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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zimmermann, Florian; Densing, Martin; Keles, Dogan; Dehler, Joris; +2 Authors

    In dieser Studie werden die Effekte der Marktdesignänderungen der Nachbarländer auf den Schweizer Strommarkt und insbesondere auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Schweizer Wasserkraft untersucht. Hierfür wird in einem ersten Schritt ein ökonometrisches Modell basierend auf einer multiplen linearen Re-gression erstellt, um die Treiber der Schweizer Strompreise am Elektrizitätsgroßhandelsmarkt zu be-stimmen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die französische Last und der Schweizer Großhan-delsstrompreis in Spitzenlastzeiten aufgrund der Strommarktkopplung stark zusammenwirken. Dar-über hinaus werden starke Korrelationen zwischen den Großhandelsstrompreisen in Deutschland, Frankreich und der Schweiz im Frühjahr und Sommer beobachtet. Außerdem haben die deutsche Windkraft- und die Photovoltaik-Stromerzeugung im Frühjahr und im Sommer einen negativen Einfluss auf die Schweizer Großhandelsstrompreise, der jedoch im Laufe des Herbsts und Winters abnimmt. Im Winter folgen die Schweizer Großhandelsstrompreise vor allem den italienischen und den französi-schen Großhandelspreisen. Ferner werden mit einem agentenbasierten Simulationsmodel (PowerACE) energiewirtschaftliche Sze-narien bezüglich der Entwicklung des Strommarktes untersucht. Im ersten Szenario werden alle Markt-designs (implementierte Kapazitätsmechanismen) so gewählt, wie sie zum Zeitpunkt der Erstellung der Studie den politischen Gegebenheiten entsprachen. Als zweites Szenario wird in allen umliegenden Ländern der Schweiz (Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien sowie Österreich) ein sogenannter Energy-only-Markt angenommen. In beiden Szenarien werden insbesondere die Entwicklung der Großhandelss-trompreise und der Kraftwerkskapazität untersucht. Auch die Ergebnisse des agentenbasierten Mo-dells verdeutlichen, dass eine starke Abhängigkeit der Großhandelsstrompreise von den Entwicklun-gen in den Nachbarländern, unabhängig vom gewählten Szenario, besteht oder sogar durch den Aus-bau der Handelskapazitäten noch zunimmt. Hinsichtlich der Kraftwerkskapazitäten ergeben sich nur geringe Unterschiede in den untersuchten Szenarien. So werden im Szenario mit Kapazitätsmechanis-men in den Nachbarländern weniger flexible Kraftwerke in der Schweiz zugebaut. Dies ist durch die höhere Kapazität in den Nachbarländern und die Möglichkeit des Imports von Elektrizität zu erklären. Die zugebaute flexible Kraftwerkskapazität ermöglicht zusammen mit dem Einsatz der Wasserkraftka-pazitäten in der Schweiz ein hohes Niveau an Erzeugungssicherheit. Unabhängig vom Szenario werden steigende Preise am Großhandelsmarkt erwartet, bedingt durch die Annahme steigender CO2-Zertifikats- und Brennstoffpreise bei mindestens gleichbleibender oder steigender Nachfrage. Darüber hinaus werden die Großhandelsmarktpreise der Szenarien, die mithilfe des agentenbasierten Modells simuliert wurden, für die Untersuchung der Fördermaßnahmen für erneuerbaren Energien her-angezogen (insbesondere die fixe Einspeisevergütung und Direktvermarktung kombiniert mit dem Marktprämienmodell). Durch die steigenden Großhandelsstrompreise ist mittelfristig ein Rückgang des Fördervolumens zu beobachten, da sich ein immer größerer Anteil der Investitionsausgaben durch Erlöse am Strommarkt erwirtschaften lassen. Allerdings ist durch den ab 2030 angenommenen über-proportionalen Zubau von Photovoltaikanlagen wieder mit einem