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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Catherine Muthuri; Shem Kuyah; Mary Njenga; Anne Kuria; +2 Authors

    L'agroforesterie est une pratique puissante pour l'intensification durable et régénératrice, car elle favorise des paysages multifonctionnels qui remplissent des fonctions écologiques qui contribuent aux moyens de subsistance, à la productivité des terres, à la conservation de la biodiversité et à d'autres services écosystémiques. Malgré une grande littérature sur l'agroforesterie en Afrique de l'Est, une compréhension systématique de ses avantages pour les moyens de subsistance et de sa contribution à la séquestration du carbone fait toujours défaut. Une revue systématique a été utilisée pour fournir une synthèse quantitative et qualitative des preuves disponibles et des lacunes en matière de connaissances provenant de 185 publications répondant aux critères de sélection concernant la contribution de l'agroforesterie aux moyens de subsistance (n=152) et à la séquestration du carbone (n=43) en Afrique de l'Est. Les principaux avantages pour les moyens de subsistance comprennent le fourrage, la nourriture, le bois de chauffage et le revenu, signalés dans plus de 70, 63, 56 et 40 publications, respectivement. Ces avantages et d'autres diversifient les moyens de subsistance des communautés rurales et agissent comme des filets de sécurité en période de chocs climatiques. Les systèmes agroforestiers en Afrique de l'Est stockent en moyenne 24,2±2,8 Mg C ha−1 dans la biomasse et 98,8±12,2 Mg C ha−1 dans le sol. Une grande partie du carbone hors sol est contenue dans les jardins potagers (34,3±7,9 Mg C ha−1), les systèmes de cultures arborescentes pérennes (29,9±12,7 Mg C ha−1) et les arbres sur les limites (26,7±14,1 Mg C ha−1). Des études empiriques sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre le carbone souterrain dans l'agroforesterie et l'émission de gaz à effet de serre dans différentes pratiques agroforestières. Un plus petit nombre d'études ont rapporté des revenus provenant de la vente de crédits de carbone, suggérant une lacune dans le développement de la science concernant les droits de carbone, le régime foncier, les droits de propriété des arbres et l'impact potentiel du changement climatique sur les niches croissantes d'espèces d'arbres dans la région. Les résultats montrent que l'agroforesterie est une solution puissante d'adaptation et d'atténuation du changement climatique, car elle peut augmenter la résilience des ménages et séquestrer des quantités importantes de dioxyde de carbone dans l'atmosphère. La agrosilvicultura es una práctica poderosa para la intensificación sostenible y regenerativa porque promueve paisajes multifuncionales que cumplen funciones ecológicas que contribuyen a los medios de vida, la productividad de la tierra, la conservación de la biodiversidad y otros servicios ecosistémicos. A pesar de la gran cantidad de literatura sobre agrosilvicultura en África Oriental, todavía falta una comprensión sistemática de sus beneficios para los medios de vida y su contribución al secuestro de carbono. Se utilizó una revisión sistemática para proporcionar una síntesis cuantitativa y cualitativa de la evidencia disponible y la brecha de conocimiento de 185 publicaciones que cumplieron con los criterios de selección con respecto a la contribución de la agrosilvicultura a los medios de vida (n=152) y el secuestro de carbono (n=43) en África Oriental. Los principales beneficios para los medios de subsistencia incluyen forraje, alimentos, leña e ingresos, informados en más de 70, 63, 56 y 40 publicaciones, respectivamente. Estos y otros beneficios diversifican los medios de vida de las comunidades rurales y actúan como redes de seguridad en tiempos de crisis climáticas. Los sistemas agroforestales en África Oriental almacenan un promedio de 24.2±2.8 Mg C ha−1 en biomasa y 98.8±12.2 Mg C ha−1 en el suelo. Gran parte del carbono sobre el suelo se mantiene en huertos familiares (34.3±7.9 Mg C ha−1), sistemas de cultivos de árboles perennes (29.9±12.7 Mg C ha−1) y árboles en los límites (26.7±14.1 Mg C ha−1). Se necesitan estudios empíricos para comprender mejor el carbono subterráneo en la agrosilvicultura y la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero en diferentes prácticas agroforestales. Un número menor de estudios reportó ingresos por la venta de créditos de carbono, lo que sugiere una brecha en el desarrollo de la ciencia con respecto a los derechos de carbono, la tenencia de la tierra, los derechos de tenencia de árboles y el impacto potencial del cambio climático en los nichos de crecimiento de las especies de árboles en la región. Los resultados muestran que la agrosilvicultura es una poderosa solución de adaptación y mitigación climática, ya que puede aumentar la resiliencia de los hogares y secuestrar cantidades significativas de dióxido de carbono de la atmósfera. Agroforestry is a powerful practice for sustainable and regenerative intensification because it promotes multifunctional landscapes that deliver ecological functions that contribute to livelihoods, land productivity, biodiversity conservation, and other ecosystem services. Despite a large body of literature on agroforestry in East Africa, a systematic understanding of its livelihood benefits and contribution to carbon sequestration is still lacking. A systematic review was used to provide a quantitative and qualitative synthesis of available evidence and knowledge gap from 185 publications that met the selection criteria regarding the contribution of agroforestry to livelihoods (n=152) and carbon sequestration (n=43) in East Africa. The main livelihood benefits include fodder, food, firewood and income, reported in over 70, 63, 56 and 40 publications, respectively. These and other benefits diversify livelihoods of rural communities and act as safety nets in times of climate shocks. Agroforestry systems in East Africa stock an average of 24.2±2.8 Mg C ha−1 in biomass and 98.8±12.2 Mg C ha−1 in the soil. Much of the aboveground carbon is held in homegardens (34.3±7.9 Mg C ha−1), perennial tree-crop systems (29.9±12.7 Mg C ha−1) and trees on boundaries (26.7±14.1 Mg C ha−1). Empirical studies are needed for better understanding of belowground carbon in agroforestry and emission of greenhouse gases in different agroforestry practices. A smaller number of studies reported income from sale of carbon credits, suggesting a gap in the development of science regarding carbon rights, land tenure, tree tenure rights, and the potential impact of climate change on the growing niches of tree species in the region. The results show that agroforestry is a powerful climate adaptation and mitigation solution as it can increase household resilience and sequesters significant amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. تعد الحراجة الزراعية ممارسة قوية للتكثيف المستدام والمتجدد لأنها تعزز المناظر الطبيعية متعددة الوظائف التي توفر وظائف بيئية تساهم في سبل العيش وإنتاجية الأراضي والحفاظ على التنوع البيولوجي وخدمات النظام الإيكولوجي الأخرى. على الرغم من وجود مجموعة كبيرة من المؤلفات حول الحراجة الزراعية في شرق إفريقيا، لا يزال هناك نقص في الفهم المنهجي لفوائد سبل العيش والمساهمة في عزل الكربون. تم استخدام مراجعة منهجية لتوفير توليفة كمية ونوعية للأدلة المتاحة والفجوة المعرفية من 185 منشورًا استوفت معايير الاختيار فيما يتعلق بمساهمة الحراجة الزراعية في سبل العيش (العدد=152) وعزل الكربون (العدد=43) في شرق إفريقيا. تشمل فوائد سبل العيش الرئيسية الأعلاف والغذاء والحطب والدخل، التي تم الإبلاغ عنها في أكثر من 70 و 63 و 56 و 40 منشورًا على التوالي. تعمل هذه الفوائد وغيرها على تنويع سبل عيش المجتمعات الريفية وتعمل كشبكات أمان في أوقات الصدمات المناخية. تخزن أنظمة الحراجة الزراعية في شرق إفريقيا ما متوسطه 24.2±2.8 ملليجرام من الهكتار-1 في الكتلة الحيوية و 98.8±12.2 ملليجرام من الهكتار-1 في التربة. يتم الاحتفاظ بالكثير من الكربون فوق سطح الأرض في الحدائق المنزلية (34.3±7.9 ملغ هكتار-1)، وأنظمة المحاصيل الشجرية المعمرة (29.9±12.7 ملغ هكتار-1) والأشجار على الحدود (26.7±14.1 ملغ هكتار-1). هناك حاجة إلى دراسات تجريبية لفهم أفضل للكربون تحت الأرض في الحراجة الزراعية وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في ممارسات الحراجة الزراعية المختلفة. أفاد عدد أقل من الدراسات عن دخل من بيع أرصدة الكربون، مما يشير إلى وجود فجوة في تطوير العلوم فيما يتعلق بحقوق الكربون، وحيازة الأراضي، وحقوق حيازة الأشجار، والتأثير المحتمل لتغير المناخ على المنافذ المتنامية لأنواع الأشجار في المنطقة. تُظهر النتائج أن الحراجة الزراعية هي حل قوي للتكيف مع المناخ والتخفيف من حدته لأنه يمكن أن يزيد من مرونة الأسرة ويعزل كميات كبيرة من ثاني أكسيد الكربون عن الغلاف الجوي.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Trees Forests and Pe...arrow_drop_down
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    Trees Forests and People
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Trees Forests and People
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/9y...
    Other literature type . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/0h...
    Other literature type . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Trees Forests and Pe...arrow_drop_down
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      Trees Forests and People
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Trees Forests and People
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Wageningen Staff Publications
      Article . 2023
      License: CC BY
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/9y...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/0h...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
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    Authors: Paolo Cerutti; Phosiso Sola; Audrey Chenevoy; Miyuki Iiyama; +19 Authors

