• Energy Research

The Arctic has warmed more than twice as fast as the global average since the late twentieth century, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification (AA). Recently, there have been considerable advances in understanding the physical contributions to AA, and progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that link it to midlatitude weather variability. Observational studies overwhelmingly support that AA is contributing to winter continental cooling. Although some model experiments support the observational evidence, most modelling results show little connection between AA and severe midlatitude weather or suggest the export of excess heating from the Arctic to lower latitudes. Divergent conclusions between model and observational studies, and even intramodel studies, continue to obfuscate a clear understanding of how AA is influencing midlatitude weather.

The Arctic has warmed more than twice as fast as the global average since the late twentieth century, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification (AA). Recently, there have been considerable advances in understanding the physical contributions to AA, and progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that link it to midlatitude weather variability. Observational studies overwhelmingly support that AA is contributing to winter continental cooling. Although some model experiments support the observational evidence, most modelling results show little connection between AA and severe midlatitude weather or suggest the export of excess heating from the Arctic to lower latitudes. Divergent conclusions between model and observational studies, and even intramodel studies, continue to obfuscate a clear understanding of how AA is influencing midlatitude weather.

We provide the storyline data (in NetCDF format) used in the paper: ���The July 2019 European heatwave in a warmer climate: Storyline scenarios with a coupled model using spectral nudging��� published in Journal of Climate. The data is structured in four .tar.gz files (Preindustrial, Present, 2 and 4 K warmer climates) containing all variables used in this each climate. The data from the five ensemble members (E1 to E5) have been included separately in 3-months files. Atmospheric variables (Files are named as: {variable}_E{ensemble member}_{starting month}{year}.nc: Latent heat flux (ahfl) Sensible heat flux (ahfs) Monthly Global Mean 2m Temperature (GMTT2mMonthly) Maximum 2m Temperature (t2max) Mean 2m Temperature (t2mean) Minimum 2m Temperature (t2max) Soil Wetness (ws) Only for present climate: 850 hPa Temperature (T850) Total Cloud Cover (TCC) 500 hPa Geopotential Height (Z500) Five layers soil moisture (Only for present climate, Files are named as: From20172019in2017Climatessp370{ensemble member}_{year}{starting month}.01_jsbid.nc) Oceanic variables (from FESOM, Files are named as: {variable}_E{ensemble member}_{year}{starting month}01.nc: Sea Ice Concentration (SIC) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Please, note that FESOM uses an unstructured mesh. This work was supported by the Helmholtz-Climate-Initiative through the HI-CAM project (Drivers cluster). Author Goessling acknowledges the financial support by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany in the framework of SSIP (Grant 01LN1701A). The simulations were performed at the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ) using the ESM-Tools (Barbi et al. 2021). We thank Sebastian Rast (MPI-M) for support with the spectral nudging in ECHAM, and the ESM-Tools staff for their assistance during the simulation.

We provide the storyline data (in NetCDF format) used in the paper: ���The July 2019 European heatwave in a warmer climate: Storyline scenarios with a coupled model using spectral nudging��� published in Journal of Climate. The data is structured in four .tar.gz files (Preindustrial, Present, 2 and 4 K warmer climates) containing all variables used in this each climate. The data from the five ensemble members (E1 to E5) have been included separately in 3-months files. Atmospheric variables (Files are named as: {variable}_E{ensemble member}_{starting month}{year}.nc: Latent heat flux (ahfl) Sensible heat flux (ahfs) Monthly Global Mean 2m Temperature (GMTT2mMonthly) Maximum 2m Temperature (t2max) Mean 2m Temperature (t2mean) Minimum 2m Temperature (t2max) Soil Wetness (ws) Only for present climate: 850 hPa Temperature (T850) Total Cloud Cover (TCC) 500 hPa Geopotential Height (Z500) Five layers soil moisture (Only for present climate, Files are named as: From20172019in2017Climatessp370{ensemble member}_{year}{starting month}.01_jsbid.nc) Oceanic variables (from FESOM, Files are named as: {variable}_E{ensemble member}_{year}{starting month}01.nc: Sea Ice Concentration (SIC) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Please, note that FESOM uses an unstructured mesh. This work was supported by the Helmholtz-Climate-Initiative through the HI-CAM project (Drivers cluster). Author Goessling acknowledges the financial support by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany in the framework of SSIP (Grant 01LN1701A). The simulations were performed at the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ) using the ESM-Tools (Barbi et al. 2021). We thank Sebastian Rast (MPI-M) for support with the spectral nudging in ECHAM, and the ESM-Tools staff for their assistance during the simulation.

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.ScenarioMIP.AWI.AWI-CM-1-1-MR.ssp370' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The AWI-CM 1.1 MR climate model, released in 2018, includes the following components: atmos: ECHAM6.3.04p1 (T127L95 native atmosphere T127 gaussian grid; 384 x 192 longitude/latitude; 95 levels; top level 80 km), land: JSBACH 3.20, ocean: FESOM 1.4 (unstructured grid in the horizontal with 830305 wet nodes; 46 levels; top grid cell 0-5 m), seaIce: FESOM 1.4. The model was run by the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany (AWI) in native nominal resolutions: atmos: 100 km, land: 100 km, ocean: 25 km, seaIce: 25 km.

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.ScenarioMIP.AWI.AWI-CM-1-1-MR.ssp370' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The AWI-CM 1.1 MR climate model, released in 2018, includes the following components: atmos: ECHAM6.3.04p1 (T127L95 native atmosphere T127 gaussian grid; 384 x 192 longitude/latitude; 95 levels; top level 80 km), land: JSBACH 3.20, ocean: FESOM 1.4 (unstructured grid in the horizontal with 830305 wet nodes; 46 levels; top grid cell 0-5 m), seaIce: FESOM 1.4. The model was run by the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany (AWI) in native nominal resolutions: atmos: 100 km, land: 100 km, ocean: 25 km, seaIce: 25 km.

Global model data time-averaged over the period of 12-16 September 2024, in three different climate scenarios: preindustrial, present-day and 4ºC warmer world. The data has been obtained from nudged simulations conducted using the coupled climate model AWI-CM1, following the same methodology as described in Sánchez-Benítez et al., 2022. The provided data includes global total precipitation (tp), total water vapor (qvi), sea surface temperature (sst), 2m temperature (temp2), sea level pressure (SLP), convective available potential energy (CAPE) and vertical wind velocity at 850 hPa (omega), averaged over five independent ensemble members. The data is structured in nine .nc files, with three files corresponding to each climate scenario: one file contains tp and sst, another contains qvi and omega, and the third contains temp2, SLP, and CAPE.

Global model data time-averaged over the period of 12-16 September 2024, in three different climate scenarios: preindustrial, present-day and 4ºC warmer world. The data has been obtained from nudged simulations conducted using the coupled climate model AWI-CM1, following the same methodology as described in Sánchez-Benítez et al., 2022. The provided data includes global total precipitation (tp), total water vapor (qvi), sea surface temperature (sst), 2m temperature (temp2), sea level pressure (SLP), convective available potential energy (CAPE) and vertical wind velocity at 850 hPa (omega), averaged over five independent ensemble members. The data is structured in nine .nc files, with three files corresponding to each climate scenario: one file contains tp and sst, another contains qvi and omega, and the third contains temp2, SLP, and CAPE.