Anstieg des Gesamtfördervolumens zu rechnen (ohne Unterstellung einer Degression der Einspeisevergütung). Deshalb sollte den sinken-den spezifischen Investitionen auch mit einem Rückgang der Einspeisevergütungen begegnet werden, um auch im Gesamtsystem entsprechend von den günstigen Preisentwicklungen der erneuerbaren Energien profitieren zu können. Die simulierten Großhandelspreise in den beiden Szenarien sind auch die Basis für die Untersuchung der operativen Erlöse der Schweizer Wasserkraft (Speicher- und Pumpspeicher) mit einem optimalen stochastischen Steuerungsmodell. Die Resultate zeigen, dass durch die erwarteten Strompreise am Großhandelsmarkt mit höheren Erlösen der Speicher- und Pumpspeicherkraft zu rechnen ist. Für sai-sonale Speicherkraftwerke, die einen wesentlichen, natürlichen Wasserzufluss haben, kann bereits im Jahr 2030 in beiden Szenarien mit einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Markterlöse gerechnet werden, da hierfür das mittlere Preisniveau ausschlaggebend ist, welches in beiden Szenarien stark ansteigt. Für reine Pump-Speicherkraftwerke mit kurzen Füllzyklen ist der Anstieg der Markterlöse mittelfristig bis 2030 kleiner, da dieser Kraftwerkstyp auf signifikante Preisschwankungen angewiesen ist, die sich im Jahr 2030 zwar schon leicht vergrößern, aber dennoch schwächer ansteigen als das mittlere Preisni-veau. Langfristig können bis 2050 dann die Pumpspeicher in beiden Szenarien umso mehr vom star-ken Anstieg der Preisvariabilität profitieren. Vor allem im Energy-only-Markt Szenario kommt es zu großen Preisausschlägen, was zu optimalen, hochfrequenten Pump-Turbinierungs-Umschalt-Zyklen führt, die sich jedoch negativ auf die technische Machbarkeit der Ausnutzung dieser Preisausschläge auswirken könnten. Bis zum Jahr 2050 steigt nochmals das allgemeine Preisniveau relativ zu 2030 stark an, sodass auch Speicherkraftwerke ohne (oder mit relativ geringer) Pumpkapazität die Erlöse nochmals steigern können. Die Untersuchung von sekundärer Regeldienstleistung in den Szenarien für 2030 und 2050 bezieht sich vor allem auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Großhandelsstrompreisen und Regeldienstleistungsprei-sen. Es stellt sich heraus, dass eine Untergrenze für den minimal zu erwartenden sekundären Regel-dienstleistungspreis durch die Schwankungen des Großhandelsstrompreises bestimmt ist, sodass auch sekundäre Regeldienstleistungspreise in der Zukunft proportional dazu ansteigen sollten. Die Analysen führen zu dem Schluss, dass aufgrund der Preisabhängigkeiten die Schweizer Behörden die Entwicklung der Großhandelspreise für Strom, der Kapazität und der Erzeugungssicherheit in den Nachbarländern beobachten sollten, um bei wesentlichen Änderungen angemessen reagieren zu kön-nen, insbesondere wenn das Niveau der Erzeugungssicherheit in Gefahr ist. Die Ergebnisse verdeutli-chen aber auch, dass die aktuellen Marktdesignänderungen keinen negativen Einfluss auf die Erzeu-gungssicherheit in der Schweiz haben und dass daher die Einführung eines Kapazitätsmechanismus in der Schweiz nicht zwangsläufig benötigt wird. Hinsichtlich des starken Anstiegs der Markterlöse für Speicherwasserkraft in beiden Szenarien bereits im Jahr 2030 könnte der Schweizer Wasserkraft unter den Annahmen und unter dem gegebenen Regulierungsrahmen wieder mittelfristig die Rolle einer ertragreichen Einnahmequelle zugewiesen werden.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ KITopen (Karlsruhe I...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Zimmermann, Florian; Misconel, Steffi; Leisen, Robin; Mikurda, Jennifer; +4 Authors

