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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sajna Parimita Panigrahi; Sarat Kumar Maharana; Thejaraju Rajashekaraiah; Ravichandran Gopalashetty; +4 Authors

    Engineering applications including food processing, wastewater treatment, home heating, commercial heating, and institutional heating successfully use unglazed transpired solar collectors (UTCs). Trapping of solar energy is the prime goal of developing an unglazed transpired solar collector. The UTC is usually developed in and around the walls of the building and absorbs the solar energy to heat the air. One of the key challenges faced by the UTC designer is the prediction of performance and its warranty under uncertain operating conditions of flow variables. Some of the flow features are the velocity distribution, plate temperature, exit temperature and perforation location. The objective of the present study was to establish correlations among these flow features and demonstrate a method of predicting the performance of the UTC. Hence, a correlation matrix was generated from the dataset prepared after solving the airflow over a perforated flat UTC. Further, both strong and weak correlations of flow features were captured through Pearson’s correlation coefficient. A comparison between the outcomes from a linear regression model and that of computational simulation was showcased. The performance probability for the UTC was interlinked with correlation matrix data. The Monte Carlo simulation was used to predict the performance from random values of the flow parameters. The study showed that the difference between the free stream value of temperature and the value of temperature inside the UTC’s chamber varied between 15 and 20 °C. The probability of achieving system efficiency greater than 35% was 55.2%. This has raised the hope of recommending the UTC for drying and heating where the required temperature differential is within 20 °C.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Iqbal Shajahan Mohamed; Elumalai Perumal Venkatesan; Murugesan Parthasarathy; Sreenivasa Reddy Medapati; +3 Authors

    In this analytical investigation, preheated palm oil was used in the direct injection diesel engine with various optimization methods. The main purpose of the optimization was to get better results than the conventional engine. Raw palm oil was heated using the heat exchange process to reduce the density and viscosity. The relationship between the output process and factors response was evaluated in the design of experiment methods. The Taguchi method is an important method for optimization of the output response performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Two important factors—output and input—were calculated. The input factors considered were preheated palm biodiesel blend, torque, injection pressure, compression ratio, and injection timing. The output factors calculated were smoke opacity, carbon monoxide emission, and brake-specific fuel consumption by using the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance. Carbon monoxide was most impacted by torque conditions through injection timing and injecting pressure, and opacity of smoke emission. Among them, injection timing had a higher impact. Different biodiesel blends were prepared: B10 (90% diesel + 10% oil), B20 (80% diesel + 20% oil), B30 (70% diesel + 30% oil) and B40 (60% diesel + 40% oil). Silver nanoparticles (50 ppm) were constantly mixed with the various biodiesel blends. The smoke opacity emission for the biodiesel blend B30 + 50 ppm silver nanoparticle showed the lowest S/N ratio and achieved better optimum results compared with the other blends. The blend B30 + 50 ppm silver nanoparticle showed the lowest S/N ratio value of 9.7 compared with the other blends. The smoke opacity, carbon monoxide emission, and brake-specific fuel consumption of all the response optimal factors were found to be 46.77 ppm, 0.32%, and 0.288 kg/kW·h, respectively.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ganapathy Ponnambalam Arul; Selvam Thulasi; Pitchaipillai Kumar; Veeranan Arunprasad; +5 Authors

    This Paper determines an experimental study of dual-pass solar dryer with a bed tilt of 0.5° and varying oscillating frequency of drying chamber namely 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 Hz for drying an agricultural produce namely non–parboiled paddy grains. The oscillations and bed tilt are provided to move the grains from entry to exit of the top bed and moving down to bottom bed and finally exits from the dryer. The new technology has been used in the solar dryer for drying of agricultural produce such as non–parboiled paddy grains to increase the quality and to decrease the loss of the dried produce. The present dryer model was used for drying 45 kg of non–parboiled paddy grains from 19% (w.b) to the approved range of 12–14% of moisture content obtained in a single experimental day. The dried paddy grains obtained an average moisture content are 13.03, 13.22 and 13.51% at the frequency of oscillation of 1.25, 1.75, 2.25 Hz, respectively. The maximum thermal and pick-up efficiency of the model were obtained at 1.00 p.m. in all cases. For the frequency of oscillation of 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 Hz, the maximum dryer thermal efficiency was 44.47, 43.39 and 41.39%, respectively, and the maximum pick–up efficiency was 80.41, 79.19 and 76.21%, respectively. The optimum drying performance was obtained at the oscillating frequency of 1.75 Hz with the bed tilt of 0.5°.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Olusegun David Samuel; Mohammad Kaveh; Tikendra Nath Verma; A.O. Okewale; +9 Authors

