• Energy Research

Reactive power management in microgrids with high penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) is challenging. The intermittent generation of DRES makes the power management cumbersome. Generally, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices such as Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) are employed for reactive power compensation in microgrids. However, for effective results in microgrids, coordinated operation between DSTATCOM and Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) is required. In this paper, IEC 61850 communication is proposed for realizing coordinated operation between microgrid controller (MGCC), DSTATCOM and DERs. In microgrids, there may be large number of DERs dispersed over a large area. Hence, the underlying communication network technology for IEC 61850 communication must be highly scalable with wide range. Recently developed communication technology Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a promising solution since it offers high data rates, reliability, scalability and longer range. In this paper, the developed IEC 61850 based reactive power management system is tested with the LTE technology and the performance evaluation tests have been performed. Firstly, IEC 61850 messages have been mapped on LTE stack to enable their transmission. Then, simulations over a network emulator have been performed to evaluate the performance of IEC 61850 communication message exchanges over LTE network in terms of End to End (ETE) delays.

Reactive power management in microgrids with high penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) is challenging. The intermittent generation of DRES makes the power management cumbersome. Generally, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices such as Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) are employed for reactive power compensation in microgrids. However, for effective results in microgrids, coordinated operation between DSTATCOM and Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) is required. In this paper, IEC 61850 communication is proposed for realizing coordinated operation between microgrid controller (MGCC), DSTATCOM and DERs. In microgrids, there may be large number of DERs dispersed over a large area. Hence, the underlying communication network technology for IEC 61850 communication must be highly scalable with wide range. Recently developed communication technology Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a promising solution since it offers high data rates, reliability, scalability and longer range. In this paper, the developed IEC 61850 based reactive power management system is tested with the LTE technology and the performance evaluation tests have been performed. Firstly, IEC 61850 messages have been mapped on LTE stack to enable their transmission. Then, simulations over a network emulator have been performed to evaluate the performance of IEC 61850 communication message exchanges over LTE network in terms of End to End (ETE) delays.

Electricity demand is sharply increasing with the growing population of human beings. Due to financial, social, and political barriers, there are lots of difficulties when building new thermal power plants and transmission lines. To solve this problem, renewable energy sources and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) can operate together in a power network. Renewable energy sources can provide additional power to the grid, whereas FACTS devices can increase the thermal limit of existing transmission lines. It is always desirable for an electrical network to operate under stable and secure conditions. The system runs at risk if any abnormality occurs in the generation, transmission, or distribution sections. This paper outlines a strategy for reducing system risks via the optimal operation of wind farms and FACTS devices. Here, a thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) and a unified power flow controller (UPFC) have both been considered for differing the thermal limit of transmission lines. The impact of the wind farm, as well as the combined effect of the wind farm and FACTS devices on system economy, were investigated in this work. Both regulated and deregulated environments have been chosen to verify the proposed approach. Value at risk (VaR) and cumulative value at risk (CVaR) calculations were used to evaluate the system risk. The work was performed on modified IEEE 14 bus and modified IEEE 30-bus systems. A comparative study was carried out using different optimization techniques, i.e., Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer Algorithm (AGTO), Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA), and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) to check the effect of renewable integration in the regulated and deregulated power systems in terms of system risk and operating cost.

Electricity demand is sharply increasing with the growing population of human beings. Due to financial, social, and political barriers, there are lots of difficulties when building new thermal power plants and transmission lines. To solve this problem, renewable energy sources and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) can operate together in a power network. Renewable energy sources can provide additional power to the grid, whereas FACTS devices can increase the thermal limit of existing transmission lines. It is always desirable for an electrical network to operate under stable and secure conditions. The system runs at risk if any abnormality occurs in the generation, transmission, or distribution sections. This paper outlines a strategy for reducing system risks via the optimal operation of wind farms and FACTS devices. Here, a thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) and a unified power flow controller (UPFC) have both been considered for differing the thermal limit of transmission lines. The impact of the wind farm, as well as the combined effect of the wind farm and FACTS devices on system economy, were investigated in this work. Both regulated and deregulated environments have been chosen to verify the proposed approach. Value at risk (VaR) and cumulative value at risk (CVaR) calculations were used to evaluate the system risk. The work was performed on modified IEEE 14 bus and modified IEEE 30-bus systems. A comparative study was carried out using different optimization techniques, i.e., Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer Algorithm (AGTO), Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA), and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) to check the effect of renewable integration in the regulated and deregulated power systems in terms of system risk and operating cost.

