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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Abdul Ghani Olabi; Tabbi Wilberforce; Abdulrahman Alanazi; Parag Vichare; +4 Authors

    Fuel cells (FCs) have received huge attention for development from lab and pilot scales to full commercial scale. This is mainly due to their inherent advantage of direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy as a high-quality energy supply and, hence, higher conversion efficiency. Additionally, FCs have been produced at a wide range of capacities with high flexibility due to modularity characteristics. Using the right materials and efficient manufacturing processes is directly proportional to the total production cost. This work explored the different components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and their manufacturing processes. The challenges associated with these manufacturing processes were critically analyzed, and possible mitigation strategies were proposed. The PEMFC is a relatively new and developing technology so there is a need for a thorough analysis to comprehend the current state of fuel cell operational characteristics and discover new areas for development. It is hoped that the view discussed in this paper will be a means for improved fuel cell development.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hussein M. Maghrabie; Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem; Abdul Hai Al-Alami; Mohamad Ramadan; +3 Authors

    Advances in building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems for residential and commercial purposes are set to minimize overall energy requirements and associated greenhouse gas emissions. The BIPV design considerations entail energy infrastructure, pertinent renewable energy sources, and energy efficiency provisions. In this work, the performance of roof/façade-based BIPV systems and the affecting parameters on cooling/heating loads of buildings are reviewed. Moreover, this work provides an overview of different categories of BIPV, presenting the recent developments and sufficient references, and supporting more successful implementations of BIPV for various globe zones. A number of available technologies decide the best selections, and make easy configuration of the BIPV, avoiding any difficulties, and allowing flexibility of design in order to adapt to local environmental conditions, and are adequate to important considerations, such as building codes, building structures and loads, architectural components, replacement and maintenance, energy resources, and all associated expenditure. The passive and active effects of both air-based and water-based BIPV systems have great effects on the cooling and heating loads and thermal comfort and, hence, on the electricity consumption.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Buildings
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Buildings
    Article
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Buildings
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Buildings
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Buildings
      Article
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Buildings
      Article . 2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mohamed Khalil; M. Attalla; H.E. Fawaz; Hussein M. Maghrabie;

    A computational study of cooling in-line array of heated obstacles simulating electronic components by jet impingement in cross-flow (JICF) has been investigated using RNG k-ε turbulence model. The jet position has been changed to impinge each obstacle consecutively at different jet-to-channel Reynolds number ratios, Rej/Rec = 1, 2, and 4. The main flow structure, the static pressure, local and average Nusselt numbers as well as the thermal enhancement factor have been investigated. The results show that there is a significant variation between the flow structures around an obstacle when subjected to JICF or CF. The friction factor for JICF is greater than that for cross-flow only (CF) by 88% at the first jet position and Rej/Rec = 4. The irregular distribution of local Nusselt number (Nu) on the impinged obstacle is moderated by increasing the Reynolds number ratios. Increasing Reynolds number ratio increases the average Nusselt number (Nu‾) of the downstream obstacles and decreases it for the upstream obstacles. The increment of Nu‾ for whole array for JICF than CF is about 26% at JP3 and Rej/Rec = 4. Moreover, the highest value of thermal enhancement factor is attained at JP3 and it equals 12% for Rej/Rec = 4.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Alexandria Engineeri...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Alexandria Engineering Journal
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Alexandria Engineering Journal
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Alexandria Engineering Journal
    Article . 2017
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Alexandria Engineeri...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Alexandria Engineering Journal
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Alexandria Engineering Journal
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Alexandria Engineering Journal
      Article . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Abdul Ghani Olabi; Nabila Shehata; Hussein M. Maghrabie; Lobna A. Heikal; +4 Authors

    The use of solar thermal systems (STSs) has recently reached a significant edge. The increasing research on developing an alternative power supply for limiting fossil fuel usage and climate change are the driving forces of STSs. The current work explores the recent progress in STSs’ applications, including PV/T or “photovoltaic/thermal” systems, zero-energy buildings, greenhouse solar thermal applications, solar thermal for pumping water, solar thermal refrigerators, solar chimneys, water desalination, and solar collectors, along with the benefits and challenges of these applications. Then, the potential contribution of STSs in achieving the various SDGs or “Sustainable development goals”, including barriers and research gaps, are elaborated. In brief, STSs significantly contribute to the seventeen SDGs’ achievement directly and indirectly. Recent developments in the engineering applications of STSs are strongly based on the materials of construction, as well as their design, process optimisation, and integration with multidisciplinary sciences and technologies such as modelling, nanoscience/nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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      Energies
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
      Article . 2022
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    Authors: Hussein Maghrabie; Abdul Olabi; Ahmed Rezk; Ali Radwan; +2 Authors

    Recently, water desalination (WD) has been required for the supply of drinking water in a number of countries. Various technologies of WD utilize considerable thermal and/or electrical energies for removing undesirable salts. Desalination systems now rely on renewable energy resources (RERs) such as geothermal, solar, tidal, wind power, etc. The intermittent nature and changeable intensity constrain the wide applications of renewable energy, so the combination of energy storage systems (ESSs) with WD in many locations has been introduced. Thermal energy storage (TES) needs a convenient medium for storing and hence reuses energy. The present work provides a good background on the methods and technologies of WD. Furthermore, the concepts of both thermal and electrical energy storage are presented. In addition, a detailed review of employing ESSs in various WD processes driven by RERs is presented. The integration of energy storage with water desalination systems (WDSs) based on renewable energy has a much better capability, economically and environmentally, compared with conventional desalination systems. The ESSs are required to guarantee a constant supply of fresh water over the day.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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      Energies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Abdul Ghani Olabi; Mohammed Al-Murisi; Hussein M. Maghrabie; Bashria A.A. Yousef; +3 Authors