    Modelling and enhancing the production of green diesel in biodiesel industries have been hampered by the failure of the conventional approach to pursue space with continuous convergence velocity, being entombed in local minima, and maintaining unwavering resolutions. The study presented for the first time the optimization protocol for the development of biodiesel production from tobacco seed oil (TSO) on the batch reactor aided by the unique Grey Wolf Optimizer-Response Surface Methodology-Artificial Neural Network (GWO-RSM-ANN) techniques. Lower calorific value (LCV), higher calorific value (HCV), and specific heat capacity (Cp) correlations were postulated for tobacco seed oil methyl ester (TSOME/B100/TSOB) and diesel blends. RSM, ANN, and GWO approaches were used to model TSOME's main production yield. The ASTM test methods were used to examine the significant basic properties of the fuel categories, while the LCV and HCV were detected using standard procedures. Maximum TSOME yield (90.2%) was obtained at methanol/TSO molar ratio of 5.95, KOH content of 1.15 wt. %, and methylic duration of 77.6 min. The ANN model configuration (3-15-1) that was developed showed more adaptability and nonlinearity. The estimated coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9999, mean average error (MAE) of 0.00035, and RMSE of 0.00105 for the GWO model compared to those of R2 of 0.9825, MAE of 1.3145, and RMSE of 1.7087 for RSM model; and R2 of 0.9976, MAE of 0.2405, and RMSE of 0.6381 for ANN model vindicate the superiority of GWO model over the RSM and ANN models. The major fuel properties agreed with the ranges of the ASTMD6751 and EN 14214 specifications. The LCV, HCV, and Cp are also correlated with the TSOME fraction through the linear equations. There were excellent correlations between the analyzed and calculated values for the LCVs and HCVs. The maximum absolute error between the measured and estimated LCV and HCV are 0.108% for 20%TSOME (20% TSOME +80% diesel fuel), and 0.17% for pure diesel, respectively. The model and correlations can offer biodiesel and automobile industries with database information.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Case Studies in Ther...arrow_drop_down
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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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    Authors: Ray Tahir Mushtaq; Li Wang; Mudassar Rehman; Aqib Mashood Khan; +4 Authors

    Abstract Practitioners in the industry are developing predictive methods for assessing key parameters and responses of engineering materials. The aim of this research is to optimize the average surface roughness (R a), flexural strength (FS), tensile strength (TS), print time (T), and print energy consumption (E) of 3D printed Nylon 6 (PA6). Quantitative parameters for infill density (ID), layer thickness (LT), and print speed (PS) were selected. Employing the central component design (CCD)-response surface methodology (RSM) for investigational design, statistical analysis, and multi-objective optimization, a total of 20 samples were produced and analyzed to develop prediction models. The implication of the selected parameters was confirmed through variance analysis (ANOVA), and the models were validated using confirmatory trial tests. It was found that LT was essential in achieving appropriate R a and T values, while ID was a crucial factor in obtaining the necessary mechanical properties. RSM optimization led to an FS of 70.8 MPa, TS of 40.8 MPa, lowest T of 53 min, lowest possible R a of 8.30 µm, and 0.203 kW·h “E” at ID = 84%, LT = 0.21 mm, and PS = 75 mm·s−1. The study also revealed weak bond strength between layers and layers debonding after bending tests, as shown in SEM micrographs. The PA6 material exhibited flexibility during tensile testing, going into plasticity before breaking. The created numerically optimized model is anticipated to benefit manufacturers and practitioners in predicting the required surface quality for various factors before conducting experiments, ultimately improving 3D printing (3DP) processes and outcomes. Despite limitations such as limited parameter selection, small sample size, and material-specific focus, this research presents valuable insights for the 3DP industry.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ REVIEWS ON ADVANCED ...arrow_drop_down
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    REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/2n...
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    Authors: Chandrashekar Anjinappa; Manjunath Y. J; Omar Shabbir Ahmed; Mohamed Abbas; +3 Authors

    Recent environmental concern has been raised about the development of biocomposites because of their low cost, eco-friendliness, and biodegradability. Machining of polymeric composite is inevitable during assembly of structural components. In view of creating holes in structural composites, drilling is necessary and it is essential to carry out research to find the optimal machining parameters. The experimental assessment and prediction of the thrust force and torque involved in drilling composites reinforced with sheep horn are presented in this work. The matrix and sheep horn particles were combined in the right proportions before being moulded and poured into a mould, then allowed to cure at room temperature. Investigated properties included ultimate tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness. To evaluate the quality of the hole, micrographs of the drilled hole were employed. When the mixture was optimised based on the properties, it was found that a 70:30 ratio produced the best results. Thrust force and torque of 58 N and 4.8 N-mm, respectively, were observed for sheep horn filler laminates which were drilled using the combination of 6 mm diameter, 0.1 mm/rev feed rate, and 400 rpm speed. This is by far the best among the combinations used in the experiment. Additionally, the experimental outcomes indicate that the feed rate and spindle speed are the most significant factors affecting the thrust force. Since there were minimal errors in the comparison, the central composite design modelling is consummate. Overall, the extensive experimental effort offers several options to utilise this composite material in future applications across a wide range of fields.