    Abstract The transparency and open availability of energy system models and their input data are of particular importance due to their increasing complexity and policy relevance. In recent years, a large number of model-based scenario analyses have been carried out. These analyses are based on diverse model approaches and lead to a rather broad range of results, which due to different data structures and mathematical approaches are hardly directly comparable. In this paper, detailed and harmonized scenario input parameters are the basis of a systematic model experiment including four electricity system models. In the following, the different model approaches are classified and their respective results are discussed transparently. Consequently, differences in results can be interlinked directly with model properties. The results are compared focusing on a selection of output parameters, such as investment and dispatch decisions in flexible power plants, storage dispatch, wholesale electricity prices, CO2 emissions and generation adequacy in hours with critical supply situations in Germany until 2030. Differences in the results are traced back to conceptual differences as the models can be distinguished not only with regard to their mathematical approaches, but also to their level of detail. Results indicate that next to the differences of the mathematical approaches (i.e., linear optimization vs. agent-based simulation), the myopic foresight perspective (e.g., rolling planning algorithm with 24- and 36-hours loops vs. perfect foresight in a closed loop for one year) are decisive for the range of obtained results.

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    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
    Article
    License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ KITopen (Karlsruhe I...arrow_drop_down
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      Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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    Authors: Dehler, Joris; Zimmermann, Florian; Keles, Dogan; Fichtner, Wolf;

    In diesem Beitrag werden die Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem schweizerischen Strommarkt und denen der Nachbarländer mit Hilfe von Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen untersucht. Der Fokus wird dabei auf den Einfluss von fundamentalen Faktoren, die aus den Nachbarländern resultieren, auf den schweizerischen Strompreis gelegt. Die Analysen zeigen, dass der schweizerische Strompreis im Sommer stärker mit dem deutschen Strompreis korreliert und die Auswirkungen der deutschen erneuerbaren Energien im Sommer eher signifikant sind. Die Studie zeigt jedoch auch, dass der Einfluss der Gaspreise und der Stromlast einen deutlich stärkeren Einfluss auf die Preise haben. Insbesondere eine hohe Last in der Schweiz und in den Nachbarländer Frankreich und Italien treiben die schweizerischen Preise im Winter in die Höhe, während in den letzten vier Jahren die Strompreise im Durchschnitt aufgrund der gefallenen Brennstoff- und CO2-Preise stark gefallen sind.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ KITopen (Karlsruhe I...arrow_drop_down
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Conference object . 2016
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ KITopen (Karlsruhe I...arrow_drop_down
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Conference object . 2016
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    Authors: Zimmermann, Florian; Bublitz, Andreas; Keles, Dogan; Fichtner, Wolf;

    In this article, cross-border effects of different market design options are analyzed using Switzerland, which is strongly interconnected to larger neighboring markets, as a case study. An investigation is conducted with an agent-based model where in one scenario, all market designs are represented according to the current legislation, and in another, energy-only markets (EOM) are assumed in all considered countries. The results show that wholesale electricity prices are highly dependent on the chosen market design and in the annual average are up to 27% higher in the EOM scenario. Due to expected larger interconnector capacities, this increase is evident in all simulated markets. Furthermore, the results indicate that the planned market design changes in the neighboring countries decrease investments in Switzerland. However, generation adequacy is still guaranteed due to the high Swiss hydropower storage capacity. Our results suggest that, under the current circumstances, a domestic mechanism in Switzerland is not required.

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    The Energy Journal
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    EconStor
    Research . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ KITopen (Karlsruhe I...arrow_drop_down
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      The Energy Journal
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      EconStor
      Research . 2019
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: S. Misconel; F. Zimmermann; J. Mikurda; D. Möst; +6 Authors

    The energy transition fosters a dynamic landscape marked by renewable energy, electrification, and complex interactions among actors and technologies. Employing model experiments and comparisons shows promise for exploring these connections and enhancing model clarity and precision. This study adopts a multi-model approach, integrating a model comparison to probe how the electrification of demand-side sectors and strategic load shifts of battery electric vehicles and heat pumps might impact Germany's generation adequacy by 2030. Specific demand models from the transport and heating sectors and a future load structure projection model are interlinked with three electricity system models. The comparative analysis of the three electricity system models unveils discrepancies in dispatch decisions for power plants, flexibility options' load shifts, and their effects on generation adequacy, directly tied to model attributes. The comparison underscores methodological variations (linear optimization versus agent-based simulation, myopic foresight versus perfect foresight) as pivotal, emphasizing the significance of considering load change and start-up costs for power plants. The results show that with optimized load shifting by electric vehicles and heat pumps, the adequacy of power generation is less strained despite increased electricity demand. Moreover, load shifts mitigate curtailment of renewables and consumers, reducing carbon emissions by lowering conventional power generation.

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    Energy
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2024
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    https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Article . 2024
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    Authors: Will, Christian; Zimmermann, Florian; Ensslen, Axel; Fraunholz, Christoph; +2 Authors

    Growing numbers of plug-in electric vehicles in Europe will have an increasing impact on the electricity system. Using the agent-based simulation model PowerACE for ten electricity markets in Central Europe, we analyze how different charging strategies impact price levels and production- as well as consumption-based carbon emissions in France and Germany. The applied smart charging strategies consider spot market prices and/or real-time production from renewable energy sources. While total European carbon emissions do not change significantly in response to the charging strategy due to the comparatively small energy consumption of the electric vehicle fleet, our results show that all smart charging strategies reduce price levels on the spot market and lower total curtailment of renewables. Here, charging processes optimized according to hourly prices have the strongest effect. Furthermore, smart charging strategies reduce electricity purchasing costs for aggregators by about 10% compared to uncontrolled charging. In addition, the strategies allow aggregators to communicate near-zero allocated emissions for charging vehicles. An aggregator’s charging strategy expanding classic electricity cost minimization by limiting total national PEV demand to 10% of available electricity production from renewable energy sources leads to the most favorable results in both metrics, purchasing costs and allocated emissions. Finally, aggregators and plug-in electric vehicle owners would benefit from the availability of national, real-time Guarantees of Origin and the respective scarcity signals for renewable production.

