عمق الترجيح والتوجيه القائم على عمق تقسيم منطقة إعادة التوجيه (WDFAD - DBR) و WDFAD - DBR القائم على الكتلة (C - DBR). تُظهر نتائج المحاكاة أن البروتوكول المقترح حقق PDR أعلى بنسبة 12.64 ٪ مع انخفاض بنسبة 20 ٪ في تأخير E2E مقارنة بـ C - DBR. علاوة على ذلك، تفوق بروتوكول التوجيه المقترح على C - DBR من حيث نسبة إسقاط الحزمة حتى 14.29 ٪ مع زيادة قدرها EC تصل إلى 30 ٪.

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    Authors: Sana Mujeeb; Turki Ali Alghamdi; Sameeh Ullah; Aisha Fatima; +2 Authors

    Recently, power systems are facing the challenges of growing power demand, depleting fossil fuel and aggravating environmental pollution (caused by carbon emission from fossil fuel based power generation). The incorporation of alternative low carbon energy generation, i.e., Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), becomes crucial for energy systems. Effective Demand Side Management (DSM) and RES incorporation enable power systems to maintain demand, supply balance and optimize energy in an environmentally friendly manner. The wind power is a popular energy source because of its environmental and economical benefits. However, the uncertainty of wind power makes its incorporation in energy systems really difficult. To mitigate the risk of demand-supply imbalance, an accurate estimation of wind power is essential. Recognizing this challenging task, an efficient deep learning based prediction model is proposed for wind power forecasting. The proposed model has two stages. In the first stage, Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) is used to decompose the past wind power signals. Other than decomposed signals and lagged wind power, multiple exogenous inputs (such as, calendar variable and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP)) are also used as input to forecast wind power. In the second stage, a new prediction model, Efficient Deep Convolution Neural Network (EDCNN), is employed to forecast wind power. A DSM scheme is formulated based on forecasted wind power, day-ahead demand and price. The proposed forecasting model’s performance was evaluated on big data of Maine wind farm ISO NE, USA.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zahoor Ali Khan; Ayesha Anjum Butt; Turki Ali Alghamdi; Aisha Fatima; +3 Authors