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    Authors: Ramalingam Venkatesaperumal; Kutbudeen Syed Jafar; Perumal Venkatesan Elumalai; Mohamed Abbas; +3 Authors

    The heat transfer characteristics of the working fluid passing through the absorber of a solar parabolic trough collector (SPTC) can be enhanced by the creation of a turbulence effect. Therefore, a novel idea was implemented by introducing a corrugated tube (CT) absorber instead of a plain tube absorber in a solar parabolic trough collector. The heat transfer enhancement was improved further through the use of conical strip inserts inside the corrugated tube absorber of the SPTC. A corrugated tube (CT) receiver with a pitch of 8 mm and corrugation height of 2 mm was used with three different pitches of conical strip inserts (pitch pi = 20 mm, 30 mm and 50 mm) for the analysis of the thermal performance of the SPTC. Initially, experiments were conducted in a plain tube and corrugated tube receiver at different mass flow rates. The convective heat transfer rate was increased for all the configurations of the conical strip inserts. The SPTC performance was good for the combination of the corrugated tube (pc = 8 mm and hc = 2 mm) and the conical strip insert I3 (pi= 20 mm). The experimental results showed that the maximum achieved Nu value, friction factor, instantaneous efficiency and thermal efficiency of the CT-I3 were 177%, 38%, 26.92% and 9% compared to the plain tube under the same working conditions.

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  • Authors: Walid Helmy; Mohamed AbdElhamid Abbas;

    This paper investigates new optimization technique to size the capacitor banks to improve the power factor in the low voltage distribution networks. In industrial sites the owner should take decision either to pay the penalty due to low power factor or buy capacitor bank's panels. Economical study should be performed to take this decision. Choosing the size of the reactive power of the capacitor bank is the key player to perform the economic study, JAYA technique is new optimization method based on heuristic research, this method is implemented in this research to choose the optimal size of the implemented capacitor banks. The output of the optimization technique is accordingly fed to the capacitor bank controller to engage the suitable capacitor units for each loading condition. MATLAB/M-files program is used program the JAYA objective cost function and the power factor correction equations. The proposed program gives a good results where it give minimum cost of capacitor banks that met higher power factor.

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    Authors: Mohammed S. Alqahtani; Mohamed Abbas; Mohammed Abdul Muqeet; Hussain M. Almohiy;

    Analysis of the research productivity for any university is so important in order to raise its international ranking. Rankings offer universities evidence that the education they deliver is of high quality and top standard. A student’s level of dedication to their studies directly affects the outcome of their academic career. Sitting in on a lecture at a top-five rated institution is far less significant than actively contributing (engaging with classmates, doing research, etc.) at a top-50 ranked university. Using a SciVal dataset of 13 university entities across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia over a span of 5 years (2017–2021), we conducted a scientometric study for three categories, namely Output (O), Impact (I), and Collaboration (C), incorporating a total of 18 features. The methodology for selecting universities in this research depended on selecting the best universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in terms of the number of published research papers and the number of citations. This article aims to forecast the pattern of development and shortcomings faced by researchers from around the country from 2017 to 2021. The dataset is evaluated at the university level with homogenized features termed as “Scholar Plot” (SP), a popular approach to maintain and encourage development at the individual level. It is concluded that variances in efficiency within each knowledge field are the major drivers of heterogeneity in scientific output. Disparities in quality and specialization play a lesser impact in influencing productivity differences. The measure of such disparities using the mean of the group’s significance is illustrated using a t-tests statistical approach.

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    Authors: Huu Son Le; Ahmed M. Galal; Ibrahim Alhamrouni; Ayman A. Aly; +5 Authors