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    Applied Energy
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2024
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2023
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      Applied Energy
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Article . 2024
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      Research . 2023
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    Authors: Weiskopf, Thorsten; Kraft, Emil; Zimmermann, Florian;

    Agentenbasierte Strommarktmodelle werden vielfach eingesetzt, um die Entwicklung des Strommarkts und Energiesystems explorativ zu untersuchen. Häufig werden hierbei auf Basis von Eingangszeitreihen die Investitions- und Dispatch-Entscheidungen von konventionellen Kraftwerken, wie Gas- oder Kohlekraftwerke, und Speichertechnologien nachgebildet . Modelle wie PowerACE und AMIRIS nutzen Brennstoffpreisreihe, Last, Erneuerbaren-Energien (EE)-Erzeugung und Investitionsoptionen sowie den bestehenden Kraftwerkspark als Eingangsdaten. Die zu Grunde gelegte Last und EE-Erzeugung sind hierbei stark vom jeweiligen Wetterjahr, auf denen sie basieren, abhängig. Zum einen ist das Wind- und Strahlungsdargebot als auch der Wärme- und Kältebedarf, welche einen starken Einfluss auf den Strombedarf haben, jedes Jahr unterschiedlich, gleichzeitig führen technologische Entwicklungen dazu, dass eine reine Skalierung historischer Erzeugung zukünftige EE-Erzeugung systematisch unterschätzt. Es soll untersucht werden, ob die Verwendung von nur einem Wetterjahr dazu führt, dass, insbesondere bei Betrachtungszeiträumen von mehreren Jahrzehnten, es beim Vergleich zwischen verschiedenen Wetterjahren zu erheblichen Unterschieden in den Simulationsergebnissen , sowohl bei den Investitionen als auch bei den Marktpreisen, kommt. Ziel ist es die Unsicherheiten in Bezug auf EE-Erzeugung und Stromnachfrage im Agentenverhalten abzubilden. In Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll diese Unsicherheit in den Ergebnissen agentenbasierter Modelle, am Beispiel PowerACE, quantifiziert werden und dargelegt werden, ob die Verwendung von mehreren Wetterjahren oder die Nutzung synthetische Wetterjahren, also eine Kombination verschiedener Wetterjahre auf Erzeugungs- und Nachfrageseite, hier einen Vorteil bieten .

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    Authors: Bublitz, Andreas; Keles, Dogan; Zimmermann, Florian; Fraunholz, Christoph; +1 Authors

    In recent years, electricity markets have been characterized by a growing share of fluctuating renewable energies, which has increased concerns about the security of electricity supply. As a consequence, existing market designs are adapted, and new capacity remuneration mechanisms are introduced. However, these mechanisms entail new challenges, and it is disputed whether they are indeed needed. In this article, an overview of the current debate on the necessity of capacity remuneration mechanisms is provided. Furthermore, initial experiences of real-world implementations are discussed, and common findings in the literature, categorized by their economic implications, are derived. Finally, shortcomings in existing research and open questions that need to be addressed in future works are pointed out.

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    Energy Economics
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Energy Economics
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    Article . 2019
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    Research . 2018
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    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.en...
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    Energy Economics
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Economics
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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      Energy Economics
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      EconStor
      Research . 2018
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.en...
      Article
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Sygma
      Energy Economics
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Weiskopf, Thorsten; Zimmermann, Florian; Kraft, Emil;

    Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, European countries took significant steps to reduce their reliance on energy imports from Russia, particularly in the gas and coal sectors. At the same time, to import less primary energy in the future, some countries have adopted new renewable energy targets. The question is to what extent the increase in gas and coal prices can contribute to refinancing renewable energy on the electricity wholesale market. To investigate this, an agent-based approach is used to examine the market values of renewable energies in several European countries until 2040. It is shown that increased expansion targets have a more substantial negative impact on the market values of renewable energies than increased gas and coal prices have a positive effect. In addition, it is observed that the introduction of capacity markets does not significantly influence market values and wholesale electricity prices in the medium term. However, by 2040, lower electrici

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Other literature type . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Other literature type . 2023
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    Authors: Bublitz, Andreas; Fraunholz, Christoph; Zimmermann, Florian; Keles, Dogan;

    The introduction of capacity remuneration mechanisms is being intensively discussed among European decision makers, as concerns about generation adequacy in the electricity sector are growing among stakeholders. Different mechanisms have already been implemented or will be introduced in the near future in several European countries. This policy brief focuses on selected experiences in Belgium, France, Spain, Sweden and the UK. The implementation of capacity remuneration mechanisms yielded mixed experiences so far, thus making them subject to repeated adjustments. Although the mechanisms seem to have achieved their goal of purchasing the targeted capacity volumes in different auctions, their efficiency has not yet been sufficiently assessed. While on the one hand some mechanisms are removed again (eg. capacity payments in Spain or the strategic reserve in Sweden), on the other hand new mechanisms are introduced (e.g. decentral obligation in France). The introduction of capacity remuneration mechanisms, however, should go alongside a Europe-wide coordination to avoid market distortions, as the introduction of a mechanism can interfere with the ongoing process of an integrated European electricity market and hinder cross-border electricity trading. At least the participation of interconnectors or capacities from non-domestic areas should be admitted within national mechanisms.