    Le Smart Grid (SG) joue un rôle vital dans le réseau électrique moderne.Les données augmentent avec l'augmentation drastique du nombre d'utilisateurs.Une technologie efficace est nécessaire pour gérer cette croissance spectaculaire des données.L' informatique en nuage est ensuite utilisée pour stocker les données et fournir de nombreux services aux consommateurs.Il existe divers centres de données en nuage (DC), qui traitent les demandes provenant des consommateurs.Toutefois, il y a un risque de retard en raison de la grande zone géographique entre le nuage et le consommateur. l'informatique de brouillard est présentée pour minimiser le retard et maximiser l'efficacité. Cependant, la question de l'équilibrage de la charge se pose ; à mesure que le nombre de consommateurs et de services fournis par le brouillard augmente. Ainsi, un mécanisme amélioré est nécessaire pour équilibrer la charge de brouillard. Dans ce document, une architecture à trois couches comprenant des couches de nuage, de brouillard et de consommateur est proposée. Un algorithme méta-heuristique : une optimisation améliorée de l'essaim de particules avec Levy Walk (IPSOLW) est proposée pour équilibrer la charge de brouillard. Les consommateurs envoient une demande aux serveurs de brouillard, qui fournissent ensuite des services. De plus, le cloud est déployé pour enregistrer le les enregistrements de tous les consommateurs et pour fournir les services aux consommateurs, si la couche de brouillard est défaillante. L'algorithme proposé est ensuite comparé aux algorithmes existants : algorithme génétique, optimisation de l'essaim de particules, PSO binaire, coucou avec levy walk et BAT. En outre, les politiques de courtier de service sont utilisées pour une sélection efficace de DC. Les politiques de courtier de service utilisées dans cet article sont : le centre de données le plus proche, optimiser le temps de réponse, reconfigurer dynamiquement avec la charge et la nouvelle politique de courtier de service avancé. En outre, le temps de réponse et le temps de traitement sont minimisés. L'IPSOLW a surperformé à ses algorithmes homologues avec près de 4,89% de meilleurs résultats. Smart Grid (SG) juega un papel vital en la red eléctrica moderna. Los datos están aumentando con el drástico aumento en el número de usuarios. Se requiere una tecnología eficiente para manejar este crecimiento dramático de datos. La computación en la nube se utiliza para almacenar los datos y proporcionar numerosos servicios a los consumidores. Hay varios centros de datos en la nube (DC), que se ocupan de las solicitudes procedentes de los consumidores. Sin embargo, existe la posibilidad de retraso debido a la gran área geográfica entre la nube y el consumidor. Por lo tanto, un concepto de La computación en niebla se presenta para minimizar el retraso y maximizar la eficiencia. Sin embargo, el problema del equilibrio de carga está aumentando; a medida que crece el número de consumidores y servicios proporcionados por la niebla. Por lo tanto, se requiere un mecanismo mejorado para equilibrar la carga de niebla. En este documento, se propone una arquitectura de tres capas que comprende capas de nube, niebla y consumidor. Un algoritmo metaheurístico: se propone una optimización mejorada del enjambre de partículas con Levy Walk (IPSOLW) para equilibrar la carga de niebla. Los consumidores envían solicitudes a los servidores de niebla, que luego proporcionan servicios. registros de todos los consumidores y para proporcionar los servicios a los consumidores, si falla la capa de niebla. El algoritmo propuesto se compara con los algoritmos existentes: algoritmo genético, optimización de enjambre de partículas, PSO binario, cuco con paseo de impuestos y Bat. Además, las políticas de intermediación de servicios se utilizan para una selección eficiente de DC. Las políticas de intermediación de servicios utilizadas en este documento son: centro de datos más cercano, optimizar el tiempo de respuesta, reconfigurar dinámicamente con carga y la nueva política de intermediación de servicios avanzados. Además, el tiempo de respuesta y el tiempo de procesamiento se minimizan. El IPSOLW ha superado a sus algoritmos de contrapartida con casi un 4,89% de mejores resultados. Smart Grid (SG) plays vital role in modern electricity grid.The data is increasing with the drastic increase in number of users.An efficient technology is required to handle this dramatic growth of data.Cloud computing is then used to store the data and to provide numerous services to the consumers.There are various cloud Data Centers (DC), which deal with the requests coming from consumers.However, there is a chance of delay due to the large geographical area between cloud and consumer.So, a concept of fog computing is presented to minimize the delay and to maximize the efficiency.However, the issue of load balancing is raising; as the number of consumers and services provided by fog grow.So, an enhanced mechanism is required to balance the load of fog.In this paper, a three-layered architecture comprising of cloud, fog and consumer layers is proposed.A meta-heuristic algorithm: Improved Particle Swarm Optimization with Levy Walk (IPSOLW) is proposed to balance the load of fog.Consumers send request to the fog servers, which then provide services.Further, cloud is deployed to save the records of all consumers and to provide the services to the consumers, if fog layer is failed.The proposed algorithm is then compared with existing algorithms: genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, binary PSO, cuckoo with levy walk and BAT.Further, service broker policies are used for efficient selection of DC.The service broker policies used in this paper are: closest data center, optimize response time, reconfigure dynamically with load and new advance service broker policy.Moreover, response time and processing time are minimized.The IPSOLW has outperformed to its counterpart algorithms with almost 4.89% better results. تلعب الشبكة الذكية (SG) دورًا حيويًا في شبكة الكهرباء الحديثة. تتزايد البيانات مع الزيادة الهائلة في عدد المستخدمين. هناك حاجة إلى تقنية فعالة للتعامل مع هذا النمو الهائل في البيانات. ثم يتم استخدام الحوسبة السحابية لتخزين البيانات وتقديم العديد من الخدمات للمستهلكين. هناك العديد من مراكز البيانات السحابية (DC)، والتي تتعامل مع الطلبات الواردة من المستهلكين. ومع ذلك، هناك فرصة للتأخير بسبب المساحة الجغرافية الكبيرة بين السحابة والمستهلك. لذا، فإن مفهوم يتم تقديم حوسبة الضباب لتقليل التأخير وتحقيق أقصى قدر من الكفاءة. ومع ذلك، فإن مشكلة موازنة الحمل آخذة في الازدياد ؛ مع نمو عدد المستهلكين والخدمات التي يقدمها الضباب. لذلك، هناك حاجة إلى آلية محسنة لموازنة حمل الضباب. في هذه الورقة، يتم اقتراح بنية ثلاثية الطبقات تتكون من طبقات السحابة والضباب والمستهلك. خوارزمية استدلالية: تحسين سرب الجسيمات مع Levy Walk (IPSOLW) لموازنة حمل الضباب. يرسل المستهلكون طلبًا إلى خوادم الضباب، والتي تقدم بعد ذلك الخدمات. علاوة على ذلك، يتم نشر السحابة لحفظ سجلات جميع المستهلكين ولتقديم الخدمات للمستهلكين، في حالة فشل طبقة الضباب. ثم تتم مقارنة الخوارزمية المقترحة مع الخوارزميات الحالية: الخوارزمية الجينية، وتحسين سرب الجسيمات، و PSO الثنائي، والوقواق مع مشية الجباية و BAT. علاوة على ذلك، يتم استخدام سياسات وسيط الخدمة للاختيار الفعال للتيار المستمر. سياسات وسيط الخدمة المستخدمة في هذه الورقة هي: أقرب مركز بيانات، وتحسين وقت الاستجابة، وإعادة التكوين ديناميكيًا مع الحمل وسياسة وسيط الخدمة المتقدمة الجديدة. علاوة على ذلك، يتم تقليل وقت الاستجابة ووقت المعالجة إلى الحد الأدنى. لقد تفوقت IPSOLW على الخوارزميات النظيرة لها بنتائج أفضل بنسبة 4.89 ٪ تقريبًا.