    Le transfert de chaleur optimal dans les dissipateurs thermiques à microcanaux modernes (MCHS) joue un rôle considérable dans l'amélioration de l'efficacité et de la puissance de ces dispositifs. La méthodologie de surface de réponse (RSM) est l'une des techniques récemment développées pour étudier et optimiser les comportements thermiques et hydrauliques des MCHS. Dans la présente enquête, un MCHS à buses multiples avec des ailettes circulaires sur les deux parois latérales des micro-canaux a été choisi pour être analysé. La méthode RSM a prédit le nombre de Nusselt ( Nu ) du MCHS et la chute de pression (ΔP) du liquide de refroidissement (les réponses du modèle). Le diamètre, le pas longitudinal et le pas transversal des ailettes circulaires ont été considérés comme les variables indépendantes. Ces variables ont été modifiées dans les plages de 0,02-0,06 mm (diamètre), 0,1-0,4 mm (pas longitudinal) et 0,1-0,2 mm (pas transversal). L'impact de la modification des variables mentionnées sur Nu et ΔP du liquide de refroidissement pour atteindre la capacité de refroidissement plus élevée a été étudié. Dans un premier temps, les valeurs Nu et ΔP ont été calculées par la procédure numérique puis prédites par le RSM. En comparant les valeurs dérivées par les modèles numérique et RSM, il a été observé que les valeurs prédites par le RSM étaient proches de celles calculées par la simulation numérique. Le modèle RSM avec le coefficient de détermination de 97,51% et 98,74% pour Nu et ΔP pourrait prédire ces réponses avec précision. La transferencia de calor óptima en los disipadores de calor de microcanales modernos (MCHS) desempeña un papel considerable en la mejora de la eficiencia y la potencia de estos dispositivos. La metodología de superficie de respuesta (RSM) es una de las técnicas desarrolladas recientemente para estudiar y optimizar los comportamientos térmicos e hidráulicos de los MCHS. En la investigación actual, se eligió para analizar un MCHS de boquillas múltiples con aletas circulares en ambas paredes laterales de los microcanales. El método RSM predijo el número de Nusselt ( Nu ) del MCHS y la caída de presión (ΔP) del refrigerante (las respuestas del modelo). El diámetro, el paso longitudinal y el paso transversal de las aletas circulares se consideraron como las variables independientes. Estas variables se cambiaron en los rangos de 0.02–0.06 mm (diámetro), 0.1–0.4 mm (paso longitudinal) y 0.1–0.2 mm (paso transversal). Se estudió el impacto de cambiar las variables mencionadas en Nu y ΔP del refrigerante para lograr la mayor capacidad de enfriamiento. Al principio, los valores de Nu y ΔP se calcularon mediante el procedimiento numérico y luego se predijeron mediante el RSM. Al comparar los valores derivados de los modelos numérico y RSM, se observó que los valores predichos por el RSM eran cercanos a los calculados por la simulación numérica. El modelo RSM con el coeficiente de determinación de 97.51% y 98.74% para Nu y ΔP podría predecir estas respuestas con precisión. Optimum heat transfer in modern micro-channel heat sinks (MCHSs) plays a considerable role in ameliorating the efficiency and power of these devices. The response surface methodology (RSM) is one of the recently developed techniques to study and optimize the thermal and hydraulic behaviors of the MCHSs. In the current investigation, a multi-nozzle MCHS with circular fins on both sidewalls of the micro-channels was elected to analyze. The RSM method predicted the Nusselt number ( Nu ) of the MCHS and pressure drop (ΔP) of the coolant (the responses of the model). The diameter, the longitudinal pitch, and the transverse pitch of the circular fins were considered as the independent variables. These variables were changed in the ranges of 0.02–0.06 mm (diameter), 0.1–0.4 mm (longitudinal pitch), and 0.1–0.2 mm (transverse pitch). The impact of changing the mentioned variables on Nu and ΔP of the coolant to achieve the higher cooling capacity was studied. At first, Nu and ΔP values were calculated by the numerical procedure and then predicted by the RSM. Comparing the values derived by the numerical and the RSM models, it was observed that the values predicted by the RSM were close to the ones calculated by the numerical simulation. The RSM model with the coefficient of determination of 97.51% and 98.74% for Nu and ΔP could predict these responses accurately. يلعب النقل الأمثل للحرارة في المصارف الحرارية الحديثة ذات القنوات الصغيرة (MCHSs) دورًا كبيرًا في تحسين كفاءة وقوة هذه الأجهزة. تعد منهجية سطح الاستجابة (RSM) واحدة من التقنيات التي تم تطويرها مؤخرًا لدراسة وتحسين السلوكيات الحرارية والهيدروليكية لـ MCHSs. في التحقيق الحالي، تم اختيار MCHS متعددة الفوهات مع زعانف دائرية على كلا الجدران الجانبية للقنوات الدقيقة لتحليلها. تنبأت طريقة RSM برقم Nusselt ( Nu ) لـ MCHS وانخفاض الضغط (ΔP) لسائل التبريد (استجابات النموذج). تم اعتبار القطر والميل الطولي والميل العرضي للزعانف الدائرية كمتغيرات مستقلة. تم تغيير هذه المتغيرات في نطاقات 0.02-0.06 مم (القطر)، 0.1–0.4 مم (درجة طولية)، و 0.1–0.2 مم (درجة عرضية). تمت دراسة تأثير تغيير المتغيرات المذكورة على Nu و ΔP لسائل التبريد لتحقيق قدرة التبريد الأعلى. في البداية، تم حساب قيم Nu و ΔP من خلال الإجراء العددي ثم تنبأت بها RSM. بمقارنة القيم المشتقة من النماذج العددية ونماذج RSM، لوحظ أن القيم التي تنبأت بها RSM كانت قريبة من تلك المحسوبة بواسطة المحاكاة العددية. يمكن لنموذج RSM مع معامل تحديد 97.51 ٪ و 98.74 ٪ لـ Nu و ΔP التنبؤ بهذه الاستجابات بدقة.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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      Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sajna Parimita Panigrahi; Sarat Kumar Maharana; Thejaraju Rajashekaraiah; Ravichandran Gopalashetty; +4 Authors