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12 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zimmermann, Florian; Densing, Martin; Keles, Dogan; Dehler, Joris; +2 Authors

    In dieser Studie werden die Effekte der Marktdesignänderungen der Nachbarländer auf den Schweizer Strommarkt und insbesondere auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Schweizer Wasserkraft untersucht. Hierfür wird in einem ersten Schritt ein ökonometrisches Modell basierend auf einer multiplen linearen Re-gression erstellt, um die Treiber der Schweizer Strompreise am Elektrizitätsgroßhandelsmarkt zu be-stimmen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die französische Last und der Schweizer Großhan-delsstrompreis in Spitzenlastzeiten aufgrund der Strommarktkopplung stark zusammenwirken. Dar-über hinaus werden starke Korrelationen zwischen den Großhandelsstrompreisen in Deutschland, Frankreich und der Schweiz im Frühjahr und Sommer beobachtet. Außerdem haben die deutsche Windkraft- und die Photovoltaik-Stromerzeugung im Frühjahr und im Sommer einen negativen Einfluss auf die Schweizer Großhandelsstrompreise, der jedoch im Laufe des Herbsts und Winters abnimmt. Im Winter folgen die Schweizer Großhandelsstrompreise vor allem den italienischen und den französi-schen Großhandelspreisen. Ferner werden mit einem agentenbasierten Simulationsmodel (PowerACE) energiewirtschaftliche Sze-narien bezüglich der Entwicklung des Strommarktes untersucht. Im ersten Szenario werden alle Markt-designs (implementierte Kapazitätsmechanismen) so gewählt, wie sie zum Zeitpunkt der Erstellung der Studie den politischen Gegebenheiten entsprachen. Als zweites Szenario wird in allen umliegenden Ländern der Schweiz (Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien sowie Österreich) ein sogenannter Energy-only-Markt angenommen. In beiden Szenarien werden insbesondere die Entwicklung der Großhandelss-trompreise und der Kraftwerkskapazität untersucht. Auch die Ergebnisse des agentenbasierten Mo-dells verdeutlichen, dass eine starke Abhängigkeit der Großhandelsstrompreise von den Entwicklun-gen in den Nachbarländern, unabhängig vom gewählten Szenario, besteht oder sogar durch den Aus-bau der Handelskapazitäten noch zunimmt. Hinsichtlich der Kraftwerkskapazitäten ergeben sich nur geringe Unterschiede in den untersuchten Szenarien. So werden im Szenario mit Kapazitätsmechanis-men in den Nachbarländern weniger flexible Kraftwerke in der Schweiz zugebaut. Dies ist durch die höhere Kapazität in den Nachbarländern und die Möglichkeit des Imports von Elektrizität zu erklären. Die zugebaute flexible Kraftwerkskapazität ermöglicht zusammen mit dem Einsatz der Wasserkraftka-pazitäten in der Schweiz ein hohes Niveau an Erzeugungssicherheit. Unabhängig vom Szenario werden steigende Preise am Großhandelsmarkt erwartet, bedingt durch die Annahme steigender CO2-Zertifikats- und Brennstoffpreise bei mindestens gleichbleibender oder steigender Nachfrage. Darüber hinaus werden die Großhandelsmarktpreise der Szenarien, die mithilfe des agentenbasierten Modells simuliert wurden, für die Untersuchung der Fördermaßnahmen für erneuerbaren Energien her-angezogen (insbesondere die fixe Einspeisevergütung und Direktvermarktung kombiniert mit dem Marktprämienmodell). Durch die steigenden Großhandelsstrompreise ist mittelfristig ein Rückgang des Fördervolumens zu beobachten, da sich ein immer größerer Anteil der Investitionsausgaben durch Erlöse am Strommarkt erwirtschaften lassen. Allerdings ist durch den ab 2030 angenommenen über-proportionalen Zubau von Photovoltaikanlagen wieder mit einem Anstieg des Gesamtfördervolumens zu rechnen (ohne Unterstellung einer Degression der Einspeisevergütung). Deshalb sollte den sinken-den spezifischen Investitionen auch mit einem Rückgang der Einspeisevergütungen begegnet werden, um auch im Gesamtsystem entsprechend von den günstigen Preisentwicklungen der erneuerbaren Energien profitieren zu können. Die simulierten Großhandelspreise in den beiden Szenarien sind auch die Basis für die Untersuchung der operativen Erlöse der Schweizer Wasserkraft (Speicher- und Pumpspeicher) mit einem optimalen stochastischen Steuerungsmodell. Die Resultate zeigen, dass durch die erwarteten Strompreise am Großhandelsmarkt mit höheren Erlösen der Speicher- und Pumpspeicherkraft zu rechnen ist. Für sai-sonale Speicherkraftwerke, die einen wesentlichen, natürlichen Wasserzufluss haben, kann bereits im Jahr 2030 in beiden Szenarien mit einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Markterlöse gerechnet werden, da hierfür das mittlere Preisniveau ausschlaggebend ist, welches in beiden Szenarien stark ansteigt. Für reine Pump-Speicherkraftwerke mit kurzen Füllzyklen ist der Anstieg der Markterlöse mittelfristig bis 2030 kleiner, da dieser Kraftwerkstyp auf signifikante Preisschwankungen angewiesen ist, die sich im Jahr 2030 zwar schon leicht vergrößern, aber dennoch schwächer ansteigen als das mittlere Preisni-veau. Langfristig können bis 2050 dann die Pumpspeicher in beiden Szenarien umso mehr vom star-ken Anstieg der Preisvariabilität profitieren. Vor allem im Energy-only-Markt Szenario kommt es zu großen Preisausschlägen, was zu optimalen, hochfrequenten Pump-Turbinierungs-Umschalt-Zyklen führt, die sich jedoch negativ auf die technische Machbarkeit der Ausnutzung dieser Preisausschläge auswirken könnten. Bis zum Jahr 2050 steigt nochmals das allgemeine Preisniveau relativ zu 2030 stark an, sodass auch Speicherkraftwerke ohne (oder mit relativ geringer) Pumpkapazität die Erlöse nochmals steigern können. Die Untersuchung von sekundärer Regeldienstleistung in den Szenarien für 2030 und 2050 bezieht sich vor allem auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Großhandelsstrompreisen und Regeldienstleistungsprei-sen. Es stellt sich heraus, dass eine Untergrenze für den minimal zu erwartenden sekundären Regel-dienstleistungspreis durch die Schwankungen des Großhandelsstrompreises bestimmt ist, sodass auch sekundäre Regeldienstleistungspreise in der Zukunft proportional dazu ansteigen sollten. Die Analysen führen zu dem Schluss, dass aufgrund der Preisabhängigkeiten die Schweizer Behörden die Entwicklung der Großhandelspreise für Strom, der Kapazität und der Erzeugungssicherheit in den Nachbarländern beobachten sollten, um bei wesentlichen Änderungen angemessen reagieren zu kön-nen, insbesondere wenn das Niveau der Erzeugungssicherheit in Gefahr ist. Die Ergebnisse verdeutli-chen aber auch, dass die aktuellen Marktdesignänderungen keinen negativen Einfluss auf die Erzeu-gungssicherheit in der Schweiz haben und dass daher die Einführung eines Kapazitätsmechanismus in der Schweiz nicht zwangsläufig benötigt wird. Hinsichtlich des starken Anstiegs der Markterlöse für Speicherwasserkraft in beiden Szenarien bereits im Jahr 2030 könnte der Schweizer Wasserkraft unter den Annahmen und unter dem gegebenen Regulierungsrahmen wieder mittelfristig die Rolle einer ertragreichen Einnahmequelle zugewiesen werden.