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    Authors: Rasool Bukhsh; Muhammad Umar Javed; Aisha Fatima; Nadeem Javaid; +2 Authors

    The computing devices in data centers of cloud and fog remain in continues running cycle to provide services. The long execution state of large number of computing devices consumes a significant amount of power, which emits an equivalent amount of heat in the environment. The performance of the devices is compromised in heating environment. The high powered cooling systems are installed to cool the data centers. Accordingly, data centers demand high electricity for computing devices and cooling systems. Moreover, in Smart Grid (SG) managing energy consumption to reduce the electricity cost for consumers and minimum rely on fossil fuel based power supply (utility) is an interesting domain for researchers. The SG applications are time-sensitive. In this paper, fog based model is proposed for a community to ensure real-time energy management service provision. Three scenarios are implemented to analyze cost efficient energy management for power-users. In first scenario, community’s and fog’s power demand is fulfilled from the utility. In second scenario, community’s Renewable Energy Resources (RES) based Microgrid (MG) is integrated with the utility to meet the demand. In third scenario, the demand is fulfilled by integrating fog’s MG, community’s MG and the utility. In the scenarios, the energy demand of fog is evaluated with proposed mechanism. The required amount of energy to run computing devices against number of requests and amount of power require cooling down the devices are calculated to find energy demand by fog’s data center. The simulations of case studies show that the energy cost to meet the demand of the community and fog’s data center in third scenario is 15.09% and 1.2% more efficient as compared to first and second scenarios, respectively. In this paper, an energy contract is also proposed that ensures the participation of all power generating stakeholders. The results advocate the cost efficiency of proposed contract as compared to third scenario. The integration of RES reduce the energy cost and reduce emission of CO 2 . The simulations for energy management and plots of results are performed in Matlab. The simulation for fog’s resource management, measuring processing, and response time are performed in CloudAnalyst.

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    Authors: Zahoor Ali Khan; Muhammad Awais; Turki Ali Alghamdi; Adia Khalid; +3 Authors