    Engineering applications including food processing, wastewater treatment, home heating, commercial heating, and institutional heating successfully use unglazed transpired solar collectors (UTCs). Trapping of solar energy is the prime goal of developing an unglazed transpired solar collector. The UTC is usually developed in and around the walls of the building and absorbs the solar energy to heat the air. One of the key challenges faced by the UTC designer is the prediction of performance and its warranty under uncertain operating conditions of flow variables. Some of the flow features are the velocity distribution, plate temperature, exit temperature and perforation location. The objective of the present study was to establish correlations among these flow features and demonstrate a method of predicting the performance of the UTC. Hence, a correlation matrix was generated from the dataset prepared after solving the airflow over a perforated flat UTC. Further, both strong and weak correlations of flow features were captured through Pearson’s correlation coefficient. A comparison between the outcomes from a linear regression model and that of computational simulation was showcased. The performance probability for the UTC was interlinked with correlation matrix data. The Monte Carlo simulation was used to predict the performance from random values of the flow parameters. The study showed that the difference between the free stream value of temperature and the value of temperature inside the UTC’s chamber varied between 15 and 20 °C. The probability of achieving system efficiency greater than 35% was 55.2%. This has raised the hope of recommending the UTC for drying and heating where the required temperature differential is within 20 °C.

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    Energies
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
    Article . 2022
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      Energies
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Iqbal Shajahan Mohamed; Elumalai Perumal Venkatesan; Murugesan Parthasarathy; Sreenivasa Reddy Medapati; +3 Authors

    In this analytical investigation, preheated palm oil was used in the direct injection diesel engine with various optimization methods. The main purpose of the optimization was to get better results than the conventional engine. Raw palm oil was heated using the heat exchange process to reduce the density and viscosity. The relationship between the output process and factors response was evaluated in the design of experiment methods. The Taguchi method is an important method for optimization of the output response performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Two important factors—output and input—were calculated. The input factors considered were preheated palm biodiesel blend, torque, injection pressure, compression ratio, and injection timing. The output factors calculated were smoke opacity, carbon monoxide emission, and brake-specific fuel consumption by using the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance. Carbon monoxide was most impacted by torque conditions through injection timing and injecting pressure, and opacity of smoke emission. Among them, injection timing had a higher impact. Different biodiesel blends were prepared: B10 (90% diesel + 10% oil), B20 (80% diesel + 20% oil), B30 (70% diesel + 30% oil) and B40 (60% diesel + 40% oil). Silver nanoparticles (50 ppm) were constantly mixed with the various biodiesel blends. The smoke opacity emission for the biodiesel blend B30 + 50 ppm silver nanoparticle showed the lowest S/N ratio and achieved better optimum results compared with the other blends. The blend B30 + 50 ppm silver nanoparticle showed the lowest S/N ratio value of 9.7 compared with the other blends. The smoke opacity, carbon monoxide emission, and brake-specific fuel consumption of all the response optimal factors were found to be 46.77 ppm, 0.32%, and 0.288 kg/kW·h, respectively.

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Sustainability
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ganapathy Ponnambalam Arul; Selvam Thulasi; Pitchaipillai Kumar; Veeranan Arunprasad; +5 Authors

    This Paper determines an experimental study of dual-pass solar dryer with a bed tilt of 0.5° and varying oscillating frequency of drying chamber namely 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 Hz for drying an agricultural produce namely non–parboiled paddy grains. The oscillations and bed tilt are provided to move the grains from entry to exit of the top bed and moving down to bottom bed and finally exits from the dryer. The new technology has been used in the solar dryer for drying of agricultural produce such as non–parboiled paddy grains to increase the quality and to decrease the loss of the dried produce. The present dryer model was used for drying 45 kg of non–parboiled paddy grains from 19% (w.b) to the approved range of 12–14% of moisture content obtained in a single experimental day. The dried paddy grains obtained an average moisture content are 13.03, 13.22 and 13.51% at the frequency of oscillation of 1.25, 1.75, 2.25 Hz, respectively. The maximum thermal and pick-up efficiency of the model were obtained at 1.00 p.m. in all cases. For the frequency of oscillation of 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 Hz, the maximum dryer thermal efficiency was 44.47, 43.39 and 41.39%, respectively, and the maximum pick–up efficiency was 80.41, 79.19 and 76.21%, respectively. The optimum drying performance was obtained at the oscillating frequency of 1.75 Hz with the bed tilt of 0.5°.