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    Authors: Zimmermann, Florian; Misconel, Steffi; Leisen, Robin; Mikurda, Jennifer; +4 Authors

    Abstract The transparency and open availability of energy system models and their input data are of particular importance due to their increasing complexity and policy relevance. In recent years, a large number of model-based scenario analyses have been carried out. These analyses are based on diverse model approaches and lead to a rather broad range of results, which due to different data structures and mathematical approaches are hardly directly comparable. In this paper, detailed and harmonized scenario input parameters are the basis of a systematic model experiment including four electricity system models. In the following, the different model approaches are classified and their respective results are discussed transparently. Consequently, differences in results can be interlinked directly with model properties. The results are compared focusing on a selection of output parameters, such as investment and dispatch decisions in flexible power plants, storage dispatch, wholesale electricity prices, CO2 emissions and generation adequacy in hours with critical supply situations in Germany until 2030. Differences in the results are traced back to conceptual differences as the models can be distinguished not only with regard to their mathematical approaches, but also to their level of detail. Results indicate that next to the differences of the mathematical approaches (i.e., linear optimization vs. agent-based simulation), the myopic foresight perspective (e.g., rolling planning algorithm with 24- and 36-hours loops vs. perfect foresight in a closed loop for one year) are decisive for the range of obtained results.