    De nos jours, l'espérance de vie limitée de la batterie est un problème important pour la livraison fiable des données dans un réseau de capteurs sans fil sous-marin (UWSN). Les méthodologies de transmission conventionnelles augmentent le surdébit de transmission, c'est-à-dire la collision de paquets, qui influencent la transmission de données. Le remplacement de la batterie des capteurs dans un environnement sous-marin brutal est une tâche difficile. Par conséquent, pour maintenir une distance stratégique par rapport à la défaillance inattendue du réseau et augmenter la durée de vie du réseau, des protocoles de routage écoénergétiques sont nécessaires. À cette fin, dans cet article, un protocole de routage proactif avec trois types de réseau différents est proposé pour résoudre les problèmes susmentionnés. Le protocole proposé modifie de manière adaptative sa stratégie de communication en fonction du type de réseau, c'est-à-dire un réseau dense, un réseau partiellement dense et un réseau clairsemé. Cette stratégie adaptative aide les protocoles de routage à poursuivre leur transmission en évitant les trous de vide. Dans le protocole proposé appelé Approche de routage proactive avec sélection de chemin économe en énergie (PA-EPS-Case I), le concept de superposition d'intertransmission verticale est introduit (en utilisant le chemin le plus court et le plus rapide) dans la région dense et partiellement dense. En outre, le concept de formation de grappes est également ajouté pour assurer le succès de la transmission dans les régions éparses. Le taux de livraison des paquets (PDR) est amélioré par le protocole proposé avec un retard de bout en bout (E2E) minimum et un taux de chute des paquets. L'évolutivité des protocoles de routage proposés est également analysée en faisant varier le nombre de nœuds de 100 à 500. Une analyse comparative est effectuée avec deux protocoles de routage de pointe, à savoir : la profondeur de pondération et le routage basé sur la profondeur de la division de la zone d'acheminement (WDFAD-DBR) et le WDFAD-DBR basé sur le cluster (C-DBR). Les résultats de la simulation démontrent que le protocole proposé a atteint un PDR supérieur de 12,64 % avec une diminution de 20 % du délai E2E par rapport au C-DBR. En outre, le protocole de routage proposé a surpassé C-DBR en termes de taux de chute de paquets jusqu'à 14,29 % avec une augmentation de la CE jusqu'à 30 %. Hoy en día, la esperanza de vida limitada de la batería es un problema importante para la entrega confiable de datos en una red de sensores inalámbricos submarinos (UWSN). Las metodologías de transmisión convencionales aumentan la sobrecarga de transmisión, es decir, la colisión de paquetes, que influyen en la transmisión de datos. La sustitución de la batería de los sensores en un entorno submarino brutal es una tarea difícil. Por lo tanto, para mantener una distancia estratégica de la falla inesperada de la red y aumentar la esperanza de vida de la red, se requieren protocolos de enrutamiento energéticamente eficientes. En este sentido, en este trabajo, se propone un protocolo de enrutamiento proactivo con tres tipos de red diferentes para resolver los problemas antes mencionados. El protocolo propuesto cambia de forma adaptativa su estrategia de comunicación en función del tipo de red, es decir, red densa, red parcialmente densa y red dispersa. Esta estrategia adaptativa ayuda a los protocolos de enrutamiento a continuar su transmisión evitando los huecos. En el protocolo propuesto denominado Enfoque de enrutamiento proactivo con selección de ruta de eficiencia energética (PA-EPS-Caso I), se introduce el concepto de capas verticales entre transmisiones (utilizando la ruta más corta y rápida) en la región densa y parcialmente densa. Además, también se adjunta el concepto de formación de clústeres para que la transmisión sea exitosa en las regiones dispersas. La relación de entrega de paquetes (PDR) se mejora mediante el protocolo propuesto con un retraso mínimo de extremo a extremo (E2E) y una relación de caída de paquetes. La escalabilidad de los protocolos de enrutamiento propuestos también se analiza variando el número de nodos de 100 a 500. Se realiza un análisis comparativo con dos protocolos de enrutamiento de vanguardia, a saber: enrutamiento basado en profundidad de división de área de ponderación y reenvío (WDFAD-DBR) y WDFAD-DBR basado en clústeres (C-DBR). Los resultados de la simulación demuestran que el protocolo propuesto logró una PDR un 12,64% más alta con una disminución del 20% en el retraso de E2E que la C-DBR. Además, el protocolo de enrutamiento propuesto superó a C-DBR en términos de tasa de caída de paquetes hasta el 14,29% con un aumento de EC de hasta el 30%. Nowadays, constrained battery life expectancy is an important issue for reliable data delivery in an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). Conventional transmission methodologies increase the transmission overhead, i.e., the collision of packets, which influence the data transmission. Replacement of the sensors' battery in brutal underwater environment is a difficult task. Therefore, to maintain a strategic distance from the unexpected failure of the network and to increase the life expectancy of the network, energy efficient routing protocols are required. At this end, in this paper, a proactive routing protocol with three different network types is proposed to solve the aforementioned issues. The proposed protocol adaptively changes its communication strategy depending on the type of the network, i.e., dense network, partially dense network and sparse network. This adaptive strategy helps the routing protocols to continue their transmission by avoiding the void holes. In the proposed protocol named Proactive routing Approach with Energy efficient Path Selection (PA-EPS-Case I), vertical inter-transmission layering concept is introduced (using shortest and fastest path) in the dense and partially dense region. In addition, cluster formation concept is also appended to make transmission successful in the sparse regions. The Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) is improved by the proposed protocol with minimum End to End (E2E) delay and packet drop ratio. Scalability of the proposed routing protocols is also analyzed by varying the number of nodes from 100-500. A comparative analysis is performed with two cutting edge routing protocols namely: Weighting Depth and Forwarding Area Division Depth Based Routing (WDFAD-DBR) and Cluster-based WDFAD-DBR (C-DBR). Simulation results demonstrate that proposed protocol achieved 12.64% higher PDR with 20% decrease in E2E delay than C-DBR. Furthermore, the proposed routing protocol outperformed C-DBR in terms of packet drop ratio up to 14.29% with an increase of EC up to 30%. في الوقت الحاضر، يعد العمر المتوقع للبطارية المقيد مشكلة مهمة لتوصيل البيانات الموثوقة في شبكة الاستشعار اللاسلكية تحت الماء (UWSN). تزيد منهجيات الإرسال التقليدية من النفقات العامة للإرسال، أي تصادم الحزم، مما يؤثر على نقل البيانات. يعد استبدال بطارية المستشعرات في بيئة قاسية تحت الماء مهمة صعبة. لذلك، للحفاظ على مسافة استراتيجية من الفشل غير المتوقع للشبكة ولزيادة العمر المتوقع للشبكة، يلزم وجود بروتوكولات توجيه موفرة للطاقة. في هذه النهاية، في هذه الورقة، يُقترح بروتوكول توجيه استباقي مع ثلاثة أنواع مختلفة من الشبكات لحل المشكلات المذكورة أعلاه. يغير البروتوكول المقترح بشكل تكيفي استراتيجية الاتصال الخاصة به اعتمادًا على نوع الشبكة، أي الشبكة الكثيفة والشبكة الكثيفة جزئيًا والشبكة المتفرقة. تساعد هذه الاستراتيجية التكيفية بروتوكولات التوجيه على مواصلة انتقالها عن طريق تجنب ثقوب الفراغ. في البروتوكول المقترح المسمى نهج التوجيه الاستباقي مع اختيار المسار الموفر للطاقة (PA - EPS - Case I)، يتم تقديم مفهوم الطبقات العمودية بين الإرسال (باستخدام أقصر وأسرع مسار) في المنطقة الكثيفة والكثيفة جزئيًا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم إلحاق مفهوم تكوين التجمعات أيضًا لجعل انتقال العدوى ناجحًا في المناطق المتناثرة. يتم تحسين نسبة تسليم الحزمة (PDR) من خلال البروتوكول المقترح مع الحد الأدنى من التأخير من النهاية إلى النهاية (E2E) ونسبة إسقاط الحزمة. كما يتم تحليل قابلية التوسع في بروتوكولات التوجيه المقترحة من خلال تغيير عدد العقد من 100 إلى 500. يتم إجراء تحليل مقارن مع اثنين من بروتوكولات التوجيه المتطورة وهي: عمق الترجيح والتوجيه القائم على عمق تقسيم منطقة إعادة التوجيه (WDFAD - DBR) و WDFAD - DBR القائم على الكتلة (C - DBR). تُظهر نتائج المحاكاة أن البروتوكول المقترح حقق PDR أعلى بنسبة 12.64 ٪ مع انخفاض بنسبة 20 ٪ في تأخير E2E مقارنة بـ C - DBR. علاوة على ذلك، تفوق بروتوكول التوجيه المقترح على C - DBR من حيث نسبة إسقاط الحزمة حتى 14.29 ٪ مع زيادة قدرها EC تصل إلى 30 ٪.