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    Sustainability
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    Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Olusegun David Samuel; Mohammad Kaveh; Tikendra Nath Verma; A.O. Okewale; +9 Authors

    Modelling and enhancing the production of green diesel in biodiesel industries have been hampered by the failure of the conventional approach to pursue space with continuous convergence velocity, being entombed in local minima, and maintaining unwavering resolutions. The study presented for the first time the optimization protocol for the development of biodiesel production from tobacco seed oil (TSO) on the batch reactor aided by the unique Grey Wolf Optimizer-Response Surface Methodology-Artificial Neural Network (GWO-RSM-ANN) techniques. Lower calorific value (LCV), higher calorific value (HCV), and specific heat capacity (Cp) correlations were postulated for tobacco seed oil methyl ester (TSOME/B100/TSOB) and diesel blends. RSM, ANN, and GWO approaches were used to model TSOME's main production yield. The ASTM test methods were used to examine the significant basic properties of the fuel categories, while the LCV and HCV were detected using standard procedures. Maximum TSOME yield (90.2%) was obtained at methanol/TSO molar ratio of 5.95, KOH content of 1.15 wt. %, and methylic duration of 77.6 min. The ANN model configuration (3-15-1) that was developed showed more adaptability and nonlinearity. The estimated coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9999, mean average error (MAE) of 0.00035, and RMSE of 0.00105 for the GWO model compared to those of R2 of 0.9825, MAE of 1.3145, and RMSE of 1.7087 for RSM model; and R2 of 0.9976, MAE of 0.2405, and RMSE of 0.6381 for ANN model vindicate the superiority of GWO model over the RSM and ANN models. The major fuel properties agreed with the ranges of the ASTMD6751 and EN 14214 specifications. The LCV, HCV, and Cp are also correlated with the TSOME fraction through the linear equations. There were excellent correlations between the analyzed and calculated values for the LCVs and HCVs. The maximum absolute error between the measured and estimated LCV and HCV are 0.108% for 20%TSOME (20% TSOME +80% diesel fuel), and 0.17% for pure diesel, respectively. The model and correlations can offer biodiesel and automobile industries with database information.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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    Authors: Ray Tahir Mushtaq; Li Wang; Mudassar Rehman; Aqib Mashood Khan; +4 Authors

    Abstract Practitioners in the industry are developing predictive methods for assessing key parameters and responses of engineering materials. The aim of this research is to optimize the average surface roughness (R a), flexural strength (FS), tensile strength (TS), print time (T), and print energy consumption (E) of 3D printed Nylon 6 (PA6). Quantitative parameters for infill density (ID), layer thickness (LT), and print speed (PS) were selected. Employing the central component design (CCD)-response surface methodology (RSM) for investigational design, statistical analysis, and multi-objective optimization, a total of 20 samples were produced and analyzed to develop prediction models. The implication of the selected parameters was confirmed through variance analysis (ANOVA), and the models were validated using confirmatory trial tests. It was found that LT was essential in achieving appropriate R a and T values, while ID was a crucial factor in obtaining the necessary mechanical properties. RSM optimization led to an FS of 70.8 MPa, TS of 40.8 MPa, lowest T of 53 min, lowest possible R a of 8.30 µm, and 0.203 kW·h “E” at ID = 84%, LT = 0.21 mm, and PS = 75 mm·s−1. The study also revealed weak bond strength between layers and layers debonding after bending tests, as shown in SEM micrographs. The PA6 material exhibited flexibility during tensile testing, going into plasticity before breaking. The created numerically optimized model is anticipated to benefit manufacturers and practitioners in predicting the required surface quality for various factors before conducting experiments, ultimately improving 3D printing (3DP) processes and outcomes. Despite limitations such as limited parameter selection, small sample size, and material-specific focus, this research presents valuable insights for the 3DP industry.

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    REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE
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    Authors: Chandrashekar Anjinappa; Manjunath Y. J; Omar Shabbir Ahmed; Mohamed Abbas; +3 Authors

    Recent environmental concern has been raised about the development of biocomposites because of their low cost, eco-friendliness, and biodegradability. Machining of polymeric composite is inevitable during assembly of structural components. In view of creating holes in structural composites, drilling is necessary and it is essential to carry out research to find the optimal machining parameters. The experimental assessment and prediction of the thrust force and torque involved in drilling composites reinforced with sheep horn are presented in this work. The matrix and sheep horn particles were combined in the right proportions before being moulded and poured into a mould, then allowed to cure at room temperature. Investigated properties included ultimate tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness. To evaluate the quality of the hole, micrographs of the drilled hole were employed. When the mixture was optimised based on the properties, it was found that a 70:30 ratio produced the best results. Thrust force and torque of 58 N and 4.8 N-mm, respectively, were observed for sheep horn filler laminates which were drilled using the combination of 6 mm diameter, 0.1 mm/rev feed rate, and 400 rpm speed. This is by far the best among the combinations used in the experiment. Additionally, the experimental outcomes indicate that the feed rate and spindle speed are the most significant factors affecting the thrust force. Since there were minimal errors in the comparison, the central composite design modelling is consummate. Overall, the extensive experimental effort offers several options to utilise this composite material in future applications across a wide range of fields.