    Abstract Background The vast majority of households in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) depend on wood energy—comprising firewood and charcoal—for their daily energetic needs. Such consumption trends are expected to remain a common feature of SSA’s wood energy production and supply chains, at least in the short- to medium-terms. Notwithstanding its importance, wood energy generally has low priority in SSA national policies. However, the use of wood energy is often considered a key driver of unsustainable management and negative environmental consequences in the humid and dry forests. To date, unsystematic assessments of the socio-economic and environmental consequences of wood energy use have underplayed its significance, thus further hampering policy debates. Therefore, a more balanced approach which considers both demand and supply dynamics is needed. This systematic map aims at providing a comprehensive approach to understanding the role and impacts of wood energy across all regions and aspects in SSA. Methods The objective of this systematic map is to collate evidence from studies of environmental and socio-economic impacts of wood energy value chains, by considering both demand and supply within SSA. The map questions are framed using a Populations, Exposure, Comparators and Outcomes (PECO) approach. We name the supply and demand of wood energy as the “exposure,” composed of wood energy production, harvesting, processing, and consumption. The populations of interest include both the actors involved in these activities and the forest sites where these activities occur. The comparator is defined as those cases where the same wood energy activities occur with i) available/accessible alternative energy sources, ii) regulatory frameworks that govern the sector and iii) alternative technologies for efficient use. The outcomes of interest encompass both socioeconomic and environmental impacts that can affect more than the populations named above. For instance, in addition to the direct socioeconomic impacts felt by participants in the wood energy value chain, forest dwellers may experience livelihood changes due to forest degradation caused by external harvesters. Moreover, intensified deforestation in one area may concurrently lead to forest regeneration in another.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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    Environmental Evidence
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Environmental Evidence
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    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
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    Environmental Evidence
    Article
    Data sources: CORE
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Agritrop
    Article . 2015
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pp...
    Other literature type . 2015
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/5h...
    Other literature type . 2015
    Data sources: Datacite
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      Environmental Evidence
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Environmental Evidence
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      Environmental Evidence
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      Agritrop
      Article . 2015
      Data sources: Agritrop
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pp...
      Other literature type . 2015
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/5h...
      Other literature type . 2015
      Data sources: Datacite
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    La cuisson avec des combustibles issus de la biomasse du bois libère des polluants atmosphériques dangereux, y compris des composés organiques volatils (COV), qui affectent souvent de manière disproportionnée les femmes et les enfants. Cette étude, menée dans les comtés de Kwale et de Siaya au Kenya, a utilisé la chromatographie en phase gazeuse par désorption thermique – spectrométrie de masse pour analyser les émissions de COV provenant de la cuisson avec un poêle à feu ouvert à trois pierres à biomasse de bois par rapport à un poêle à gazéification à courant ascendant éclairé par le haut. Dans les cuisines avec une ventilation adéquate, les niveaux totaux de COV sont passés de 35 à 252 μg∙m−3 avant la cuisson à 2235-5371 μg∙m−3 pendant la cuisson au feu ouvert, tandis que l'utilisation d'un poêle à gazéificateur a entraîné une réduction des émissions de 48 à 77 % (506-2778 μg∙m−3). Cependant, dans les cuisines avec une mauvaise ventilation, il n'y avait qu'une différence modérée dans les niveaux totaux de COV entre les deux méthodes de cuisson (9034-9378 μg∙m−3 contre 6727-8201 μg∙m−3 pour le poêle à feu ouvert à trois pierres par rapport au poêle à gazogène, respectivement). L'utilisation d'une approche de dépistage non ciblée a révélé une augmentation significative des niveaux de COV, en particulier les benzénoïdes, les composés oxygénés et hétérocycliques, lors de la cuisson avec le feu ouvert traditionnel, en particulier dans les cuisines fermées, mettant en évidence les effets d'une mauvaise ventilation. Les principaux COV dangereux comprenaient le benzène, le naphtalène, les phénols et les furannes, ce qui suggère des risques potentiels pour la santé liés à la cuisson. Dans les cuisines avec une bonne ventilation, l'utilisation du réchaud gazéificateur a considérablement réduit les émissions de ces COV toxiques prioritaires par rapport à la cuisson au feu ouvert. Ainsi, le remplacement des feux ouverts par des poêles à gazéificateur pourrait aider à améliorer la qualité de l'air des ménages et à atténuer les risques pour la santé. L'étude a révélé que des COV étaient présents avant la cuisson, provenant peut-être d'aliments préalablement cuits (accumulation) ou de l'environnement extérieur. Les émissions de COV ont également été exacerbées par la réduction du flux d'air dans une humidité élevée pendant les précipitations, ce qui suggère un domaine de recherche supplémentaire. Les résultats soulignent l'importance d'adopter des technologies de cuisson plus propres et d'améliorer la ventilation de la cuisine pour atténuer les impacts des COV dans les pays en développement. Cocinar con combustibles de biomasa de madera libera contaminantes peligrosos del aire, incluidos los compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV), que a menudo afectan de manera desproporcionada a las mujeres y los niños. Este estudio, realizado en los condados de Kwale y Siaya en Kenia, empleó cromatografía de gases de desorción térmica – espectrometría de masas para analizar las emisiones de COV de la cocción con una estufa de gasificador de corriente ascendente de tres piedras de biomasa de madera frente a la estufa de gasificador de corriente ascendente de alta iluminación. En cocinas con ventilación adecuada, los niveles totales de COV aumentaron de 35 a 252 μg∙m−3 antes de cocinar a 2235-5371 μg∙m−3 durante la cocción a fuego abierto, mientras que el uso de una estufa gasificadora redujo las emisiones de la cocción en un 48–77 % (506-2778 μg∙m−3). Sin embargo, en cocinas con mala ventilación, solo hubo una diferencia moderada en los niveles totales de COV entre los dos métodos de cocción (9034-9378 μg∙m−3 frente a 6727-8201 μg∙m−3 para la estufa de fuego abierto de tres piedras frente a la estufa gasificadora, respectivamente). El uso de un enfoque de detección no objetivo reveló niveles significativamente mayores de COV, en particular bencenoides, compuestos oxigenados y heterocíclicos, al cocinar con el fuego abierto tradicional, especialmente en cocinas cerradas, destacando los efectos de la mala ventilación. Los COV peligrosos clave incluyeron benceno, naftaleno, fenoles y furanos, lo que sugiere posibles riesgos para la salud al cocinar. En cocinas con buena ventilación, el uso de la estufa gasificadora redujo notablemente las emisiones de estos COV tóxicos prioritarios en comparación con cocinar con fuego abierto. Por lo tanto, sustituir los fuegos abiertos por estufas gasificadoras podría ayudar a mejorar la calidad del aire doméstico y aliviar los riesgos para la salud. El estudio reveló que los COV estaban presentes antes de cocinar, posiblemente procedentes de alimentos previamente cocinados (acumulación) o del entorno exterior. Las emisiones de COV también se vieron exacerbadas por la reducción del flujo de aire con alta humedad durante las precipitaciones, lo que sugiere un área para futuras investigaciones. Los hallazgos subrayan la importancia de adoptar tecnologías de cocina más limpias y mejorar la ventilación de la cocina para mitigar los impactos de los COV en los países en desarrollo. يؤدي الطهي باستخدام وقود الكتلة الحيوية الخشبية إلى إطلاق ملوثات هواء خطرة، بما في ذلك المركبات العضوية المتطايرة (VOCs)، والتي غالبًا ما تؤثر بشكل غير متناسب على النساء والأطفال. استخدمت هذه الدراسة، التي أجريت في مقاطعتي كوالي وسيايا في كينيا، كروماتوغرافيا غاز الامتزاز الحراري – قياس الطيف الكتلي لتحليل انبعاثات المركبات العضوية المتطايرة من الطهي باستخدام موقد مفتوح بثلاثة أحجار من الكتلة الحيوية الخشبية مقابل موقد غازي مضاء من الأعلى. في المطابخ ذات التهوية الكافية، زاد إجمالي مستويات المركبات العضوية المتطايرة من 35 إلى 252 ميكروغرام∙m−3 قبل الطهي إلى 2235-5371 ميكروغرام∙m−3 أثناء الطهي في النار المفتوحة، في حين أدى استخدام موقد التغويز إلى تقليل الانبعاثات الناتجة عن الطهي بنسبة 48–77 ٪ (506–2778 ميكروغرام∙m−3). ومع ذلك، في المطابخ ذات التهوية السيئة، لم يكن هناك سوى اختلاف معتدل في إجمالي مستويات المركبات العضوية المتطايرة بين طريقتي الطهي (9034-9378 ميكروغرام∙م−3 مقابل 6727-8201 ميكروغرام∙م−3 للموقد المفتوح ثلاثي الأحجار مقابل موقد التحويل إلى غاز، على التوالي). وكشف استخدام نهج الفحص غير المستهدف عن زيادة كبيرة في مستويات المركبات العضوية المتطايرة، ولا سيما البنزويدات والمركبات المؤكسجة وغير المتجانسة، عند الطهي بالنار المفتوحة التقليدية، وخاصة في المطابخ المغلقة، مما يسلط الضوء على آثار سوء التهوية. وشملت المركبات العضوية المتطايرة الخطرة الرئيسية البنزين والنفثالين والفينول والفيوران، مما يشير إلى مخاطر صحية محتملة من الطهي. في المطابخ ذات التهوية الجيدة، أدى استخدام موقد التغويز إلى تقليل انبعاثات هذه المركبات العضوية المتطايرة السامة ذات الأولوية بشكل ملحوظ مقارنة بالطهي بنار مفتوحة. وبالتالي، فإن استبدال الحرائق المفتوحة بمواقد الغاز يمكن أن يساعد في تحسين جودة الهواء المنزلي والتخفيف من المخاطر الصحية. كشفت الدراسة أن المركبات العضوية المتطايرة كانت موجودة قبل الطهي، وربما نشأت عن الطعام المطبوخ سابقًا (التراكم) أو البيئة الخارجية. كما تفاقمت انبعاثات المركبات العضوية المتطايرة بسبب انخفاض تدفق الهواء في الرطوبة العالية أثناء هطول الأمطار، مما يشير إلى وجود مجال لمزيد من البحث. تؤكد النتائج على أهمية اعتماد تقنيات طهي أنظف وتعزيز تهوية المطبخ للتخفيف من آثار المركبات العضوية المتطايرة في البلدان النامية. Cooking with wood biomass fuels releases hazardous air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that often disproportionally affect women and children. This study, conducted in Kwale and Siaya counties in Kenya, employed thermal desorption gas chromatography – mass spectrometry to analyse VOC emissions from cooking with a wood biomass three-stone open fire vs. top-lit updraft gasifier stove. In kitchens with adequate ventilation, total VOC levels increased from 35 to 252 μg∙m−3 before cooking to 2235–5371 μg∙m−3 during open fire cooking, whereas use of a gasifier stove resulted in reduced emissions from cooking by 48–77 % (506–2778 μg∙m−3). However, in kitchens with poor ventilation, there was only a moderate difference in total VOC levels between the two methods of cooking (9034–9378 μg∙m−3 vs. 6727–8201 μg∙m−3 for the three-stone open fire vs. gasifier stove, respectively). Using a non-target screening approach revealed significantly increased levels of VOCs, particularly benzenoids, oxygenated and heterocyclic compounds, when cooking with the traditional open fire, especially in closed kitchens, highlighting the effects of poor ventilation. Key hazardous VOCs included benzene, naphthalene, phenols and furans, suggesting potential health risks from cooking. In kitchens with good ventilation, use of the gasifier stove markedly reduced emissions of these priority toxic VOCs compared to cooking with an open fire. Thus, substituting open fires with gasifier stoves could help to improve household air quality and alleviate health risks. The study revealed that VOCs were present prior to cooking, possibly originating from previously cooked food (buildup) or the outside environment. VOC emissions were also exacerbated by reduced air flow in high humidity during rainfall, suggesting an area for further research. The findings underscore the importance of adopting cleaner cooking technologies and enhancing kitchen ventilation to mitigate the impacts of VOCs in developing countries.