    De nos jours, le monde est confronté à des problèmes critiques, tels que l'augmentation de la population, les coûts de l'électricité et le réchauffement climatique. À cet égard, les scientifiques tentent d'améliorer l'efficacité de la récupération d'énergie. L'amélioration des secteurs de production d'énergie se concentre sur les systèmes de récupération de chaleur résiduelle basés sur des générateurs thermoélectriques (TEG) qui ont démontré la capacité de transférer l'énergie thermique directement en énergie électrique via l'effet Seebeck. Le TEG utilise les sources de chaleur résiduelle disponibles dans différentes applications pour produire de l'énergie, il est donc considéré comme une source d'énergie respectueuse de l'environnement. Dans la présente étude, l'intégration de systèmes thermoélectriques avec d'autres technologies pour la production d'énergie verte est introduite. Ce travail introduit un contexte sur les matériaux communs utilisés dans la fabrication des dispositifs TEG. En outre, l'application du TEG pour collecter la chaleur résiduelle provenant de différentes sources, c'est-à-dire les piles à combustible, les échangeurs de chaleur, le photovoltaïque, le moteur à combustion interne, les véhicules électriques et les systèmes hybrides de récupération de la chaleur résiduelle ont été résumés. Les caractéristiques des générateurs thermoélectriques sont discutées, compte tenu des différents paramètres de fonctionnement et de conception. Enfin, les obstacles et les défis auxquels sont confrontées les applications des générateurs thermoélectriques pour la récupération de la chaleur résiduelle sont également discutés. Hoy en día, el mundo se enfrenta a problemas críticos, como el aumento de la población, los costes de la energía y el calentamiento global. En este sentido, los científicos están tratando de mejorar la eficiencia de la recolección de energía. La mejora de los sectores de generación de energía se centra en los sistemas de recuperación de calor residual basados en generadores termoeléctricos (TEG) que han demostrado la capacidad de transferir energía térmica directamente a energía eléctrica a través del efecto Seebeck. TEG utiliza las fuentes de calor residual disponibles en diferentes aplicaciones para producir energía, por lo que se considera una fuente de energía ecológica. En el presente estudio se introduce la integración de sistemas termoeléctricos con otras tecnologías para la producción de energía verde. Este trabajo presenta un antecedente sobre los materiales comunes utilizados en la fabricación de los dispositivos TEG. Además, se ha resumido la aplicación del TEG para recolectar calor residual de diferentes fuentes, es decir, celdas de combustible, intercambiadores de calor, energía fotovoltaica, motor de combustión interna, vehículos eléctricos y sistemas híbridos de recuperación de calor residual. Se discuten las características de los generadores termoeléctricos, considerando los diferentes parámetros de operación y diseño. Finalmente, también se discuten las barreras y desafíos que enfrentan las aplicaciones de los generadores termoeléctricos para la recuperación de calor residual. Nowadays the World faces critical issues, such as increasing population, power costs, and global warming. In this respect, scientists are trying to improve the efficiency of the energy harvesting. The enhancement of power generation sectors is focused on the waste heat recovery systems based on thermoelectric generators (TEGs) that have demonstrated the capacity to transfer thermal energy directly into electric energy via the Seebeck effect. TEG uses the available waste heat sources in different applications to produce power, thus it considered as an eco-friendly power source. In the present study, the integration of thermoelectric systems with other technologies for green power production is introduced. This work introduces a background about the common materials used in the fabrication of the TEG devices. Furthermore, the application of the TEG to harvest waste heat from different sources, i.e., fuel cells, heat exchangers, photovoltaics, internal combustion engine, electric vehicles, and hybrid waste heat recovery systems have been summarized. The characteristics of thermoelectric generators are discussed, considering the different operating and design parameters. Finally, the barriers and challenges facing the applications of the thermoelectric generators for waste heat recovery are also discussed. يواجه العالم في الوقت الحاضر قضايا حرجة، مثل زيادة عدد السكان وتكاليف الطاقة والاحترار العالمي. في هذا الصدد، يحاول العلماء تحسين كفاءة حصاد الطاقة. ويركز تعزيز قطاعات توليد الطاقة على أنظمة استرداد الحرارة المتبددة القائمة على المولدات الكهربائية الحرارية (TEGs) التي أظهرت القدرة على نقل الطاقة الحرارية مباشرة إلى الطاقة الكهربائية عبر تأثير سيبيك. تستخدم TEG مصادر الحرارة المهدرة المتاحة في تطبيقات مختلفة لإنتاج الطاقة، وبالتالي فهي تعتبر مصدر طاقة صديق للبيئة. في هذه الدراسة، تم إدخال دمج الأنظمة الكهروحرارية مع التقنيات الأخرى لإنتاج الطاقة الخضراء. يقدم هذا العمل خلفية حول المواد الشائعة المستخدمة في تصنيع أجهزة TEG. علاوة على ذلك، تم تلخيص تطبيق TEG لحصاد حرارة النفايات من مصادر مختلفة، أي خلايا الوقود والمبادلات الحرارية والخلايا الكهروضوئية ومحرك الاحتراق الداخلي والمركبات الكهربائية وأنظمة استرداد حرارة النفايات الهجينة. تتم مناقشة خصائص المولدات الكهربائية الحرارية، مع مراعاة معايير التشغيل والتصميم المختلفة. أخيرًا، تتم أيضًا مناقشة الحواجز والتحديات التي تواجه تطبيقات المولدات الكهربائية الحرارية لاسترداد الحرارة المهدرة.

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    International Journal of Thermofluids
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Thermofluids
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    Authors: Hussein M. Maghrabie; Ahmed S. Mohamed; Amany M. Fahmy; Ahmed A. Abdel Samee;