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    Authors: Ramalingam Venkatesaperumal; Kutbudeen Syed Jafar; Perumal Venkatesan Elumalai; Mohamed Abbas; +3 Authors

    The heat transfer characteristics of the working fluid passing through the absorber of a solar parabolic trough collector (SPTC) can be enhanced by the creation of a turbulence effect. Therefore, a novel idea was implemented by introducing a corrugated tube (CT) absorber instead of a plain tube absorber in a solar parabolic trough collector. The heat transfer enhancement was improved further through the use of conical strip inserts inside the corrugated tube absorber of the SPTC. A corrugated tube (CT) receiver with a pitch of 8 mm and corrugation height of 2 mm was used with three different pitches of conical strip inserts (pitch pi = 20 mm, 30 mm and 50 mm) for the analysis of the thermal performance of the SPTC. Initially, experiments were conducted in a plain tube and corrugated tube receiver at different mass flow rates. The convective heat transfer rate was increased for all the configurations of the conical strip inserts. The SPTC performance was good for the combination of the corrugated tube (pc = 8 mm and hc = 2 mm) and the conical strip insert I3 (pi= 20 mm). The experimental results showed that the maximum achieved Nu value, friction factor, instantaneous efficiency and thermal efficiency of the CT-I3 were 177%, 38%, 26.92% and 9% compared to the plain tube under the same working conditions.

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  • Authors: Walid Helmy; Mohamed AbdElhamid Abbas;

    This paper investigates new optimization technique to size the capacitor banks to improve the power factor in the low voltage distribution networks. In industrial sites the owner should take decision either to pay the penalty due to low power factor or buy capacitor bank's panels. Economical study should be performed to take this decision. Choosing the size of the reactive power of the capacitor bank is the key player to perform the economic study, JAYA technique is new optimization method based on heuristic research, this method is implemented in this research to choose the optimal size of the implemented capacitor banks. The output of the optimization technique is accordingly fed to the capacitor bank controller to engage the suitable capacitor units for each loading condition. MATLAB/M-files program is used program the JAYA objective cost function and the power factor correction equations. The proposed program gives a good results where it give minimum cost of capacitor banks that met higher power factor.

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    Authors: Mohammed S. Alqahtani; Mohamed Abbas; Mohammed Abdul Muqeet; Hussain M. Almohiy;

    Analysis of the research productivity for any university is so important in order to raise its international ranking. Rankings offer universities evidence that the education they deliver is of high quality and top standard. A student’s level of dedication to their studies directly affects the outcome of their academic career. Sitting in on a lecture at a top-five rated institution is far less significant than actively contributing (engaging with classmates, doing research, etc.) at a top-50 ranked university. Using a SciVal dataset of 13 university entities across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia over a span of 5 years (2017–2021), we conducted a scientometric study for three categories, namely Output (O), Impact (I), and Collaboration (C), incorporating a total of 18 features. The methodology for selecting universities in this research depended on selecting the best universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in terms of the number of published research papers and the number of citations. This article aims to forecast the pattern of development and shortcomings faced by researchers from around the country from 2017 to 2021. The dataset is evaluated at the university level with homogenized features termed as “Scholar Plot” (SP), a popular approach to maintain and encourage development at the individual level. It is concluded that variances in efficiency within each knowledge field are the major drivers of heterogeneity in scientific output. Disparities in quality and specialization play a lesser impact in influencing productivity differences. The measure of such disparities using the mean of the group’s significance is illustrated using a t-tests statistical approach.

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    Authors: Huu Son Le; Ahmed M. Galal; Ibrahim Alhamrouni; Ayman A. Aly; +5 Authors

