• Energy Research

Abstract Total livestock emissions account for up to 14.5% of man-made greenhouse gas emissions. Counteractive measures, such as circular economy concepts and negative emission technologies are necessary to limit global warming below 1.5 °C. Possible treatment options for organic manure include anaerobic digestion, combustion, gasification, hydrothermal liquefaction and composting. The choice of treatment varies depending on the economics, the requirement of a specific product, and sociocultural factors. Commercialization of these treatments needs a blend of appropriate technology, feasible economics, policy support and agreeable socio-cultural conditions. Key findings of this study include the following: 1. Increasing scientific awareness about manure management and treatment; 2. Building a sustainable cooperative model to commercialize technologies; 3. Creating a market for manure recycling products; 4. The role of policy in supporting technologies and consumers; and 5. The codigestion of substrates for better efficacy. Current trends show minimal actions in place as opposed to the high-rate of acceleration that is necessary.

Abstract Total livestock emissions account for up to 14.5% of man-made greenhouse gas emissions. Counteractive measures, such as circular economy concepts and negative emission technologies are necessary to limit global warming below 1.5 °C. Possible treatment options for organic manure include anaerobic digestion, combustion, gasification, hydrothermal liquefaction and composting. The choice of treatment varies depending on the economics, the requirement of a specific product, and sociocultural factors. Commercialization of these treatments needs a blend of appropriate technology, feasible economics, policy support and agreeable socio-cultural conditions. Key findings of this study include the following: 1. Increasing scientific awareness about manure management and treatment; 2. Building a sustainable cooperative model to commercialize technologies; 3. Creating a market for manure recycling products; 4. The role of policy in supporting technologies and consumers; and 5. The codigestion of substrates for better efficacy. Current trends show minimal actions in place as opposed to the high-rate of acceleration that is necessary.

As a kind of renewable resource and natural biomass, starch has been widely used to substitute plastics in the modern industry and is regarded as one of the most promising biodegradable materials. The newly developmental rattan, straw biomass rattan (SBR) as weaving material, has been exploited as per our previous work, which possessed advantages of both natural rattan and pure plastic rattan. The main objective of the work was to improve the properties of SBR by corn starch (CS). Based on the manufacturing of the above composites, the experiments of SBR that enhanced with CS on mechanical properties, melting performance, hydroscopicity, thermogravimetric analysis, and microstructures were tested in this study. The results revealed that when the content of CS increased gradually within the range of 0, 3, 6, 9 12, and 15 wt.%, the mechanical properties and melt index of the composite both increased first and then decreased, with 6 to 12 wt.% as the optimal dosage range. In contrast, the water absorption of SBR kept increased in this range, indicating an easier biodegradable. With CS added, the microstructure of SBR was examined by scanning electron microscope and found the microscopic surfaces and sections to become smoother, and that could improve the compatibility and tenacity between the materials. As a result, CS in moderation can be used as a supplement to enhance SBR, and improve their characteristics which will enhance the mechanical properties of the composites for future perspectives.

As a kind of renewable resource and natural biomass, starch has been widely used to substitute plastics in the modern industry and is regarded as one of the most promising biodegradable materials. The newly developmental rattan, straw biomass rattan (SBR) as weaving material, has been exploited as per our previous work, which possessed advantages of both natural rattan and pure plastic rattan. The main objective of the work was to improve the properties of SBR by corn starch (CS). Based on the manufacturing of the above composites, the experiments of SBR that enhanced with CS on mechanical properties, melting performance, hydroscopicity, thermogravimetric analysis, and microstructures were tested in this study. The results revealed that when the content of CS increased gradually within the range of 0, 3, 6, 9 12, and 15 wt.%, the mechanical properties and melt index of the composite both increased first and then decreased, with 6 to 12 wt.% as the optimal dosage range. In contrast, the water absorption of SBR kept increased in this range, indicating an easier biodegradable. With CS added, the microstructure of SBR was examined by scanning electron microscope and found the microscopic surfaces and sections to become smoother, and that could improve the compatibility and tenacity between the materials. As a result, CS in moderation can be used as a supplement to enhance SBR, and improve their characteristics which will enhance the mechanical properties of the composites for future perspectives.

With the inevitable rise in human population, resource recovery from waste stream is becoming important for a sustainable economy, conservation of the ecosystem as well as for reducing the dependence on the finite natural resources. In this regard, a bio-based circular economy considers organic wastes and residues as potential resources that can be utilized to supply chemicals, nutrients, and fuels needed by mankind. This review explored the role of aerobic and anaerobic digestion technologies for the advancement of a bio-based circular society. The developed routes within the anaerobic digestion domain, such as the production of biogas and other high-value chemicals (volatile fatty acids) were discussed. The potential to recover important nutrients, such as nitrogen through composting, was also addressed. An emphasis was made on the innovative models for improved economics and process performance, which include co-digestion of various organic solid wastes, recovery of multiple bio-products, and integrated bioprocesses.

With the inevitable rise in human population, resource recovery from waste stream is becoming important for a sustainable economy, conservation of the ecosystem as well as for reducing the dependence on the finite natural resources. In this regard, a bio-based circular economy considers organic wastes and residues as potential resources that can be utilized to supply chemicals, nutrients, and fuels needed by mankind. This review explored the role of aerobic and anaerobic digestion technologies for the advancement of a bio-based circular society. The developed routes within the anaerobic digestion domain, such as the production of biogas and other high-value chemicals (volatile fatty acids) were discussed. The potential to recover important nutrients, such as nitrogen through composting, was also addressed. An emphasis was made on the innovative models for improved economics and process performance, which include co-digestion of various organic solid wastes, recovery of multiple bio-products, and integrated bioprocesses.