    Dans la présente étude, le refroidissement d'un panneau photovoltaïque (PV) à l'aide d'un matériau à changement de phase (PCM) de cire de paraffine RT-42 fixé à une surface arrière du panneau est étudié expérimentalement. Deux panneaux photovoltaïques identiques ayant une puissance électrique générée maximale de 40 W sont utilisés pour effectuer les expériences en plein air : un panneau photovoltaïque de référence (PVr) et un autre intégré au PCM (PV-PCM). La mise en œuvre actuelle est réalisée avec différentes épaisseurs de PCM (1, 2 et 3 cm) en faisant varier l'angle d'inclinaison des panneaux photovoltaïques à 15°, 20°, 25° et 30°. La caméra thermique infrarouge est utilisée pour enregistrer la distribution de la température sur la surface avant des panneaux PVr et PV-PCM. Les résultats indiquent que la distribution de température la plus élevée est apparue à la partie supérieure des panneaux photovoltaïques, tandis que la partie inférieure des panneaux photovoltaïques montre la distribution de température la plus basse. Avec un angle d'inclinaison de 15 °, la température sur le côté supérieur du panneau est supérieure à celle du côté inférieur de 17,1 %, 15,7 % et 13,2 % pour une épaisseur PCM de 1, 2 et 3 cm, respectivement. Il y a également une amélioration de la puissance électrique de 15,8 % pour le panneau PV-PCM avec une épaisseur PCM de 3 cm sur le panneau de référence (PVr) à un angle d'inclinaison de 30°. De même, l'élévation de l'angle d'inclinaison de 15° à 30° améliore l'efficacité électrique du PV-PCM avec une épaisseur de 3 cm du PCM de 7,4 %. Enfin, l'utilisation de PCM d'une épaisseur de 3 cm améliore le rendement électrique du panneau PV-PCM de 14,4 % par rapport à celui du PVr à un angle d'inclinaison de 30°. En el presente estudio, se investiga experimentalmente el enfriamiento de un panel fotovoltaico (PV) utilizando un material de cambio de fase (PCM) de cera de parafina RT-42 unido a una superficie posterior del panel. Se emplean dos paneles fotovoltaicos idénticos que tienen una potencia eléctrica generada máxima de 40 W para realizar los experimentos al aire libre: un panel fotovoltaico de referencia (PVr) y otro integrado con PCM (PV-PCM). La implementación actual se realiza con diferentes espesores de PCM (1, 2 y 3 cm) variando el ángulo de inclinación de los paneles fotovoltaicos a 15°, 20°, 25° y 30°. La cámara térmica infrarroja se utiliza para registrar la distribución de temperatura sobre la superficie frontal de los paneles PVr y PV-PCM. Los resultados indican que la distribución de temperatura más alta apareció en la parte superior de los paneles fotovoltaicos, mientras que la parte inferior de los paneles fotovoltaicos muestra la distribución de temperatura más baja. Con un ángulo de inclinación de 15º, la temperatura en el lado superior del panel es más alta que la del lado inferior en un 17,1%, 15,7% y 13,2% para un espesor de PCM de 1, 2 y 3 cm, respectivamente. También hay una mejora en la potencia eléctrica de salida del 15.8% para el panel PV-PCM con un grosor de PCM de 3 cm sobre el panel de referencia (PVr) en un ángulo de inclinación de 30°. En relación con esto, elevar el ángulo de inclinación de 15° a 30° mejora la eficiencia eléctrica de PV-PCM con un espesor de 3 cm del PCM en un 7,4%. Finalmente, el uso de PCM con un espesor de 3 cm mejora la eficiencia eléctrica del panel PV-PCM en un 14,4% en comparación con la del PVr en un ángulo de inclinación de 30°. In the present study, cooling of a photovoltaic (PV) panel using a phase change material (PCM) of paraffin wax RT-42 attached to a panel back surface is experimentally investigated. Two identical PV panels having a maximum electrical generated power of 40 W are employed to perform the outdoor experiments: a reference PV panel (PVr) and another integrated with PCM (PV-PCM). The current implementation is conducted with different thicknesses of PCM (1, 2, and 3 cm) varying the tilt angle of PV panels at 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30°. The infrared thermal camera is used to record the temperature distribution over the front surface of the PVr and PV-PCM panels. Results indicate that the highest temperature distribution appeared at the upper portion of the PV panels, whereas the lower part of the PV panels shows the lowest temperature distribution. At a tilt angle of 15ᴼ, the temperature at the panel's top side is higher than that of the bottom side by 17.1%, 15.7%, and 13.2% for PCM thickness of 1, 2, and, 3 cm, respectively. There is also enhancement in the electrical power output of 15.8% for the PV-PCM panel with a 3 cm PCM thickness over the reference panel (PVr) at a tilt angle of 30°. Relatedly, elevating the tilt angle from 15° to 30° improves the electrical efficiency of PV-PCM with a 3 cm thickness of the PCM by 7.4%. Finally, using PCM with a thickness of 3 cm enhances the electrical efficiency of the PV-PCM panel by 14.4% compared to that for the PVr at a tilt angle of 30°. في الدراسة الحالية، يتم فحص تبريد لوحة كهروضوئية (PV) باستخدام مادة تغيير الطور (PCM) من شمع البارافين RT -42 المرتبط بسطح خلفي للوحة تجريبيًا. يتم استخدام لوحتين كهروضوئيتين متطابقتين لهما طاقة كهربائية متولدة بحد أقصى 40 واط لإجراء التجارب الخارجية: لوحة كهروضوئية مرجعية (PVr) وأخرى مدمجة مع PCM (PV - PCM). يتم التنفيذ الحالي بسماكات مختلفة من PCM (1 و 2 و 3 سم) متفاوتة زاوية إمالة الألواح الكهروضوئية عند 15درجة و 20درجة و 25درجة و 30درجة. يتم استخدام الكاميرا الحرارية بالأشعة تحت الحمراء لتسجيل توزيع درجة الحرارة على السطح الأمامي للوحات PVR و PV - PCM. تشير النتائج إلى أن أعلى توزيع لدرجة الحرارة ظهر في الجزء العلوي من الألواح الكهروضوئية، في حين أن الجزء السفلي من الألواح الكهروضوئية يظهر أقل توزيع لدرجة الحرارة. عند زاوية إمالة 15 درجة مئوية، تكون درجة الحرارة في الجانب العلوي من اللوحة أعلى من درجة الحرارة في الجانب السفلي بنسبة 17.1 ٪ و 15.7 ٪ و 13.2 ٪ لسماكة PCM البالغة 1 و 2 و 3 سم على التوالي. هناك أيضًا تحسين في خرج الطاقة الكهربائية بنسبة 15.8 ٪ للوحة PV - PCM بسماكة 3 سم PCM فوق اللوحة المرجعية (PVr) بزاوية ميل 30درجة. وبالمثل، فإن رفع زاوية الميل من 15درجة إلى 30درجة يحسن الكفاءة الكهربائية لـ PV - PCM بسماكة 3 سم من PCM بنسبة 7.4 ٪. أخيرًا، يؤدي استخدام PCM بسماكة 3 سم إلى تعزيز الكفاءة الكهربائية للوحة PV - PCM بنسبة 14.4 ٪ مقارنةً بـ PVR بزاوية إمالة 30درجة.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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      Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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    Authors: Tabbi Wilberforce; Oluwatosin Ijaodola; Ogungbemi Emmanuel; James Thompson; +5 Authors

    A low cost bipolar plate materials with a high fuel cell performance is important for the establishment of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM ) fuel cells into the competitive world market. In this research, the effect of different bipolar plates material such as Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), and Stainless Steel (SS) of a single stack of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells was investigated both numerically and experimentally. Firstly, a three dimensional (3D) PEM fuel cell model was developed, and simulations were conducted using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ANSYS FLUENT to examine the effect of each bipolar plate materials on cell performance. Along with cell performance, significant parameters distributions like temperature, pressure, a mass fraction of hydrogen, oxygen, and water is presented. Then, an experimental study of a single cell of Al, Cu, and SS bipolar plate material was used in the verification of the numerical investigation. Finally, polarization curves of numerical and experimental results was compared for validation, and the result shows that Al serpentine bipolar plate material performed better than Cu and SS materials. The outcome of the investigation was in tandem to the fact that due to adsorption on metal surfaces, hydrogen molecules is more stable on Al surface than Cu and SS surfaces.