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    Authors: Sana Mujeeb; Turki Ali Alghamdi; Sameeh Ullah; Aisha Fatima; +2 Authors

    Recently, power systems are facing the challenges of growing power demand, depleting fossil fuel and aggravating environmental pollution (caused by carbon emission from fossil fuel based power generation). The incorporation of alternative low carbon energy generation, i.e., Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), becomes crucial for energy systems. Effective Demand Side Management (DSM) and RES incorporation enable power systems to maintain demand, supply balance and optimize energy in an environmentally friendly manner. The wind power is a popular energy source because of its environmental and economical benefits. However, the uncertainty of wind power makes its incorporation in energy systems really difficult. To mitigate the risk of demand-supply imbalance, an accurate estimation of wind power is essential. Recognizing this challenging task, an efficient deep learning based prediction model is proposed for wind power forecasting. The proposed model has two stages. In the first stage, Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) is used to decompose the past wind power signals. Other than decomposed signals and lagged wind power, multiple exogenous inputs (such as, calendar variable and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP)) are also used as input to forecast wind power. In the second stage, a new prediction model, Efficient Deep Convolution Neural Network (EDCNN), is employed to forecast wind power. A DSM scheme is formulated based on forecasted wind power, day-ahead demand and price. The proposed forecasting model’s performance was evaluated on big data of Maine wind farm ISO NE, USA.

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