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    The Science of The Total Environment
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    Authors: M. Njenga; M. Iiyama; Y. Terada; D. Kitenge; +3 Authors

    In Africa the population of refugees is increasing, resulting in ‘accidental urban centres’ often in remote arid landscapes. Firewood and charcoal, the main sources of cooking energy on the continent, are in short supply in refugee settings. This research is based on a series of interrelated studies conducted among Kalobeyei refugee and host communities in Northwestern Kenya using mixed methods from social and natural sciences. Firewood is inadequate, and 95% of households exchanged or sold food to buy cooking fuel. Energy poverty leaves women feeling disempowered and frustrated and causes conflicts between the refugee and host communities. Charcoal briquettes produced and used by the women emerged as a viable cooking fuel. Women stated that marketing challenges and difficulties in sourcing the raw materials may hinder growth of briquettes as a business. Possible solutions include using biomass from the invasive Prosopis juliflora (currently used for charcoal), establishing “briquette kiosks”, and integrating briquettes into development plans. In refugee contexts, approaches to food insecurity should integrate cooking energy and give women an opportunity to voice their needs and aspirations.

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    Social Sciences and Humanities Open
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    In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), food security can be influenced by many factors including farmer productivity, access to soil amendments, labor availability, and family incomes (just to name a few). In this paper, we suggest that an additional issue contributes to food insecurity and has been historically absent from the discussion, namely access to cooking energy, particularly for very low income, food insecure individuals. This paper examines the most recent literature that describes the central role played by wood fuels, in particular firewood and charcoal, as a vital, though controversial, source of fuel used by the vast majority of rural and urban sub-Saharan Africans. We explore the reality that although the health risks of collecting and using firewood and charcoal in traditional manners are real, policy makers, researchers, and donors need to address the sustainability and viability of the current fuel types used by the majority of people. We end the paper with a series of practical suggestions for improving the wood fuel systems as they currently exist in the region.

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    Abstract Charcoal and firewood, together comprising woodfuel, are key in the cooking energy mix in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Charcoal is made by burning wood under controlled oxygen to arrive at a product high in carbon. Firewood is wood burned directly to provide energy. Wood energy, which is gaining in popularity as a sustainable fuel in developed countries, is characterized as a driver of land degradation on the African continent. Instead of wishing for the demise of woodfuel due to its associated negative health and environmental impacts, a systems thinking approach argues that improving technologies and efficiency in wood production, charcoal and firewood processing, transport and trade, and utilization in a circular bioenergy economy meets a range of needs while conserving the environment. This article outlines a sustainable woodfuel theory of change (ToC) that describes how woodfuel can be made sustainable rather than being dismissed as a transitional fuel on its way out. The ToC is based on the knowledge that no energy system is without flaws and that technologies exist for real quantifiable improvements in woodfuel systems while filling the energy-poverty gap. A bold rational decision must be made in rethinking woodfuel in SSA, as failure to advance woodfuel technologies undermines global efforts directed towards land restoration and climate change mitigation. We recommend that an improved and sustainable woodfuel system should be considered as an acceptable modern energy source under SDG 7.

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    Environmental Research Communications
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/tr...
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      Environmental Research Communications
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/tr...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: James K Gitau; James K Gitau; Mary Njenga; Mary Njenga; +4 Authors

    Biomass fuels dominate the household energy mix in sub-Saharan Africa. Much of it is used inefficiently in poorly ventilated kitchens resulting in indoor air pollution and consumption of large amounts of wood fuel. Micro-gasification cookstoves can improve fuel use efficiency and reduce indoor air pollution while producing char as a by-product. This study monitored real-time concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and amount of firewood used when households were cooking dinner. Twenty-five households used the gasifier cookstove to cook and five repeated the same test with three-stone open fire on a different date. With the gasifier, the average corresponding dinner time CO, CO2, and PM2.5 concentrations were reduced by 57%, 41%, and 79% respectively compared to three-stone open fire. The gasifier had average biomass-to-char conversion efficiency of 16.6%. If the produced char is used as fuel, households could save 32% of fuel compared to use of three-stone open fire and 18% when char is used as biochar, for instance. Adoption of the gasifier can help to reduce the need for firewood collection, hence reducing impacts on the environment while saving on the amount of time and money spent on cooking fuel.

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    Energies
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
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    Energies
    Article . 2019
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      Energies
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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      Energies
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      Energies
      Article . 2019
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Petra Sieber; Mary Njenga; Gert Nyberg; Thomas Kätterer; +9 Authors

    AbstractBiochar produced in cookstoves has the potential to contribute to negative carbon emissions through sequestration of biomass carbon while also providing other benefits for sustainable development, including provision of clean renewable energy and increased yields in tropical agriculture. The aim of the reported research was to estimate effects on food production, household energy access and life cycle climate impact from introduction of biochar-producing cookstoves on smallholder farms in Kenya. Participatory research on biochar production and use was undertaken with 150 Kenyan smallholder farming households. Gasifier cookstove functionality, fuel efficiency and emissions were measured, as well as biochar effects on agricultural yields after application to soil. Cookstoves provided benefits through reduced smoke, fuel wood savings and char production, but challenges were found related to labour for fuel preparation, lighting and refilling. On-farm trials with varying rates of biochar inputs, in combination with and without mineral fertilizers, have led to a sustained increase of maize yields following one-time application. The climate impact in a life cycle perspective was considerably lower for the system with cookstove production of biochar and use of biochar in agriculture than for current cooking practices. Climate benefits from biochar production and use are thus possible on smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa, through reduced use of biomass in cooking, reduced emissions of products of incomplete combustion and sequestration of stable biochar carbon in soils. Biochar-producing cookstoves can be implemented as a climate change mitigation method in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Successful implementation will require changes in cooking systems including fuel supply, as well as farming systems, which, in turn, requires an understanding of local socio-cultural conditions, including power relations and gender aspects.