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    Membranes
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      Membranes
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      Membranes
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      Membranes
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Khaled Elsaid; Abdul Ghani Olabi; Abdul Ghani Olabi; Abdul Ghani Olabi; +8 Authors

    Heat transfer operations are very common in the process industry to transfer a huge amount of thermal energy, i.e., heat, from one fluid to another for different purposes. Many fluids are used as heat transfer fluid (HTF), in which water is the most common HTF due to its high specific heat, availability, and affordability. However, conventional HTFs, including water, have a lower thermal conductivity, which is the most critical thermophysical property, hence decreased heat transfer efficiency. The addition of solid particles of highly thermally conductive material, specifically at nano-size, i.e., nanoparticles NPs, result in nanofluid NF, which has evolved over the last two decades as efficient HTF and have been investigated in a wide range of applications. Among NPs, graphene (Gr) based materials have shown very high potential as NF due to the very high thermal conductivity up to 5,000 W/m.K, hence higher thermal conductivity NF. This work aims to thoroughly discuss the thermophysical properties of Gr-based NFs, including thermal conductivity, heat capacity, density, and viscosity. The discussion focus on the thermophysical properties as it is the ultimate determinator of the heat transfer characteristics of the HTF, such as the convective and the overall heat transfer coefficient as well as the heat transfer capacity of the NF. The discussion expands to the relative enhancement in such thermophysical properties reaching up to a 40% increase in thermal conductivity, as the most critical thermophysical property. The discussion shows that Gr-based NF has a much higher thermal conductivity relative to widely studied metal oxide NF and at much lower content, and lower density and viscosity increase, which is critical for determining the pumping power requirements. Critical challenges facing the application of Gr-based NFs such as cost, stability, increased density and viscosity, and environmental impacts are thoroughly discussed with mitigation recommendations given.

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    International Journal of Thermofluids
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    International Journal of Thermofluids
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      International Journal of Thermofluids
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ramadan Hefny Ali; Ahmed A. Abdel Samee; M. Attalla; Hussein M. Maghrabie;

    L'industrie des pâtes et papiers est une technologie à forte intensité d'énergie. Une grande attention à la réduction de sa propre consommation d'énergie et à la diminution du gaspillage d'énergie disponible devrait donc être consacrée. Dans la présente enquête, l'approche énergie-ergie d'une entreprise de pâtes et papiers intégrée à une récupération chimique de liqueur noire (LN) et de soude est étudiée en fait pendant un an. Le système de récupération chimique BL qui présente les principaux avantages pour éviter la pollution de l'environnement en brûlant les déchets organiques et en recyclant la soude est également étudié de manière approfondie. Le gaz naturel (GN) et le BL sont utilisés dans la chaudière électrique (PB) et la chaudière de récupération (RB), respectivement. De plus, dans la présente mise en œuvre, les réactions chimiques du GN et du BL sont présentées. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les pourcentages de pertes d'énergie dans le condenseur, le RB, les évaporateurs et le PB sont de 49,16, 19,28, 14,22 et 3,96 %, respectivement. Les valeurs moyennes des pourcentages de destruction d'exergie dans RB et PB tout au long de l'année sont respectivement de 41,63 et 33,5 %. L'efficacité énergétique globale maximale du système est de 32,09 % à une température ambiante de 290 K, tandis que l'efficacité énergétique du système est de 53,7 %. La industria de la celulosa y el papel es una tecnología que consume mucha energía, por lo que se debe dedicar gran atención a reducir su propio consumo de energía y disminuir el desperdicio de energía disponible. En la presente investigación se estudia durante un año el enfoque energía-energía de una empresa de celulosa y papel integrada con una recuperación química de licor negro (BL) y sosa. También se investiga exhaustivamente el sistema de recuperación de BL químico que tiene los beneficios principales para evitar la contaminación ambiental al quemar desechos orgánicos y reciclar la soda. El gas natural (GN) y el BL se utilizan en calderas eléctricas (PB) y calderas de recuperación (RB), respectivamente. Además, en la presente implementación, se presentan las reacciones químicas de NG y BL. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los porcentajes de pérdidas de energía en el condensador, RB, evaporadores y PB son 49.16, 19.28, 14.22 y 3.96%, respectivamente. Los valores medios de los porcentajes de destrucción de exergía en RB y PB alrededor del año son 41,63 y 33,5%, respectivamente. La eficiencia energética global máxima del sistema es del 32,09% a una temperatura ambiente de 290 K, mientras que la eficiencia energética del sistema es del 53,7%. The pulp and paper industry is a power-intensive technology so great attention to reducing its own energy consumption and declining the waste of available energy should be devoted. In the current investigation, the energy-exergy approach of a pulp and paper company integrated with a chemical recovery of black liquor (BL) and soda is studied actually for one year. The chemical BL recovery system that has the primary benefits to avoid environmental pollution by burning organic waste and recycling the soda is also comprehensively investigated. Natural gas (NG) and BL are utilized in power boiler (PB) and recovery boiler (RB), respectively. Moreover, in the present implementation, the chemical reactions of NG and BL are presented. The obtained results show that the percentages of energy losses in the condenser, RB, evaporators, and PB are 49.16, 19.28, 14.22, and 3.96%, respectively. The average values of exergy destruction percentages in RB and PB around the year are 41.63 and 33.5%, respectively. The maximum system overall exergy efficiency is 32.09% at an environment temperature of 290 K, whereas the energy efficiency of the system is 53.7%. صناعة اللب والورق هي تقنية كثيفة الاستخدام للطاقة، لذا يجب تكريس اهتمام كبير لتقليل استهلاكها للطاقة وتقليل هدر الطاقة المتاحة. في التحقيق الحالي، تتم دراسة نهج الطاقة والطاقة لشركة لب الورق والورق المدمجة مع الاسترداد الكيميائي للكحول الأسود (BL) والصودا في الواقع لمدة عام واحد. كما يتم التحقيق بشكل شامل في نظام استرداد BL الكيميائي الذي له فوائد أساسية لتجنب التلوث البيئي عن طريق حرق النفايات العضوية وإعادة تدوير الصودا. يتم استخدام الغاز الطبيعي (NG) و BL في مرجل الطاقة (PB) ومرجل الاسترداد (RB)، على التوالي. علاوة على ذلك، في التنفيذ الحالي، يتم عرض التفاعلات الكيميائية للغاز الطبيعي و BL. تظهر النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها أن النسب المئوية لفقدان الطاقة في المكثف و RB والمبخرات و PB هي 49.16 و 19.28 و 14.22 و 3.96 ٪ على التوالي. يبلغ متوسط قيم نسب تدمير الطاقة الخارجية في الميزانية العادية والميزانية البرنامجية على مدار العام 41.63 و 33.5 ٪ على التوالي. الحد الأقصى لكفاءة الطاقة الكلية للنظام هو 32.09 ٪ عند درجة حرارة بيئة تبلغ 290 كلفن، في حين أن كفاءة الطاقة للنظام هي 53.7 ٪.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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      Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Abdul Ghani Olabi; Tabbi Wilberforce; Abdulrahman Alanazi; Parag Vichare; +4 Authors

    Fuel cells (FCs) have received huge attention for development from lab and pilot scales to full commercial scale. This is mainly due to their inherent advantage of direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy as a high-quality energy supply and, hence, higher conversion efficiency. Additionally, FCs have been produced at a wide range of capacities with high flexibility due to modularity characteristics. Using the right materials and efficient manufacturing processes is directly proportional to the total production cost. This work explored the different components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and their manufacturing processes. The challenges associated with these manufacturing processes were critically analyzed, and possible mitigation strategies were proposed. The PEMFC is a relatively new and developing technology so there is a need for a thorough analysis to comprehend the current state of fuel cell operational characteristics and discover new areas for development. It is hoped that the view discussed in this paper will be a means for improved fuel cell development.

