• Energy Research

Various topics such as CO2 emissions, industry, human activities, and electricity distribution grids have attracted considerable attention because of the current state of crude oil production. Furthermore, estimations of solar radiation levels and of the efficiencies of photovoltaics (PVs), concentrated solar power (CSP), and solar chimney towers, as well as other renewable energy sources such as wind, tidal, and geothermal, have all been investigated. Here, an overview is presented of the potential future demands and possible supply of solar energy in relation to Iraq. Solar and wind energy sources, which are clean, inexhaustible, and environmentally friendly, are presented as renewable energy resources. Those systems that combine various sources of energy are called hybrids and they have received considerable attention in recent decades. The fundamental characteristics of solar radiation in Iraq are summarized, and the selection of those sites with potential for development of solar plants is based on the local maximum solar radiation. Furthermore, longitudinal and latitudinal orientation, wind, solar intensity, dust, temperature, rain, humidity, and pollution factors are all considered in the calculation of PV/CSP efficiencies. A study of the variation of annual radiation levels was conducted. The average UV radiation was found to comprise 3.25% of the global radiation. Therefore, most of the 47% reduction in received incoming global solar UV radiation is due to scattering and absorption in the atmosphere. Details regarding the desalination of underground or polluted water resources to support solar energy systems and plants and to preserve a clean low-dust environment are presented.

Various topics such as CO2 emissions, industry, human activities, and electricity distribution grids have attracted considerable attention because of the current state of crude oil production. Furthermore, estimations of solar radiation levels and of the efficiencies of photovoltaics (PVs), concentrated solar power (CSP), and solar chimney towers, as well as other renewable energy sources such as wind, tidal, and geothermal, have all been investigated. Here, an overview is presented of the potential future demands and possible supply of solar energy in relation to Iraq. Solar and wind energy sources, which are clean, inexhaustible, and environmentally friendly, are presented as renewable energy resources. Those systems that combine various sources of energy are called hybrids and they have received considerable attention in recent decades. The fundamental characteristics of solar radiation in Iraq are summarized, and the selection of those sites with potential for development of solar plants is based on the local maximum solar radiation. Furthermore, longitudinal and latitudinal orientation, wind, solar intensity, dust, temperature, rain, humidity, and pollution factors are all considered in the calculation of PV/CSP efficiencies. A study of the variation of annual radiation levels was conducted. The average UV radiation was found to comprise 3.25% of the global radiation. Therefore, most of the 47% reduction in received incoming global solar UV radiation is due to scattering and absorption in the atmosphere. Details regarding the desalination of underground or polluted water resources to support solar energy systems and plants and to preserve a clean low-dust environment are presented.

Using a solar energy in water desalination system is regarded as one of the most effective ways to resolve the problem of freshwater shortages in this world. Experimental and theoretical approaches were carried out to design and test multistage solar still. The experimental tests were conducted for five months in the city of Kirkuk, north of Iraq, at 43.39° longitudinal and 35.17° latitude. The performance requirement of the design is dependent on many factors such as circumstances, work and designation variables. Designating variables, mainly length, width, height and volume of each stage besides the number of all stages, are determined via theoretical analysis approach. The results obtained by both approaches have shown that there is a 10% deviation in still water productivity. Also, the results indicated that the minimum and maximum daily average of still water productivity is 1.7 and 3.8 kg. MATLAB software was employed to model and simulate the experimental processes of evaporation and condensation. The simulation model results were found to agree well with the experiments carried out in many other papers and studies. The test results reported that the system produces about 5 kg of clean water per day with 87% distillation efficiency and 26% of the overall efficiency due to heat losses in the system. Such system is not only promising, but can offer a new technology that can particularly be used in remote and rural areas. The theoretical calculations were compared with the experimental results, and there is a good agreement between the two .

Using a solar energy in water desalination system is regarded as one of the most effective ways to resolve the problem of freshwater shortages in this world. Experimental and theoretical approaches were carried out to design and test multistage solar still. The experimental tests were conducted for five months in the city of Kirkuk, north of Iraq, at 43.39° longitudinal and 35.17° latitude. The performance requirement of the design is dependent on many factors such as circumstances, work and designation variables. Designating variables, mainly length, width, height and volume of each stage besides the number of all stages, are determined via theoretical analysis approach. The results obtained by both approaches have shown that there is a 10% deviation in still water productivity. Also, the results indicated that the minimum and maximum daily average of still water productivity is 1.7 and 3.8 kg. MATLAB software was employed to model and simulate the experimental processes of evaporation and condensation. The simulation model results were found to agree well with the experiments carried out in many other papers and studies. The test results reported that the system produces about 5 kg of clean water per day with 87% distillation efficiency and 26% of the overall efficiency due to heat losses in the system. Such system is not only promising, but can offer a new technology that can particularly be used in remote and rural areas. The theoretical calculations were compared with the experimental results, and there is a good agreement between the two .