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    Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
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8 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Catherine Muthuri; Shem Kuyah; Mary Njenga; Anne Kuria; +2 Authors

    L'agroforesterie est une pratique puissante pour l'intensification durable et régénératrice, car elle favorise des paysages multifonctionnels qui remplissent des fonctions écologiques qui contribuent aux moyens de subsistance, à la productivité des terres, à la conservation de la biodiversité et à d'autres services écosystémiques. Malgré une grande littérature sur l'agroforesterie en Afrique de l'Est, une compréhension systématique de ses avantages pour les moyens de subsistance et de sa contribution à la séquestration du carbone fait toujours défaut. Une revue systématique a été utilisée pour fournir une synthèse quantitative et qualitative des preuves disponibles et des lacunes en matière de connaissances provenant de 185 publications répondant aux critères de sélection concernant la contribution de l'agroforesterie aux moyens de subsistance (n=152) et à la séquestration du carbone (n=43) en Afrique de l'Est. Les principaux avantages pour les moyens de subsistance comprennent le fourrage, la nourriture, le bois de chauffage et le revenu, signalés dans plus de 70, 63, 56 et 40 publications, respectivement. Ces avantages et d'autres diversifient les moyens de subsistance des communautés rurales et agissent comme des filets de sécurité en période de chocs climatiques. Les systèmes agroforestiers en Afrique de l'Est stockent en moyenne 24,2±2,8 Mg C ha−1 dans la biomasse et 98,8±12,2 Mg C ha−1 dans le sol. Une grande partie du carbone hors sol est contenue dans les jardins potagers (34,3±7,9 Mg C ha−1), les systèmes de cultures arborescentes pérennes (29,9±12,7 Mg C ha−1) et les arbres sur les limites (26,7±14,1 Mg C ha−1). Des études empiriques sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre le carbone souterrain dans l'agroforesterie et l'émission de gaz à effet de serre dans différentes pratiques agroforestières. Un plus petit nombre d'études ont rapporté des revenus provenant de la vente de crédits de carbone, suggérant une lacune dans le développement de la science concernant les droits de carbone, le régime foncier, les droits de propriété des arbres et l'impact potentiel du changement climatique sur les niches croissantes d'espèces d'arbres dans la région. Les résultats montrent que l'agroforesterie est une solution puissante d'adaptation et d'atténuation du changement climatique, car elle peut augmenter la résilience des ménages et séquestrer des quantités importantes de dioxyde de carbone dans l'atmosphère. La agrosilvicultura es una práctica poderosa para la intensificación sostenible y regenerativa porque promueve paisajes multifuncionales que cumplen funciones ecológicas que contribuyen a los medios de vida, la productividad de la tierra, la conservación de la biodiversidad y otros servicios ecosistémicos. A pesar de la gran cantidad de literatura sobre agrosilvicultura en África Oriental, todavía falta una comprensión sistemática de sus beneficios para los medios de vida y su contribución al secuestro de carbono. Se utilizó una revisión sistemática para proporcionar una síntesis cuantitativa y cualitativa de la evidencia disponible y la brecha de conocimiento de 185 publicaciones que cumplieron con los criterios de selección con respecto a la contribución de la agrosilvicultura a los medios de vida (n=152) y el secuestro de carbono (n=43) en África Oriental. Los principales beneficios para los medios de subsistencia incluyen forraje, alimentos, leña e ingresos, informados en más de 70, 63, 56 y 40 publicaciones, respectivamente. Estos y otros beneficios diversifican los medios de vida de las comunidades rurales y actúan como redes de seguridad en tiempos de crisis climáticas. Los sistemas agroforestales en África Oriental almacenan un promedio de 24.2±2.8 Mg C ha−1 en biomasa y 98.8±12.2 Mg C ha−1 en el suelo. Gran parte del carbono sobre el suelo se mantiene en huertos familiares (34.3±7.9 Mg C ha−1), sistemas de cultivos de árboles perennes (29.9±12.7 Mg C ha−1) y árboles en los límites (26.7±14.1 Mg C ha−1). Se necesitan estudios empíricos para comprender mejor el carbono subterráneo en la agrosilvicultura y la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero en diferentes prácticas agroforestales. Un número menor de estudios reportó ingresos por la venta de créditos de carbono, lo que sugiere una brecha en el desarrollo de la ciencia con respecto a los derechos de carbono, la tenencia de la tierra, los derechos de tenencia de árboles y el impacto potencial del cambio climático en los nichos de crecimiento de las especies de árboles en la región. Los resultados muestran que la agrosilvicultura es una poderosa solución de adaptación y mitigación climática, ya que puede aumentar la resiliencia de los hogares y secuestrar cantidades significativas de dióxido de carbono de la atmósfera. Agroforestry is a powerful practice for sustainable and regenerative intensification because it promotes multifunctional landscapes that deliver ecological functions that contribute to livelihoods, land productivity, biodiversity conservation, and other ecosystem services. Despite a large body of literature on agroforestry in East Africa, a systematic understanding of its livelihood benefits and contribution to carbon sequestration is still lacking. A systematic review was used to provide a quantitative and qualitative synthesis of available evidence and knowledge gap from 185 publications that met the selection criteria regarding the contribution of agroforestry to livelihoods (n=152) and carbon sequestration (n=43) in East Africa. The main livelihood benefits include fodder, food, firewood and income, reported in over 70, 63, 56 and 40 publications, respectively. These and other benefits diversify livelihoods of rural communities and act as safety nets in times of climate shocks. Agroforestry systems in East Africa stock an average of 24.2±2.8 Mg C ha−1 in biomass and 98.8±12.2 Mg C ha−1 in the soil. Much of the aboveground carbon is held in homegardens (34.3±7.9 Mg C ha−1), perennial tree-crop systems (29.9±12.7 Mg C ha−1) and trees on boundaries (26.7±14.1 Mg C ha−1). Empirical studies are needed for better understanding of belowground carbon in agroforestry and emission of greenhouse gases in different agroforestry practices. A smaller number of studies reported income from sale of carbon credits, suggesting a gap in the development of science regarding carbon rights, land tenure, tree tenure rights, and the potential impact of climate change on the growing niches of tree species in the region. The results show that agroforestry is a powerful climate adaptation and mitigation solution as it can increase household resilience and sequesters significant amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. تعد الحراجة الزراعية ممارسة قوية للتكثيف المستدام والمتجدد لأنها تعزز المناظر الطبيعية متعددة الوظائف التي توفر وظائف بيئية تساهم في سبل العيش وإنتاجية الأراضي والحفاظ على التنوع البيولوجي وخدمات النظام الإيكولوجي الأخرى. على الرغم من وجود مجموعة كبيرة من المؤلفات حول الحراجة الزراعية في شرق إفريقيا، لا يزال هناك نقص في الفهم المنهجي لفوائد سبل العيش والمساهمة في عزل الكربون. تم استخدام مراجعة منهجية لتوفير توليفة كمية ونوعية للأدلة المتاحة والفجوة المعرفية من 185 منشورًا استوفت معايير الاختيار فيما يتعلق بمساهمة الحراجة الزراعية في سبل العيش (العدد=152) وعزل الكربون (العدد=43) في شرق إفريقيا. تشمل فوائد سبل العيش الرئيسية الأعلاف والغذاء والحطب والدخل، التي تم الإبلاغ عنها في أكثر من 70 و 63 و 56 و 40 منشورًا على التوالي. تعمل هذه الفوائد وغيرها على تنويع سبل عيش المجتمعات الريفية وتعمل كشبكات أمان في أوقات الصدمات المناخية. تخزن أنظمة الحراجة الزراعية في شرق إفريقيا ما متوسطه 24.2±2.8 ملليجرام من الهكتار-1 في الكتلة الحيوية و 98.8±12.2 ملليجرام من الهكتار-1 في التربة. يتم الاحتفاظ بالكثير من الكربون فوق سطح الأرض في الحدائق المنزلية (34.3±7.9 ملغ هكتار-1)، وأنظمة المحاصيل الشجرية المعمرة (29.9±12.7 ملغ هكتار-1) والأشجار على الحدود (26.7±14.1 ملغ هكتار-1). هناك حاجة إلى دراسات تجريبية لفهم أفضل للكربون تحت الأرض في الحراجة الزراعية وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في ممارسات الحراجة الزراعية المختلفة. أفاد عدد أقل من الدراسات عن دخل من بيع أرصدة الكربون، مما يشير إلى وجود فجوة في تطوير العلوم فيما يتعلق بحقوق الكربون، وحيازة الأراضي، وحقوق حيازة الأشجار، والتأثير المحتمل لتغير المناخ على المنافذ المتنامية لأنواع الأشجار في المنطقة. تُظهر النتائج أن الحراجة الزراعية هي حل قوي للتكيف مع المناخ والتخفيف من حدته لأنه يمكن أن يزيد من مرونة الأسرة ويعزل كميات كبيرة من ثاني أكسيد الكربون عن الغلاف الجوي.