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    Energies
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
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      Energies
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      Energies
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    Authors: Hussein M. Maghrabie; Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem; Abdul Hai Al-Alami; Mohamad Ramadan; +3 Authors

    Advances in building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems for residential and commercial purposes are set to minimize overall energy requirements and associated greenhouse gas emissions. The BIPV design considerations entail energy infrastructure, pertinent renewable energy sources, and energy efficiency provisions. In this work, the performance of roof/façade-based BIPV systems and the affecting parameters on cooling/heating loads of buildings are reviewed. Moreover, this work provides an overview of different categories of BIPV, presenting the recent developments and sufficient references, and supporting more successful implementations of BIPV for various globe zones. A number of available technologies decide the best selections, and make easy configuration of the BIPV, avoiding any difficulties, and allowing flexibility of design in order to adapt to local environmental conditions, and are adequate to important considerations, such as building codes, building structures and loads, architectural components, replacement and maintenance, energy resources, and all associated expenditure. The passive and active effects of both air-based and water-based BIPV systems have great effects on the cooling and heating loads and thermal comfort and, hence, on the electricity consumption.

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    Buildings
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    Authors: Mohamed Khalil; M. Attalla; H.E. Fawaz; Hussein M. Maghrabie;

    A computational study of cooling in-line array of heated obstacles simulating electronic components by jet impingement in cross-flow (JICF) has been investigated using RNG k-ε turbulence model. The jet position has been changed to impinge each obstacle consecutively at different jet-to-channel Reynolds number ratios, Rej/Rec = 1, 2, and 4. The main flow structure, the static pressure, local and average Nusselt numbers as well as the thermal enhancement factor have been investigated. The results show that there is a significant variation between the flow structures around an obstacle when subjected to JICF or CF. The friction factor for JICF is greater than that for cross-flow only (CF) by 88% at the first jet position and Rej/Rec = 4. The irregular distribution of local Nusselt number (Nu) on the impinged obstacle is moderated by increasing the Reynolds number ratios. Increasing Reynolds number ratio increases the average Nusselt number (Nu‾) of the downstream obstacles and decreases it for the upstream obstacles. The increment of Nu‾ for whole array for JICF than CF is about 26% at JP3 and Rej/Rec = 4. Moreover, the highest value of thermal enhancement factor is attained at JP3 and it equals 12% for Rej/Rec = 4.

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    Alexandria Engineering Journal
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    Authors: Abdul Ghani Olabi; Nabila Shehata; Hussein M. Maghrabie; Lobna A. Heikal; +4 Authors

    The use of solar thermal systems (STSs) has recently reached a significant edge. The increasing research on developing an alternative power supply for limiting fossil fuel usage and climate change are the driving forces of STSs. The current work explores the recent progress in STSs’ applications, including PV/T or “photovoltaic/thermal” systems, zero-energy buildings, greenhouse solar thermal applications, solar thermal for pumping water, solar thermal refrigerators, solar chimneys, water desalination, and solar collectors, along with the benefits and challenges of these applications. Then, the potential contribution of STSs in achieving the various SDGs or “Sustainable development goals”, including barriers and research gaps, are elaborated. In brief, STSs significantly contribute to the seventeen SDGs’ achievement directly and indirectly. Recent developments in the engineering applications of STSs are strongly based on the materials of construction, as well as their design, process optimisation, and integration with multidisciplinary sciences and technologies such as modelling, nanoscience/nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence.

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    Energies
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    Authors: Hussein Maghrabie; Abdul Olabi; Ahmed Rezk; Ali Radwan; +2 Authors

    Recently, water desalination (WD) has been required for the supply of drinking water in a number of countries. Various technologies of WD utilize considerable thermal and/or electrical energies for removing undesirable salts. Desalination systems now rely on renewable energy resources (RERs) such as geothermal, solar, tidal, wind power, etc. The intermittent nature and changeable intensity constrain the wide applications of renewable energy, so the combination of energy storage systems (ESSs) with WD in many locations has been introduced. Thermal energy storage (TES) needs a convenient medium for storing and hence reuses energy. The present work provides a good background on the methods and technologies of WD. Furthermore, the concepts of both thermal and electrical energy storage are presented. In addition, a detailed review of employing ESSs in various WD processes driven by RERs is presented. The integration of energy storage with water desalination systems (WDSs) based on renewable energy has a much better capability, economically and environmentally, compared with conventional desalination systems. The ESSs are required to guarantee a constant supply of fresh water over the day.

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    Energies
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      Energies
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    Authors: Abdul Ghani Olabi; Mohammed Al-Murisi; Hussein M. Maghrabie; Bashria A.A. Yousef; +3 Authors