    Le transfert de chaleur optimal dans les dissipateurs thermiques à microcanaux modernes (MCHS) joue un rôle considérable dans l'amélioration de l'efficacité et de la puissance de ces dispositifs. La méthodologie de surface de réponse (RSM) est l'une des techniques récemment développées pour étudier et optimiser les comportements thermiques et hydrauliques des MCHS. Dans la présente enquête, un MCHS à buses multiples avec des ailettes circulaires sur les deux parois latérales des micro-canaux a été choisi pour être analysé. La méthode RSM a prédit le nombre de Nusselt ( Nu ) du MCHS et la chute de pression (ΔP) du liquide de refroidissement (les réponses du modèle). Le diamètre, le pas longitudinal et le pas transversal des ailettes circulaires ont été considérés comme les variables indépendantes. Ces variables ont été modifiées dans les plages de 0,02-0,06 mm (diamètre), 0,1-0,4 mm (pas longitudinal) et 0,1-0,2 mm (pas transversal). L'impact de la modification des variables mentionnées sur Nu et ΔP du liquide de refroidissement pour atteindre la capacité de refroidissement plus élevée a été étudié. Dans un premier temps, les valeurs Nu et ΔP ont été calculées par la procédure numérique puis prédites par le RSM. En comparant les valeurs dérivées par les modèles numérique et RSM, il a été observé que les valeurs prédites par le RSM étaient proches de celles calculées par la simulation numérique. Le modèle RSM avec le coefficient de détermination de 97,51% et 98,74% pour Nu et ΔP pourrait prédire ces réponses avec précision. La transferencia de calor óptima en los disipadores de calor de microcanales modernos (MCHS) desempeña un papel considerable en la mejora de la eficiencia y la potencia de estos dispositivos. La metodología de superficie de respuesta (RSM) es una de las técnicas desarrolladas recientemente para estudiar y optimizar los comportamientos térmicos e hidráulicos de los MCHS. En la investigación actual, se eligió para analizar un MCHS de boquillas múltiples con aletas circulares en ambas paredes laterales de los microcanales. El método RSM predijo el número de Nusselt ( Nu ) del MCHS y la caída de presión (ΔP) del refrigerante (las respuestas del modelo). El diámetro, el paso longitudinal y el paso transversal de las aletas circulares se consideraron como las variables independientes. Estas variables se cambiaron en los rangos de 0.02–0.06 mm (diámetro), 0.1–0.4 mm (paso longitudinal) y 0.1–0.2 mm (paso transversal). Se estudió el impacto de cambiar las variables mencionadas en Nu y ΔP del refrigerante para lograr la mayor capacidad de enfriamiento. Al principio, los valores de Nu y ΔP se calcularon mediante el procedimiento numérico y luego se predijeron mediante el RSM. Al comparar los valores derivados de los modelos numérico y RSM, se observó que los valores predichos por el RSM eran cercanos a los calculados por la simulación numérica. El modelo RSM con el coeficiente de determinación de 97.51% y 98.74% para Nu y ΔP podría predecir estas respuestas con precisión. Optimum heat transfer in modern micro-channel heat sinks (MCHSs) plays a considerable role in ameliorating the efficiency and power of these devices. The response surface methodology (RSM) is one of the recently developed techniques to study and optimize the thermal and hydraulic behaviors of the MCHSs. In the current investigation, a multi-nozzle MCHS with circular fins on both sidewalls of the micro-channels was elected to analyze. The RSM method predicted the Nusselt number ( Nu ) of the MCHS and pressure drop (ΔP) of the coolant (the responses of the model). The diameter, the longitudinal pitch, and the transverse pitch of the circular fins were considered as the independent variables. These variables were changed in the ranges of 0.02–0.06 mm (diameter), 0.1–0.4 mm (longitudinal pitch), and 0.1–0.2 mm (transverse pitch). The impact of changing the mentioned variables on Nu and ΔP of the coolant to achieve the higher cooling capacity was studied. At first, Nu and ΔP values were calculated by the numerical procedure and then predicted by the RSM. Comparing the values derived by the numerical and the RSM models, it was observed that the values predicted by the RSM were close to the ones calculated by the numerical simulation. The RSM model with the coefficient of determination of 97.51% and 98.74% for Nu and ΔP could predict these responses accurately. يلعب النقل الأمثل للحرارة في المصارف الحرارية الحديثة ذات القنوات الصغيرة (MCHSs) دورًا كبيرًا في تحسين كفاءة وقوة هذه الأجهزة. تعد منهجية سطح الاستجابة (RSM) واحدة من التقنيات التي تم تطويرها مؤخرًا لدراسة وتحسين السلوكيات الحرارية والهيدروليكية لـ MCHSs. في التحقيق الحالي، تم اختيار MCHS متعددة الفوهات مع زعانف دائرية على كلا الجدران الجانبية للقنوات الدقيقة لتحليلها. تنبأت طريقة RSM برقم Nusselt ( Nu ) لـ MCHS وانخفاض الضغط (ΔP) لسائل التبريد (استجابات النموذج). تم اعتبار القطر والميل الطولي والميل العرضي للزعانف الدائرية كمتغيرات مستقلة. تم تغيير هذه المتغيرات في نطاقات 0.02-0.06 مم (القطر)، 0.1–0.4 مم (درجة طولية)، و 0.1–0.2 مم (درجة عرضية). تمت دراسة تأثير تغيير المتغيرات المذكورة على Nu و ΔP لسائل التبريد لتحقيق قدرة التبريد الأعلى. في البداية، تم حساب قيم Nu و ΔP من خلال الإجراء العددي ثم تنبأت بها RSM. بمقارنة القيم المشتقة من النماذج العددية ونماذج RSM، لوحظ أن القيم التي تنبأت بها RSM كانت قريبة من تلك المحسوبة بواسطة المحاكاة العددية. يمكن لنموذج RSM مع معامل تحديد 97.51 ٪ و 98.74 ٪ لـ Nu و ΔP التنبؤ بهذه الاستجابات بدقة.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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      Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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      License: CC BY
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/wt...
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