Abstract An outlook into the country profile at the existing electricity generation with crude oil production at the present level with accompanying gas flares cause CO 2 emission as well as the industrial, human activities and the grid electricity distribution has been accounted for. The estimation of solar radiation levels as well as its productivity in terms of photovoltaics (PV׳s), concentrated solar powers (CSP) and chimney towers have been paid for others renewable energies; wind, tidal and geothermal productivity. A selection of possible site for installation according to the given geographical hazard and the maximum solar radiation could be collected. An overview for futuristic demands and possible solar energy supply that could be generated has reviewed. Furthermore, the desalination of underground or polluted water to support the solar system as well as the needed plantation to preserve a clean and green environment and low dust climate is presented.

Abstract An outlook into the country profile at the existing electricity generation with crude oil production at the present level with accompanying gas flares cause CO 2 emission as well as the industrial, human activities and the grid electricity distribution has been accounted for. The estimation of solar radiation levels as well as its productivity in terms of photovoltaics (PV׳s), concentrated solar powers (CSP) and chimney towers have been paid for others renewable energies; wind, tidal and geothermal productivity. A selection of possible site for installation according to the given geographical hazard and the maximum solar radiation could be collected. An overview for futuristic demands and possible solar energy supply that could be generated has reviewed. Furthermore, the desalination of underground or polluted water to support the solar system as well as the needed plantation to preserve a clean and green environment and low dust climate is presented.

Abstract In the hot climate countries, like Iraq where solar energy is available at large levels, solar radiation represents the most important factor of cooling load in the building. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of size and orientation of the window on the temperature distribution and air velocity of rooms in Kirkuk city (35.47°N, 44.39°E), in north Iraq. The experimental investigation contained manufacturing four test rooms where the volume of each room was 1 m3 and the window areas were 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% from facade area. The test rooms were directed in west and south directions. A numerical analysis was carried out using the Fluent software and these results were validated by comparing it with the experimental results. The hourly system performance parameters were investigated for all test situations. The results of the study showed that the window size and its direction had a great effect on the temperature distribution of the experimental rooms; also, the results showed positive effect by directing the window to the south compared with the west direction. Both results of experimental and simulation showed that the average air temperature inside test room increased during time until 2 p.m. and then decreased. Besides, the results showed that the room with 25% of the facade had the best performance in comparison with other designs. A comparison indicates a good agreement of both experimental and simulation results.

Abstract In the hot climate countries, like Iraq where solar energy is available at large levels, solar radiation represents the most important factor of cooling load in the building. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of size and orientation of the window on the temperature distribution and air velocity of rooms in Kirkuk city (35.47°N, 44.39°E), in north Iraq. The experimental investigation contained manufacturing four test rooms where the volume of each room was 1 m3 and the window areas were 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% from facade area. The test rooms were directed in west and south directions. A numerical analysis was carried out using the Fluent software and these results were validated by comparing it with the experimental results. The hourly system performance parameters were investigated for all test situations. The results of the study showed that the window size and its direction had a great effect on the temperature distribution of the experimental rooms; also, the results showed positive effect by directing the window to the south compared with the west direction. Both results of experimental and simulation showed that the average air temperature inside test room increased during time until 2 p.m. and then decreased. Besides, the results showed that the room with 25% of the facade had the best performance in comparison with other designs. A comparison indicates a good agreement of both experimental and simulation results.

Indoor swimming pools are sports or entertainment facilities that require substantial energy to heat the pool water and maintain a comfortable atmosphere in compliance with international standards. However, traditional methods of heating swimming pools using fuels or electricity often result in high operational costs and environmental pollution. To address these challenges, solar water heating has emerged as the most significant and environmentally friendly technology. Consequently, the construction of solar-powered swimming pools has become a prominent issue, drawing considerable attention from governments worldwide. Solar energy is currently being utilized in various applications, with water heating in residential settings being one of the most popular ones. Iraq, known for its high solar energy potential, stands to benefit greatly from adopting and designing solar swimming pools. The proposed design incorporates essential components such as the swimming pool, pump, filter, control valves, and the solar collector. This study explores the influence of flow rate on the solar collector's performance and its relationship with pool size under varying weather conditions in Kirkuk city. The month of February, characterized by lower solar radiation intensity and air temperature, was selected for the investigation. This study provides insights into heating indoor swimming pools using solar energy, examining the types of solar collectors, filters, and pumps involved. By offering guidance in the system design process, our research can be instrumental in facilitating the installation of such systems.