    De nos jours, le monde est confronté à des problèmes critiques, tels que l'augmentation de la population, les coûts de l'électricité et le réchauffement climatique. À cet égard, les scientifiques tentent d'améliorer l'efficacité de la récupération d'énergie. L'amélioration des secteurs de production d'énergie se concentre sur les systèmes de récupération de chaleur résiduelle basés sur des générateurs thermoélectriques (TEG) qui ont démontré la capacité de transférer l'énergie thermique directement en énergie électrique via l'effet Seebeck. Le TEG utilise les sources de chaleur résiduelle disponibles dans différentes applications pour produire de l'énergie, il est donc considéré comme une source d'énergie respectueuse de l'environnement. Dans la présente étude, l'intégration de systèmes thermoélectriques avec d'autres technologies pour la production d'énergie verte est introduite. Ce travail introduit un contexte sur les matériaux communs utilisés dans la fabrication des dispositifs TEG. En outre, l'application du TEG pour collecter la chaleur résiduelle provenant de différentes sources, c'est-à-dire les piles à combustible, les échangeurs de chaleur, le photovoltaïque, le moteur à combustion interne, les véhicules électriques et les systèmes hybrides de récupération de la chaleur résiduelle ont été résumés. Les caractéristiques des générateurs thermoélectriques sont discutées, compte tenu des différents paramètres de fonctionnement et de conception. Enfin, les obstacles et les défis auxquels sont confrontées les applications des générateurs thermoélectriques pour la récupération de la chaleur résiduelle sont également discutés. Hoy en día, el mundo se enfrenta a problemas críticos, como el aumento de la población, los costes de la energía y el calentamiento global. En este sentido, los científicos están tratando de mejorar la eficiencia de la recolección de energía. La mejora de los sectores de generación de energía se centra en los sistemas de recuperación de calor residual basados en generadores termoeléctricos (TEG) que han demostrado la capacidad de transferir energía térmica directamente a energía eléctrica a través del efecto Seebeck. TEG utiliza las fuentes de calor residual disponibles en diferentes aplicaciones para producir energía, por lo que se considera una fuente de energía ecológica. En el presente estudio se introduce la integración de sistemas termoeléctricos con otras tecnologías para la producción de energía verde. Este trabajo presenta un antecedente sobre los materiales comunes utilizados en la fabricación de los dispositivos TEG. Además, se ha resumido la aplicación del TEG para recolectar calor residual de diferentes fuentes, es decir, celdas de combustible, intercambiadores de calor, energía fotovoltaica, motor de combustión interna, vehículos eléctricos y sistemas híbridos de recuperación de calor residual. Se discuten las características de los generadores termoeléctricos, considerando los diferentes parámetros de operación y diseño. Finalmente, también se discuten las barreras y desafíos que enfrentan las aplicaciones de los generadores termoeléctricos para la recuperación de calor residual. Nowadays the World faces critical issues, such as increasing population, power costs, and global warming. In this respect, scientists are trying to improve the efficiency of the energy harvesting. The enhancement of power generation sectors is focused on the waste heat recovery systems based on thermoelectric generators (TEGs) that have demonstrated the capacity to transfer thermal energy directly into electric energy via the Seebeck effect. TEG uses the available waste heat sources in different applications to produce power, thus it considered as an eco-friendly power source. In the present study, the integration of thermoelectric systems with other technologies for green power production is introduced. This work introduces a background about the common materials used in the fabrication of the TEG devices. Furthermore, the application of the TEG to harvest waste heat from different sources, i.e., fuel cells, heat exchangers, photovoltaics, internal combustion engine, electric vehicles, and hybrid waste heat recovery systems have been summarized. The characteristics of thermoelectric generators are discussed, considering the different operating and design parameters. Finally, the barriers and challenges facing the applications of the thermoelectric generators for waste heat recovery are also discussed. يواجه العالم في الوقت الحاضر قضايا حرجة، مثل زيادة عدد السكان وتكاليف الطاقة والاحترار العالمي. في هذا الصدد، يحاول العلماء تحسين كفاءة حصاد الطاقة. ويركز تعزيز قطاعات توليد الطاقة على أنظمة استرداد الحرارة المتبددة القائمة على المولدات الكهربائية الحرارية (TEGs) التي أظهرت القدرة على نقل الطاقة الحرارية مباشرة إلى الطاقة الكهربائية عبر تأثير سيبيك. تستخدم TEG مصادر الحرارة المهدرة المتاحة في تطبيقات مختلفة لإنتاج الطاقة، وبالتالي فهي تعتبر مصدر طاقة صديق للبيئة. في هذه الدراسة، تم إدخال دمج الأنظمة الكهروحرارية مع التقنيات الأخرى لإنتاج الطاقة الخضراء. يقدم هذا العمل خلفية حول المواد الشائعة المستخدمة في تصنيع أجهزة TEG. علاوة على ذلك، تم تلخيص تطبيق TEG لحصاد حرارة النفايات من مصادر مختلفة، أي خلايا الوقود والمبادلات الحرارية والخلايا الكهروضوئية ومحرك الاحتراق الداخلي والمركبات الكهربائية وأنظمة استرداد حرارة النفايات الهجينة. تتم مناقشة خصائص المولدات الكهربائية الحرارية، مع مراعاة معايير التشغيل والتصميم المختلفة. أخيرًا، تتم أيضًا مناقشة الحواجز والتحديات التي تواجه تطبيقات المولدات الكهربائية الحرارية لاسترداد الحرارة المهدرة.

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    International Journal of Thermofluids
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      International Journal of Thermofluids
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Hussein M. Maghrabie; Ahmed S. Mohamed; Amany M. Fahmy; Ahmed A. Abdel Samee;