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    Trees Forests and People
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    Trees Forests and People
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
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    Authors: Paolo Cerutti; Phosiso Sola; Audrey Chenevoy; Miyuki Iiyama; +19 Authors

    Abstract Background The vast majority of households in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) depend on wood energy—comprising firewood and charcoal—for their daily energetic needs. Such consumption trends are expected to remain a common feature of SSA’s wood energy production and supply chains, at least in the short- to medium-terms. Notwithstanding its importance, wood energy generally has low priority in SSA national policies. However, the use of wood energy is often considered a key driver of unsustainable management and negative environmental consequences in the humid and dry forests. To date, unsystematic assessments of the socio-economic and environmental consequences of wood energy use have underplayed its significance, thus further hampering policy debates. Therefore, a more balanced approach which considers both demand and supply dynamics is needed. This systematic map aims at providing a comprehensive approach to understanding the role and impacts of wood energy across all regions and aspects in SSA. Methods The objective of this systematic map is to collate evidence from studies of environmental and socio-economic impacts of wood energy value chains, by considering both demand and supply within SSA. The map questions are framed using a Populations, Exposure, Comparators and Outcomes (PECO) approach. We name the supply and demand of wood energy as the “exposure,” composed of wood energy production, harvesting, processing, and consumption. The populations of interest include both the actors involved in these activities and the forest sites where these activities occur. The comparator is defined as those cases where the same wood energy activities occur with i) available/accessible alternative energy sources, ii) regulatory frameworks that govern the sector and iii) alternative technologies for efficient use. The outcomes of interest encompass both socioeconomic and environmental impacts that can affect more than the populations named above. For instance, in addition to the direct socioeconomic impacts felt by participants in the wood energy value chain, forest dwellers may experience livelihood changes due to forest degradation caused by external harvesters. Moreover, intensified deforestation in one area may concurrently lead to forest regeneration in another.