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    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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      Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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      Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
      Article
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    Authors: Dehler, Joris; Zimmermann, Florian; Keles, Dogan; Fichtner, Wolf;

    In diesem Beitrag werden die Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem schweizerischen Strommarkt und denen der Nachbarländer mit Hilfe von Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen untersucht. Der Fokus wird dabei auf den Einfluss von fundamentalen Faktoren, die aus den Nachbarländern resultieren, auf den schweizerischen Strompreis gelegt. Die Analysen zeigen, dass der schweizerische Strompreis im Sommer stärker mit dem deutschen Strompreis korreliert und die Auswirkungen der deutschen erneuerbaren Energien im Sommer eher signifikant sind. Die Studie zeigt jedoch auch, dass der Einfluss der Gaspreise und der Stromlast einen deutlich stärkeren Einfluss auf die Preise haben. Insbesondere eine hohe Last in der Schweiz und in den Nachbarländer Frankreich und Italien treiben die schweizerischen Preise im Winter in die Höhe, während in den letzten vier Jahren die Strompreise im Durchschnitt aufgrund der gefallenen Brennstoff- und CO2-Preise stark gefallen sind.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Conference object . 2016
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
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    Authors: Zimmermann, Florian; Bublitz, Andreas; Keles, Dogan; Fichtner, Wolf;

    In this article, cross-border effects of different market design options are analyzed using Switzerland, which is strongly interconnected to larger neighboring markets, as a case study. An investigation is conducted with an agent-based model where in one scenario, all market designs are represented according to the current legislation, and in another, energy-only markets (EOM) are assumed in all considered countries. The results show that wholesale electricity prices are highly dependent on the chosen market design and in the annual average are up to 27% higher in the EOM scenario. Due to expected larger interconnector capacities, this increase is evident in all simulated markets. Furthermore, the results indicate that the planned market design changes in the neighboring countries decrease investments in Switzerland. However, generation adequacy is still guaranteed due to the high Swiss hydropower storage capacity. Our results suggest that, under the current circumstances, a domestic mechanism in Switzerland is not required.

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    The Energy Journal
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    EconStor
    Research . 2019
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      The Energy Journal
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      EconStor
      Research . 2019
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    Authors: S. Misconel; F. Zimmermann; J. Mikurda; D. Möst; +6 Authors

    The energy transition fosters a dynamic landscape marked by renewable energy, electrification, and complex interactions among actors and technologies. Employing model experiments and comparisons shows promise for exploring these connections and enhancing model clarity and precision. This study adopts a multi-model approach, integrating a model comparison to probe how the electrification of demand-side sectors and strategic load shifts of battery electric vehicles and heat pumps might impact Germany's generation adequacy by 2030. Specific demand models from the transport and heating sectors and a future load structure projection model are interlinked with three electricity system models. The comparative analysis of the three electricity system models unveils discrepancies in dispatch decisions for power plants, flexibility options' load shifts, and their effects on generation adequacy, directly tied to model attributes. The comparison underscores methodological variations (linear optimization versus agent-based simulation, myopic foresight versus perfect foresight) as pivotal, emphasizing the significance of considering load change and start-up costs for power plants. The results show that with optimized load shifting by electric vehicles and heat pumps, the adequacy of power generation is less strained despite increased electricity demand. Moreover, load shifts mitigate curtailment of renewables and consumers, reducing carbon emissions by lowering conventional power generation.

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    Energy
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
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    Authors: Will, Christian; Zimmermann, Florian; Ensslen, Axel; Fraunholz, Christoph; +2 Authors

    Growing numbers of plug-in electric vehicles in Europe will have an increasing impact on the electricity system. Using the agent-based simulation model PowerACE for ten electricity markets in Central Europe, we analyze how different charging strategies impact price levels and production- as well as consumption-based carbon emissions in France and Germany. The applied smart charging strategies consider spot market prices and/or real-time production from renewable energy sources. While total European carbon emissions do not change significantly in response to the charging strategy due to the comparatively small energy consumption of the electric vehicle fleet, our results show that all smart charging strategies reduce price levels on the spot market and lower total curtailment of renewables. Here, charging processes optimized according to hourly prices have the strongest effect. Furthermore, smart charging strategies reduce electricity purchasing costs for aggregators by about 10% compared to uncontrolled charging. In addition, the strategies allow aggregators to communicate near-zero allocated emissions for charging vehicles. An aggregator’s charging strategy expanding classic electricity cost minimization by limiting total national PEV demand to 10% of available electricity production from renewable energy sources leads to the most favorable results in both metrics, purchasing costs and allocated emissions. Finally, aggregators and plug-in electric vehicle owners would benefit from the availability of national, real-time Guarantees of Origin and the respective scarcity signals for renewable production.