    Dans la présente étude, le refroidissement d'un panneau photovoltaïque (PV) à l'aide d'un matériau à changement de phase (PCM) de cire de paraffine RT-42 fixé à une surface arrière du panneau est étudié expérimentalement. Deux panneaux photovoltaïques identiques ayant une puissance électrique générée maximale de 40 W sont utilisés pour effectuer les expériences en plein air : un panneau photovoltaïque de référence (PVr) et un autre intégré au PCM (PV-PCM). La mise en œuvre actuelle est réalisée avec différentes épaisseurs de PCM (1, 2 et 3 cm) en faisant varier l'angle d'inclinaison des panneaux photovoltaïques à 15°, 20°, 25° et 30°. La caméra thermique infrarouge est utilisée pour enregistrer la distribution de la température sur la surface avant des panneaux PVr et PV-PCM. Les résultats indiquent que la distribution de température la plus élevée est apparue à la partie supérieure des panneaux photovoltaïques, tandis que la partie inférieure des panneaux photovoltaïques montre la distribution de température la plus basse. Avec un angle d'inclinaison de 15 °, la température sur le côté supérieur du panneau est supérieure à celle du côté inférieur de 17,1 %, 15,7 % et 13,2 % pour une épaisseur PCM de 1, 2 et 3 cm, respectivement. Il y a également une amélioration de la puissance électrique de 15,8 % pour le panneau PV-PCM avec une épaisseur PCM de 3 cm sur le panneau de référence (PVr) à un angle d'inclinaison de 30°. De même, l'élévation de l'angle d'inclinaison de 15° à 30° améliore l'efficacité électrique du PV-PCM avec une épaisseur de 3 cm du PCM de 7,4 %. Enfin, l'utilisation de PCM d'une épaisseur de 3 cm améliore le rendement électrique du panneau PV-PCM de 14,4 % par rapport à celui du PVr à un angle d'inclinaison de 30°. En el presente estudio, se investiga experimentalmente el enfriamiento de un panel fotovoltaico (PV) utilizando un material de cambio de fase (PCM) de cera de parafina RT-42 unido a una superficie posterior del panel. Se emplean dos paneles fotovoltaicos idénticos que tienen una potencia eléctrica generada máxima de 40 W para realizar los experimentos al aire libre: un panel fotovoltaico de referencia (PVr) y otro integrado con PCM (PV-PCM). La implementación actual se realiza con diferentes espesores de PCM (1, 2 y 3 cm) variando el ángulo de inclinación de los paneles fotovoltaicos a 15°, 20°, 25° y 30°. La cámara térmica infrarroja se utiliza para registrar la distribución de temperatura sobre la superficie frontal de los paneles PVr y PV-PCM. Los resultados indican que la distribución de temperatura más alta apareció en la parte superior de los paneles fotovoltaicos, mientras que la parte inferior de los paneles fotovoltaicos muestra la distribución de temperatura más baja. Con un ángulo de inclinación de 15º, la temperatura en el lado superior del panel es más alta que la del lado inferior en un 17,1%, 15,7% y 13,2% para un espesor de PCM de 1, 2 y 3 cm, respectivamente. También hay una mejora en la potencia eléctrica de salida del 15.8% para el panel PV-PCM con un grosor de PCM de 3 cm sobre el panel de referencia (PVr) en un ángulo de inclinación de 30°. En relación con esto, elevar el ángulo de inclinación de 15° a 30° mejora la eficiencia eléctrica de PV-PCM con un espesor de 3 cm del PCM en un 7,4%. Finalmente, el uso de PCM con un espesor de 3 cm mejora la eficiencia eléctrica del panel PV-PCM en un 14,4% en comparación con la del PVr en un ángulo de inclinación de 30°. In the present study, cooling of a photovoltaic (PV) panel using a phase change material (PCM) of paraffin wax RT-42 attached to a panel back surface is experimentally investigated. Two identical PV panels having a maximum electrical generated power of 40 W are employed to perform the outdoor experiments: a reference PV panel (PVr) and another integrated with PCM (PV-PCM). The current implementation is conducted with different thicknesses of PCM (1, 2, and 3 cm) varying the tilt angle of PV panels at 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30°. The infrared thermal camera is used to record the temperature distribution over the front surface of the PVr and PV-PCM panels. Results indicate that the highest temperature distribution appeared at the upper portion of the PV panels, whereas the lower part of the PV panels shows the lowest temperature distribution. At a tilt angle of 15ᴼ, the temperature at the panel's top side is higher than that of the bottom side by 17.1%, 15.7%, and 13.2% for PCM thickness of 1, 2, and, 3 cm, respectively. There is also enhancement in the electrical power output of 15.8% for the PV-PCM panel with a 3 cm PCM thickness over the reference panel (PVr) at a tilt angle of 30°. Relatedly, elevating the tilt angle from 15° to 30° improves the electrical efficiency of PV-PCM with a 3 cm thickness of the PCM by 7.4%. Finally, using PCM with a thickness of 3 cm enhances the electrical efficiency of the PV-PCM panel by 14.4% compared to that for the PVr at a tilt angle of 30°. في الدراسة الحالية، يتم فحص تبريد لوحة كهروضوئية (PV) باستخدام مادة تغيير الطور (PCM) من شمع البارافين RT -42 المرتبط بسطح خلفي للوحة تجريبيًا. يتم استخدام لوحتين كهروضوئيتين متطابقتين لهما طاقة كهربائية متولدة بحد أقصى 40 واط لإجراء التجارب الخارجية: لوحة كهروضوئية مرجعية (PVr) وأخرى مدمجة مع PCM (PV - PCM). يتم التنفيذ الحالي بسماكات مختلفة من PCM (1 و 2 و 3 سم) متفاوتة زاوية إمالة الألواح الكهروضوئية عند 15درجة و 20درجة و 25درجة و 30درجة. يتم استخدام الكاميرا الحرارية بالأشعة تحت الحمراء لتسجيل توزيع درجة الحرارة على السطح الأمامي للوحات PVR و PV - PCM. تشير النتائج إلى أن أعلى توزيع لدرجة الحرارة ظهر في الجزء العلوي من الألواح الكهروضوئية، في حين أن الجزء السفلي من الألواح الكهروضوئية يظهر أقل توزيع لدرجة الحرارة. عند زاوية إمالة 15 درجة مئوية، تكون درجة الحرارة في الجانب العلوي من اللوحة أعلى من درجة الحرارة في الجانب السفلي بنسبة 17.1 ٪ و 15.7 ٪ و 13.2 ٪ لسماكة PCM البالغة 1 و 2 و 3 سم على التوالي. هناك أيضًا تحسين في خرج الطاقة الكهربائية بنسبة 15.8 ٪ للوحة PV - PCM بسماكة 3 سم PCM فوق اللوحة المرجعية (PVr) بزاوية ميل 30درجة. وبالمثل، فإن رفع زاوية الميل من 15درجة إلى 30درجة يحسن الكفاءة الكهربائية لـ PV - PCM بسماكة 3 سم من PCM بنسبة 7.4 ٪. أخيرًا، يؤدي استخدام PCM بسماكة 3 سم إلى تعزيز الكفاءة الكهربائية للوحة PV - PCM بنسبة 14.4 ٪ مقارنةً بـ PVR بزاوية إمالة 30درجة.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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      Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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    Authors: Tabbi Wilberforce; Oluwatosin Ijaodola; Ogungbemi Emmanuel; James Thompson; +5 Authors

    A low cost bipolar plate materials with a high fuel cell performance is important for the establishment of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM ) fuel cells into the competitive world market. In this research, the effect of different bipolar plates material such as Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), and Stainless Steel (SS) of a single stack of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells was investigated both numerically and experimentally. Firstly, a three dimensional (3D) PEM fuel cell model was developed, and simulations were conducted using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ANSYS FLUENT to examine the effect of each bipolar plate materials on cell performance. Along with cell performance, significant parameters distributions like temperature, pressure, a mass fraction of hydrogen, oxygen, and water is presented. Then, an experimental study of a single cell of Al, Cu, and SS bipolar plate material was used in the verification of the numerical investigation. Finally, polarization curves of numerical and experimental results was compared for validation, and the result shows that Al serpentine bipolar plate material performed better than Cu and SS materials. The outcome of the investigation was in tandem to the fact that due to adsorption on metal surfaces, hydrogen molecules is more stable on Al surface than Cu and SS surfaces.