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    Environmental Evidence
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Environmental Evidence
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    Agritrop
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pp...
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      Environmental Evidence
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    La cuisson avec des combustibles issus de la biomasse du bois libère des polluants atmosphériques dangereux, y compris des composés organiques volatils (COV), qui affectent souvent de manière disproportionnée les femmes et les enfants. Cette étude, menée dans les comtés de Kwale et de Siaya au Kenya, a utilisé la chromatographie en phase gazeuse par désorption thermique – spectrométrie de masse pour analyser les émissions de COV provenant de la cuisson avec un poêle à feu ouvert à trois pierres à biomasse de bois par rapport à un poêle à gazéification à courant ascendant éclairé par le haut. Dans les cuisines avec une ventilation adéquate, les niveaux totaux de COV sont passés de 35 à 252 μg∙m−3 avant la cuisson à 2235-5371 μg∙m−3 pendant la cuisson au feu ouvert, tandis que l'utilisation d'un poêle à gazéificateur a entraîné une réduction des émissions de 48 à 77 % (506-2778 μg∙m−3). Cependant, dans les cuisines avec une mauvaise ventilation, il n'y avait qu'une différence modérée dans les niveaux totaux de COV entre les deux méthodes de cuisson (9034-9378 μg∙m−3 contre 6727-8201 μg∙m−3 pour le poêle à feu ouvert à trois pierres par rapport au poêle à gazogène, respectivement). L'utilisation d'une approche de dépistage non ciblée a révélé une augmentation significative des niveaux de COV, en particulier les benzénoïdes, les composés oxygénés et hétérocycliques, lors de la cuisson avec le feu ouvert traditionnel, en particulier dans les cuisines fermées, mettant en évidence les effets d'une mauvaise ventilation. Les principaux COV dangereux comprenaient le benzène, le naphtalène, les phénols et les furannes, ce qui suggère des risques potentiels pour la santé liés à la cuisson. Dans les cuisines avec une bonne ventilation, l'utilisation du réchaud gazéificateur a considérablement réduit les émissions de ces COV toxiques prioritaires par rapport à la cuisson au feu ouvert. Ainsi, le remplacement des feux ouverts par des poêles à gazéificateur pourrait aider à améliorer la qualité de l'air des ménages et à atténuer les risques pour la santé. L'étude a révélé que des COV étaient présents avant la cuisson, provenant peut-être d'aliments préalablement cuits (accumulation) ou de l'environnement extérieur. Les émissions de COV ont également été exacerbées par la réduction du flux d'air dans une humidité élevée pendant les précipitations, ce qui suggère un domaine de recherche supplémentaire. Les résultats soulignent l'importance d'adopter des technologies de cuisson plus propres et d'améliorer la ventilation de la cuisine pour atténuer les impacts des COV dans les pays en développement. Cocinar con combustibles de biomasa de madera libera contaminantes peligrosos del aire, incluidos los compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV), que a menudo afectan de manera desproporcionada a las mujeres y los niños. Este estudio, realizado en los condados de Kwale y Siaya en Kenia, empleó cromatografía de gases de desorción térmica – espectrometría de masas para analizar las emisiones de COV de la cocción con una estufa de gasificador de corriente ascendente de tres piedras de biomasa de madera frente a la estufa de gasificador de corriente ascendente de alta iluminación. En cocinas con ventilación adecuada, los niveles totales de COV aumentaron de 35 a 252 μg∙m−3 antes de cocinar a 2235-5371 μg∙m−3 durante la cocción a fuego abierto, mientras que el uso de una estufa gasificadora redujo las emisiones de la cocción en un 48–77 % (506-2778 μg∙m−3). Sin embargo, en cocinas con mala ventilación, solo hubo una diferencia moderada en los niveles totales de COV entre los dos métodos de cocción (9034-9378 μg∙m−3 frente a 6727-8201 μg∙m−3 para la estufa de fuego abierto de tres piedras frente a la estufa gasificadora, respectivamente). El uso de un enfoque de detección no objetivo reveló niveles significativamente mayores de COV, en particular bencenoides, compuestos oxigenados y heterocíclicos, al cocinar con el fuego abierto tradicional, especialmente en cocinas cerradas, destacando los efectos de la mala ventilación. Los COV peligrosos clave incluyeron benceno, naftaleno, fenoles y furanos, lo que sugiere posibles riesgos para la salud al cocinar. En cocinas con buena ventilación, el uso de la estufa gasificadora redujo notablemente las emisiones de estos COV tóxicos prioritarios en comparación con cocinar con fuego abierto. Por lo tanto, sustituir los fuegos abiertos por estufas gasificadoras podría ayudar a mejorar la calidad del aire doméstico y aliviar los riesgos para la salud. El estudio reveló que los COV estaban presentes antes de cocinar, posiblemente procedentes de alimentos previamente cocinados (acumulación) o del entorno exterior. Las emisiones de COV también se vieron exacerbadas por la reducción del flujo de aire con alta humedad durante las precipitaciones, lo que sugiere un área para futuras investigaciones. Los hallazgos subrayan la importancia de adoptar tecnologías de cocina más limpias y mejorar la ventilación de la cocina para mitigar los impactos de los COV en los países en desarrollo. يؤدي الطهي باستخدام وقود الكتلة الحيوية الخشبية إلى إطلاق ملوثات هواء خطرة، بما في ذلك المركبات العضوية المتطايرة (VOCs)، والتي غالبًا ما تؤثر بشكل غير متناسب على النساء والأطفال. استخدمت هذه الدراسة، التي أجريت في مقاطعتي كوالي وسيايا في كينيا، كروماتوغرافيا غاز الامتزاز الحراري – قياس الطيف الكتلي لتحليل انبعاثات المركبات العضوية المتطايرة من الطهي باستخدام موقد مفتوح بثلاثة أحجار من الكتلة الحيوية الخشبية مقابل موقد غازي مضاء من الأعلى. في المطابخ ذات التهوية الكافية، زاد إجمالي مستويات المركبات العضوية المتطايرة من 35 إلى 252 ميكروغرام∙m−3 قبل الطهي إلى 2235-5371 ميكروغرام∙m−3 أثناء الطهي في النار المفتوحة، في حين أدى استخدام موقد التغويز إلى تقليل الانبعاثات الناتجة عن الطهي بنسبة 48–77 ٪ (506–2778 ميكروغرام∙m−3). ومع ذلك، في المطابخ ذات التهوية السيئة، لم يكن هناك سوى اختلاف معتدل في إجمالي مستويات المركبات العضوية المتطايرة بين طريقتي الطهي (9034-9378 ميكروغرام∙م−3 مقابل 6727-8201 ميكروغرام∙م−3 للموقد المفتوح ثلاثي الأحجار مقابل موقد التحويل إلى غاز، على التوالي). وكشف استخدام نهج الفحص غير المستهدف عن زيادة كبيرة في مستويات المركبات العضوية المتطايرة، ولا سيما البنزويدات والمركبات المؤكسجة وغير المتجانسة، عند الطهي بالنار المفتوحة التقليدية، وخاصة في المطابخ المغلقة، مما يسلط الضوء على آثار سوء التهوية. وشملت المركبات العضوية المتطايرة الخطرة الرئيسية البنزين والنفثالين والفينول والفيوران، مما يشير إلى مخاطر صحية محتملة من الطهي. في المطابخ ذات التهوية الجيدة، أدى استخدام موقد التغويز إلى تقليل انبعاثات هذه المركبات العضوية المتطايرة السامة ذات الأولوية بشكل ملحوظ مقارنة بالطهي بنار مفتوحة. وبالتالي، فإن استبدال الحرائق المفتوحة بمواقد الغاز يمكن أن يساعد في تحسين جودة الهواء المنزلي والتخفيف من المخاطر الصحية. كشفت الدراسة أن المركبات العضوية المتطايرة كانت موجودة قبل الطهي، وربما نشأت عن الطعام المطبوخ سابقًا (التراكم) أو البيئة الخارجية. كما تفاقمت انبعاثات المركبات العضوية المتطايرة بسبب انخفاض تدفق الهواء في الرطوبة العالية أثناء هطول الأمطار، مما يشير إلى وجود مجال لمزيد من البحث. تؤكد النتائج على أهمية اعتماد تقنيات طهي أنظف وتعزيز تهوية المطبخ للتخفيف من آثار المركبات العضوية المتطايرة في البلدان النامية. Cooking with wood biomass fuels releases hazardous air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that often disproportionally affect women and children. This study, conducted in Kwale and Siaya counties in Kenya, employed thermal desorption gas chromatography – mass spectrometry to analyse VOC emissions from cooking with a wood biomass three-stone open fire vs. top-lit updraft gasifier stove. In kitchens with adequate ventilation, total VOC levels increased from 35 to 252 μg∙m−3 before cooking to 2235–5371 μg∙m−3 during open fire cooking, whereas use of a gasifier stove resulted in reduced emissions from cooking by 48–77 % (506–2778 μg∙m−3). However, in kitchens with poor ventilation, there was only a moderate difference in total VOC levels between the two methods of cooking (9034–9378 μg∙m−3 vs. 6727–8201 μg∙m−3 for the three-stone open fire vs. gasifier stove, respectively). Using a non-target screening approach revealed significantly increased levels of VOCs, particularly benzenoids, oxygenated and heterocyclic compounds, when cooking with the traditional open fire, especially in closed kitchens, highlighting the effects of poor ventilation. Key hazardous VOCs included benzene, naphthalene, phenols and furans, suggesting potential health risks from cooking. In kitchens with good ventilation, use of the gasifier stove markedly reduced emissions of these priority toxic VOCs compared to cooking with an open fire. Thus, substituting open fires with gasifier stoves could help to improve household air quality and alleviate health risks. The study revealed that VOCs were present prior to cooking, possibly originating from previously cooked food (buildup) or the outside environment. VOC emissions were also exacerbated by reduced air flow in high humidity during rainfall, suggesting an area for further research. The findings underscore the importance of adopting cleaner cooking technologies and enhancing kitchen ventilation to mitigate the impacts of VOCs in developing countries.