Today's power utilities, around the world, own multiple substations that are connected together to form a complex energy network. The functions within and between these substations are being automated according to globally accepted power utility automation standard IEC 61850. This automation results in efficient operation and enhanced protection of power network with the aid of the communication system. Implementing the protection schemes modeled using communication configurations of standardized information exchange will lead to digital power grid. Designing an IEC-61850-based protection scheme to take care of the faults outside the substations is a challenge, as the typical local-area-network-based generic-object-oriented substation events and sampled-value messages need to be transmitted over a wide-area network. This paper presents communication configuration for line current differential protection schemes applied between two automated substations. It presents the simulation results of communication configuration network between two substations. Its performance is evaluated using a network simulator tool. This study intends to guide the development of a robust protection scheme with IEC-61850-based communication configuration.

Today's power utilities, around the world, own multiple substations that are connected together to form a complex energy network. The functions within and between these substations are being automated according to globally accepted power utility automation standard IEC 61850. This automation results in efficient operation and enhanced protection of power network with the aid of the communication system. Implementing the protection schemes modeled using communication configurations of standardized information exchange will lead to digital power grid. Designing an IEC-61850-based protection scheme to take care of the faults outside the substations is a challenge, as the typical local-area-network-based generic-object-oriented substation events and sampled-value messages need to be transmitted over a wide-area network. This paper presents communication configuration for line current differential protection schemes applied between two automated substations. It presents the simulation results of communication configuration network between two substations. Its performance is evaluated using a network simulator tool. This study intends to guide the development of a robust protection scheme with IEC-61850-based communication configuration.

The aim of the current paper is to present a mimetic algorithm called the chaotic evolutionary programming Powell’s pattern search (CEPPS) algorithm for the solution of the multi-fuel economic load dispatch problem. In the CEPPS algorithm, the exploration process is maintained by chaotic evolutionary programming, whereas exploitation is taken care off by a pattern search. The proposed CEPPS has two variants based on the Gauss map and the tent map. Seven generalized benchmark test functions and six cases of the multi-fuel economic load dispatch problem are considered for the performance analysis. It is observed from the analysis that the CEPPS solution procedure based on the tent map exhibits superiority to obtain an excellent solution and better convergence characteristics than traditional chaotic evolutionary programming. Further, the performance investigation for the considered economic load dispatch shows that the Gauss map CEPPS solution procedure performs better than the tent map based CEPPS to obtain the solution of the multi-fuel economic dispatch problem.

The aim of the current paper is to present a mimetic algorithm called the chaotic evolutionary programming Powell’s pattern search (CEPPS) algorithm for the solution of the multi-fuel economic load dispatch problem. In the CEPPS algorithm, the exploration process is maintained by chaotic evolutionary programming, whereas exploitation is taken care off by a pattern search. The proposed CEPPS has two variants based on the Gauss map and the tent map. Seven generalized benchmark test functions and six cases of the multi-fuel economic load dispatch problem are considered for the performance analysis. It is observed from the analysis that the CEPPS solution procedure based on the tent map exhibits superiority to obtain an excellent solution and better convergence characteristics than traditional chaotic evolutionary programming. Further, the performance investigation for the considered economic load dispatch shows that the Gauss map CEPPS solution procedure performs better than the tent map based CEPPS to obtain the solution of the multi-fuel economic dispatch problem.