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    Membranes
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    Authors: Khaled Elsaid; Abdul Ghani Olabi; Abdul Ghani Olabi; Abdul Ghani Olabi; +8 Authors

    Heat transfer operations are very common in the process industry to transfer a huge amount of thermal energy, i.e., heat, from one fluid to another for different purposes. Many fluids are used as heat transfer fluid (HTF), in which water is the most common HTF due to its high specific heat, availability, and affordability. However, conventional HTFs, including water, have a lower thermal conductivity, which is the most critical thermophysical property, hence decreased heat transfer efficiency. The addition of solid particles of highly thermally conductive material, specifically at nano-size, i.e., nanoparticles NPs, result in nanofluid NF, which has evolved over the last two decades as efficient HTF and have been investigated in a wide range of applications. Among NPs, graphene (Gr) based materials have shown very high potential as NF due to the very high thermal conductivity up to 5,000 W/m.K, hence higher thermal conductivity NF. This work aims to thoroughly discuss the thermophysical properties of Gr-based NFs, including thermal conductivity, heat capacity, density, and viscosity. The discussion focus on the thermophysical properties as it is the ultimate determinator of the heat transfer characteristics of the HTF, such as the convective and the overall heat transfer coefficient as well as the heat transfer capacity of the NF. The discussion expands to the relative enhancement in such thermophysical properties reaching up to a 40% increase in thermal conductivity, as the most critical thermophysical property. The discussion shows that Gr-based NF has a much higher thermal conductivity relative to widely studied metal oxide NF and at much lower content, and lower density and viscosity increase, which is critical for determining the pumping power requirements. Critical challenges facing the application of Gr-based NFs such as cost, stability, increased density and viscosity, and environmental impacts are thoroughly discussed with mitigation recommendations given.

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    International Journal of Thermofluids
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      International Journal of Thermofluids
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    Authors: Ramadan Hefny Ali; Ahmed A. Abdel Samee; M. Attalla; Hussein M. Maghrabie;

    L'industrie des pâtes et papiers est une technologie à forte intensité d'énergie. Une grande attention à la réduction de sa propre consommation d'énergie et à la diminution du gaspillage d'énergie disponible devrait donc être consacrée. Dans la présente enquête, l'approche énergie-ergie d'une entreprise de pâtes et papiers intégrée à une récupération chimique de liqueur noire (LN) et de soude est étudiée en fait pendant un an. Le système de récupération chimique BL qui présente les principaux avantages pour éviter la pollution de l'environnement en brûlant les déchets organiques et en recyclant la soude est également étudié de manière approfondie. Le gaz naturel (GN) et le BL sont utilisés dans la chaudière électrique (PB) et la chaudière de récupération (RB), respectivement. De plus, dans la présente mise en œuvre, les réactions chimiques du GN et du BL sont présentées. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les pourcentages de pertes d'énergie dans le condenseur, le RB, les évaporateurs et le PB sont de 49,16, 19,28, 14,22 et 3,96 %, respectivement. Les valeurs moyennes des pourcentages de destruction d'exergie dans RB et PB tout au long de l'année sont respectivement de 41,63 et 33,5 %. L'efficacité énergétique globale maximale du système est de 32,09 % à une température ambiante de 290 K, tandis que l'efficacité énergétique du système est de 53,7 %. La industria de la celulosa y el papel es una tecnología que consume mucha energía, por lo que se debe dedicar gran atención a reducir su propio consumo de energía y disminuir el desperdicio de energía disponible. En la presente investigación se estudia durante un año el enfoque energía-energía de una empresa de celulosa y papel integrada con una recuperación química de licor negro (BL) y sosa. También se investiga exhaustivamente el sistema de recuperación de BL químico que tiene los beneficios principales para evitar la contaminación ambiental al quemar desechos orgánicos y reciclar la soda. El gas natural (GN) y el BL se utilizan en calderas eléctricas (PB) y calderas de recuperación (RB), respectivamente. Además, en la presente implementación, se presentan las reacciones químicas de NG y BL. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los porcentajes de pérdidas de energía en el condensador, RB, evaporadores y PB son 49.16, 19.28, 14.22 y 3.96%, respectivamente. Los valores medios de los porcentajes de destrucción de exergía en RB y PB alrededor del año son 41,63 y 33,5%, respectivamente. La eficiencia energética global máxima del sistema es del 32,09% a una temperatura ambiente de 290 K, mientras que la eficiencia energética del sistema es del 53,7%. The pulp and paper industry is a power-intensive technology so great attention to reducing its own energy consumption and declining the waste of available energy should be devoted. In the current investigation, the energy-exergy approach of a pulp and paper company integrated with a chemical recovery of black liquor (BL) and soda is studied actually for one year. The chemical BL recovery system that has the primary benefits to avoid environmental pollution by burning organic waste and recycling the soda is also comprehensively investigated. Natural gas (NG) and BL are utilized in power boiler (PB) and recovery boiler (RB), respectively. Moreover, in the present implementation, the chemical reactions of NG and BL are presented. The obtained results show that the percentages of energy losses in the condenser, RB, evaporators, and PB are 49.16, 19.28, 14.22, and 3.96%, respectively. The average values of exergy destruction percentages in RB and PB around the year are 41.63 and 33.5%, respectively. The maximum system overall exergy efficiency is 32.09% at an environment temperature of 290 K, whereas the energy efficiency of the system is 53.7%. صناعة اللب والورق هي تقنية كثيفة الاستخدام للطاقة، لذا يجب تكريس اهتمام كبير لتقليل استهلاكها للطاقة وتقليل هدر الطاقة المتاحة. في التحقيق الحالي، تتم دراسة نهج الطاقة والطاقة لشركة لب الورق والورق المدمجة مع الاسترداد الكيميائي للكحول الأسود (BL) والصودا في الواقع لمدة عام واحد. كما يتم التحقيق بشكل شامل في نظام استرداد BL الكيميائي الذي له فوائد أساسية لتجنب التلوث البيئي عن طريق حرق النفايات العضوية وإعادة تدوير الصودا. يتم استخدام الغاز الطبيعي (NG) و BL في مرجل الطاقة (PB) ومرجل الاسترداد (RB)، على التوالي. علاوة على ذلك، في التنفيذ الحالي، يتم عرض التفاعلات الكيميائية للغاز الطبيعي و BL. تظهر النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها أن النسب المئوية لفقدان الطاقة في المكثف و RB والمبخرات و PB هي 49.16 و 19.28 و 14.22 و 3.96 ٪ على التوالي. يبلغ متوسط قيم نسب تدمير الطاقة الخارجية في الميزانية العادية والميزانية البرنامجية على مدار العام 41.63 و 33.5 ٪ على التوالي. الحد الأقصى لكفاءة الطاقة الكلية للنظام هو 32.09 ٪ عند درجة حرارة بيئة تبلغ 290 كلفن، في حين أن كفاءة الطاقة للنظام هي 53.7 ٪.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Case Studies in Ther...arrow_drop_down
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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Case Studies in Ther...arrow_drop_down
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      Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/tz...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/sj...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
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      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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