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    The Science of The Total Environment
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      The Science of The Total Environment
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    Authors: M. Njenga; M. Iiyama; Y. Terada; D. Kitenge; +3 Authors

    In Africa the population of refugees is increasing, resulting in ‘accidental urban centres’ often in remote arid landscapes. Firewood and charcoal, the main sources of cooking energy on the continent, are in short supply in refugee settings. This research is based on a series of interrelated studies conducted among Kalobeyei refugee and host communities in Northwestern Kenya using mixed methods from social and natural sciences. Firewood is inadequate, and 95% of households exchanged or sold food to buy cooking fuel. Energy poverty leaves women feeling disempowered and frustrated and causes conflicts between the refugee and host communities. Charcoal briquettes produced and used by the women emerged as a viable cooking fuel. Women stated that marketing challenges and difficulties in sourcing the raw materials may hinder growth of briquettes as a business. Possible solutions include using biomass from the invasive Prosopis juliflora (currently used for charcoal), establishing “briquette kiosks”, and integrating briquettes into development plans. In refugee contexts, approaches to food insecurity should integrate cooking energy and give women an opportunity to voice their needs and aspirations.

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    Social Sciences and Humanities Open
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      Social Sciences and Humanities Open
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    In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), food security can be influenced by many factors including farmer productivity, access to soil amendments, labor availability, and family incomes (just to name a few). In this paper, we suggest that an additional issue contributes to food insecurity and has been historically absent from the discussion, namely access to cooking energy, particularly for very low income, food insecure individuals. This paper examines the most recent literature that describes the central role played by wood fuels, in particular firewood and charcoal, as a vital, though controversial, source of fuel used by the vast majority of rural and urban sub-Saharan Africans. We explore the reality that although the health risks of collecting and using firewood and charcoal in traditional manners are real, policy makers, researchers, and donors need to address the sustainability and viability of the current fuel types used by the majority of people. We end the paper with a series of practical suggestions for improving the wood fuel systems as they currently exist in the region.

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    Abstract Charcoal and firewood, together comprising woodfuel, are key in the cooking energy mix in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Charcoal is made by burning wood under controlled oxygen to arrive at a product high in carbon. Firewood is wood burned directly to provide energy. Wood energy, which is gaining in popularity as a sustainable fuel in developed countries, is characterized as a driver of land degradation on the African continent. Instead of wishing for the demise of woodfuel due to its associated negative health and environmental impacts, a systems thinking approach argues that improving technologies and efficiency in wood production, charcoal and firewood processing, transport and trade, and utilization in a circular bioenergy economy meets a range of needs while conserving the environment. This article outlines a sustainable woodfuel theory of change (ToC) that describes how woodfuel can be made sustainable rather than being dismissed as a transitional fuel on its way out. The ToC is based on the knowledge that no energy system is without flaws and that technologies exist for real quantifiable improvements in woodfuel systems while filling the energy-poverty gap. A bold rational decision must be made in rethinking woodfuel in SSA, as failure to advance woodfuel technologies undermines global efforts directed towards land restoration and climate change mitigation. We recommend that an improved and sustainable woodfuel system should be considered as an acceptable modern energy source under SDG 7.

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    Environmental Research Communications
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      Environmental Research Communications
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    Authors: James K Gitau; James K Gitau; Mary Njenga; Mary Njenga; +4 Authors

    Biomass fuels dominate the household energy mix in sub-Saharan Africa. Much of it is used inefficiently in poorly ventilated kitchens resulting in indoor air pollution and consumption of large amounts of wood fuel. Micro-gasification cookstoves can improve fuel use efficiency and reduce indoor air pollution while producing char as a by-product. This study monitored real-time concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and amount of firewood used when households were cooking dinner. Twenty-five households used the gasifier cookstove to cook and five repeated the same test with three-stone open fire on a different date. With the gasifier, the average corresponding dinner time CO, CO2, and PM2.5 concentrations were reduced by 57%, 41%, and 79% respectively compared to three-stone open fire. The gasifier had average biomass-to-char conversion efficiency of 16.6%. If the produced char is used as fuel, households could save 32% of fuel compared to use of three-stone open fire and 18% when char is used as biochar, for instance. Adoption of the gasifier can help to reduce the need for firewood collection, hence reducing impacts on the environment while saving on the amount of time and money spent on cooking fuel.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
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    Energies
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    Energies
    Article . 2019
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      Energies
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      Energies
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      Energies
      Article . 2019
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    Authors: Petra Sieber; Mary Njenga; Gert Nyberg; Thomas Kätterer; +9 Authors

    AbstractBiochar produced in cookstoves has the potential to contribute to negative carbon emissions through sequestration of biomass carbon while also providing other benefits for sustainable development, including provision of clean renewable energy and increased yields in tropical agriculture. The aim of the reported research was to estimate effects on food production, household energy access and life cycle climate impact from introduction of biochar-producing cookstoves on smallholder farms in Kenya. Participatory research on biochar production and use was undertaken with 150 Kenyan smallholder farming households. Gasifier cookstove functionality, fuel efficiency and emissions were measured, as well as biochar effects on agricultural yields after application to soil. Cookstoves provided benefits through reduced smoke, fuel wood savings and char production, but challenges were found related to labour for fuel preparation, lighting and refilling. On-farm trials with varying rates of biochar inputs, in combination with and without mineral fertilizers, have led to a sustained increase of maize yields following one-time application. The climate impact in a life cycle perspective was considerably lower for the system with cookstove production of biochar and use of biochar in agriculture than for current cooking practices. Climate benefits from biochar production and use are thus possible on smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa, through reduced use of biomass in cooking, reduced emissions of products of incomplete combustion and sequestration of stable biochar carbon in soils. Biochar-producing cookstoves can be implemented as a climate change mitigation method in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Successful implementation will require changes in cooking systems including fuel supply, as well as farming systems, which, in turn, requires an understanding of local socio-cultural conditions, including power relations and gender aspects.

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    Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/6b...
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/d5...
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      Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/6b...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/d5...
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