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    Applied Energy
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2024
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Research . 2023
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      Applied Energy
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Article . 2024
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      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Research . 2023
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    Authors: Weiskopf, Thorsten; Kraft, Emil; Zimmermann, Florian;

    Agentenbasierte Strommarktmodelle werden vielfach eingesetzt, um die Entwicklung des Strommarkts und Energiesystems explorativ zu untersuchen. Häufig werden hierbei auf Basis von Eingangszeitreihen die Investitions- und Dispatch-Entscheidungen von konventionellen Kraftwerken, wie Gas- oder Kohlekraftwerke, und Speichertechnologien nachgebildet . Modelle wie PowerACE und AMIRIS nutzen Brennstoffpreisreihe, Last, Erneuerbaren-Energien (EE)-Erzeugung und Investitionsoptionen sowie den bestehenden Kraftwerkspark als Eingangsdaten. Die zu Grunde gelegte Last und EE-Erzeugung sind hierbei stark vom jeweiligen Wetterjahr, auf denen sie basieren, abhängig. Zum einen ist das Wind- und Strahlungsdargebot als auch der Wärme- und Kältebedarf, welche einen starken Einfluss auf den Strombedarf haben, jedes Jahr unterschiedlich, gleichzeitig führen technologische Entwicklungen dazu, dass eine reine Skalierung historischer Erzeugung zukünftige EE-Erzeugung systematisch unterschätzt. Es soll untersucht werden, ob die Verwendung von nur einem Wetterjahr dazu führt, dass, insbesondere bei Betrachtungszeiträumen von mehreren Jahrzehnten, es beim Vergleich zwischen verschiedenen Wetterjahren zu erheblichen Unterschieden in den Simulationsergebnissen , sowohl bei den Investitionen als auch bei den Marktpreisen, kommt. Ziel ist es die Unsicherheiten in Bezug auf EE-Erzeugung und Stromnachfrage im Agentenverhalten abzubilden. In Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll diese Unsicherheit in den Ergebnissen agentenbasierter Modelle, am Beispiel PowerACE, quantifiziert werden und dargelegt werden, ob die Verwendung von mehreren Wetterjahren oder die Nutzung synthetische Wetterjahren, also eine Kombination verschiedener Wetterjahre auf Erzeugungs- und Nachfrageseite, hier einen Vorteil bieten .

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
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    Authors: Bublitz, Andreas; Keles, Dogan; Zimmermann, Florian; Fraunholz, Christoph; +1 Authors

    In recent years, electricity markets have been characterized by a growing share of fluctuating renewable energies, which has increased concerns about the security of electricity supply. As a consequence, existing market designs are adapted, and new capacity remuneration mechanisms are introduced. However, these mechanisms entail new challenges, and it is disputed whether they are indeed needed. In this article, an overview of the current debate on the necessity of capacity remuneration mechanisms is provided. Furthermore, initial experiences of real-world implementations are discussed, and common findings in the literature, categorized by their economic implications, are derived. Finally, shortcomings in existing research and open questions that need to be addressed in future works are pointed out.

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    Energy Economics
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Energy Economics
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    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2019
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2018
    Data sources: EconStor
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    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.en...
    Article
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    Energy Economics
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Economics
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Economics
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY
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      EconStor
      Research . 2018
      Data sources: EconStor
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      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.en...
      Article
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Sygma
      Energy Economics
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Weiskopf, Thorsten; Zimmermann, Florian; Kraft, Emil;

    Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, European countries took significant steps to reduce their reliance on energy imports from Russia, particularly in the gas and coal sectors. At the same time, to import less primary energy in the future, some countries have adopted new renewable energy targets. The question is to what extent the increase in gas and coal prices can contribute to refinancing renewable energy on the electricity wholesale market. To investigate this, an agent-based approach is used to examine the market values of renewable energies in several European countries until 2040. It is shown that increased expansion targets have a more substantial negative impact on the market values of renewable energies than increased gas and coal prices have a positive effect. In addition, it is observed that the introduction of capacity markets does not significantly influence market values and wholesale electricity prices in the medium term. However, by 2040, lower electrici

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    Authors: Bublitz, Andreas; Fraunholz, Christoph; Zimmermann, Florian; Keles, Dogan;

    The introduction of capacity remuneration mechanisms is being intensively discussed among European decision makers, as concerns about generation adequacy in the electricity sector are growing among stakeholders. Different mechanisms have already been implemented or will be introduced in the near future in several European countries. This policy brief focuses on selected experiences in Belgium, France, Spain, Sweden and the UK. The implementation of capacity remuneration mechanisms yielded mixed experiences so far, thus making them subject to repeated adjustments. Although the mechanisms seem to have achieved their goal of purchasing the targeted capacity volumes in different auctions, their efficiency has not yet been sufficiently assessed. While on the one hand some mechanisms are removed again (eg. capacity payments in Spain or the strategic reserve in Sweden), on the other hand new mechanisms are introduced (e.g. decentral obligation in France). The introduction of capacity remuneration mechanisms, however, should go alongside a Europe-wide coordination to avoid market distortions, as the introduction of a mechanism can interfere with the ongoing process of an integrated European electricity market and hinder cross-border electricity trading. At least the participation of interconnectors or capacities from non-domestic areas should be admitted within national mechanisms.

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