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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2018Publisher:ACCEFYN - Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales Authors: Camilo Montes;The El Niño phenomenon in Colombia is characterized by a rainfall deficit precisely where most of the country’s hydroelectric plants are located. Climatic conditions of the Pliocene, ~ 2.6 to 5.3 million years ago, a good analogy for the changing global climate, suggest that rainfall deficits would occur in Colombia, negatively impacting hydroelectric generation. The backup for hydroelectric generation in Colombia is gas. Gas and oil reserves in our country are running out and our self-supply window is nearing its end. The combination of these factors make Colombia’s electricity generation highly vulnerable particularly to climatic conditions where rainfall deficits exist. Global warming caused by the burning of coal, oil and gas, could bring a scenario where, paradoxically, theonly alternative for the country to have independence and energy security would be coal. © 2018. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat.
Revista de la Academ... arrow_drop_down Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y NaturalesArticle . 2018 . Peer-reviewedData sources: CrossrefRevista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y NaturalesArticleLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: UnpayWallScientific Electronic Library Online - ColombiaArticle . 2018License: CC BY NC SAData sources: Scientific Electronic Library Online - Colombiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 2 citations 2 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Revista de la Academ... arrow_drop_down Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y NaturalesArticle . 2018 . Peer-reviewedData sources: CrossrefRevista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y NaturalesArticleLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: UnpayWallScientific Electronic Library Online - ColombiaArticle . 2018License: CC BY NC SAData sources: Scientific Electronic Library Online - Colombiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.18257/raccefyn.664&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2012 Australia, Germany, United Kingdom, AustraliaPublisher:American Geophysical Union (AGU) Funded by:NSF | SGER: The Salvage Panama ..., NSF | PIRE--Ancient biodiversit..., SNSF | The Permian Anarak Seamou...NSF| SGER: The Salvage Panama Canal Paleontology/Geology Project ,NSF| PIRE--Ancient biodiversity and global change in the New World Tropics: A once-in-a-century opportunity along the Panama Canal ,SNSF| The Permian Anarak Seamount (Palaeo-Tethys suture, Iran): constraints on seamount accretion and fluid flows in subduction zonesSara Morón; Carlos Jaramillo; C. A. Silva; Camilo Montes; Camilo Montes; Agustín Cardona; Agustín Cardona; Diego A. Ramírez; David M. Buchs; Natalia Hoyos; Germán Bayona; Victor A. Valencia;doi: 10.1029/2011jb008959
handle: 2440/111843
Closure of the Central American seaway was a local tectonic event with potentially global biotic and environmental repercussions. We report geochronological (six U/Pb LA‐ICP‐MS zircon ages) and geochemical (19 XRF and ICP‐MS analyses) data from the Isthmus of Panama that allow definition of a distinctive succession of plateau sequences to subduction‐related protoarc to arc volcaniclastic rocks intruded by Late Cretaceous to middle Eocene intermediate plutonic rocks (67.6 ± 1.4 Ma to 41.1 ± 0.7 Ma). Paleomagnetic analyses (24 sites, 192 cores) in this same belt reveal large counterclockwise vertical‐axis rotations (70.9° ± 6.7°), and moderate clockwise rotations (between 40° ± 4.1° and 56.2° ± 11.1°) on either side of an east‐west trending fault at the apex of the Isthmus (Rio Gatun Fault), consistent with Isthmus curvature. An Oligocene‐Miocene arc crosscuts the older, deformed and segmented arc sequences, and shows no significant vertical‐axis rotation or deformation. There are three main stages of deformation: 1) left‐lateral, strike‐slip offset of the arc (∼100 km), and counterclockwise vertical‐axis rotation of western arc segments between 38 and 28 Ma; 2) clockwise rotation of central arc segments between 28 and 25 Ma; and 3) orocline tightening after 25 Ma. When this reconstruction is placed in a global plate tectonic framework, and published exhumation data is added, the Central American seaway disappears at 15 Ma, suggesting that by the time of northern hemisphere glaciation, deep‐water circulation had long been severed in Central America.
OceanRep arrow_drop_down Journal of Geophysical Research AtmospheresArticle . 2012 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Wiley Online Library User AgreementData sources: CrossrefThe University of Adelaide: Digital LibraryArticle . 2012Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1029/2011jb008959&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen bronze 173 citations 173 popularity Top 1% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert OceanRep arrow_drop_down Journal of Geophysical Research AtmospheresArticle . 2012 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Wiley Online Library User AgreementData sources: CrossrefThe University of Adelaide: Digital LibraryArticle . 2012Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1029/2011jb008959&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2016Publisher:Geological Society of America Funded by:EC | NEOTROPICSEC| NEOTROPICSAuthors: Alexandre Antonelli; María C. Vallejo-Pareja; Camilo Montes; Andrew J. Crawford; +4 AuthorsAlexandre Antonelli; María C. Vallejo-Pareja; Camilo Montes; Andrew J. Crawford; Andrew J. Crawford; Peter Molnar; Christine D. Bacon; Christine D. Bacon;Des études géologiques récentes démontrent que l'isthme de Panama est apparu environ 10 m.a. plus tôt que prévu. Bien qu'absents aujourd'hui au Panama, les environnements de savane d'Amérique centrale se sont probablement développés en relation avec l'apparition des glaciations de l'hémisphère Nord. Comme cela est largement reconnu, la plupart des mammifères traversant l'isthme depuis 2,5 Ma vivaient dans des savanes. Les changements de végétation induits par le climat à travers le Panama pourraient-ils expliquer la migration retardée des mammifères, plutôt que la connectivité terrestre ? Nous étudions la congruence entre la migration intercontinentale des mammifères et le changement climatique à travers l'analyse des données fossiles et des phylogénies moléculaires. Les preuves provenant de découvertes de fossiles montrent que la grande majorité des mammifères ont traversé entre l'Amérique du Sud et l'Amérique du Nord après environ 3 Ma. En revanche, les phylogénies de mammifères datées suggèrent que les événements de migration ont commencé un peu plus tôt, vers 4–3 Ma, mais en tenant compte des biais vers des âges moléculaires plus élevés que la datation géologique et des incertitudes dans le premier, nous considérons que cette tranche d'âge n'est pas significativement antérieure à 3 Ma. Nous concluons que des environnements de type savane se sont développés en réponse à la vaste calotte glaciaire des Laurentides lors de la première glaciation du Quaternaire et ont déclenché l'initiation du Grand échange biotique américain chez les mammifères. Estudios geológicos recientes demuestran que el Istmo de Panamá emergió unos 10 m.a. antes de lo que se suponía anteriormente. Aunque hoy están ausentes en Panamá, los ambientes de la sabana centroamericana probablemente se desarrollaron en relación con el inicio de las glaciaciones del hemisferio norte. Como es ampliamente reconocido, la mayoría de los mamíferos que cruzan el istmo desde hace 2,5 millones de años vivían en sabanas. ¿Podrían los cambios vegetativos inducidos por el clima en Panamá explicar el retraso en la migración de los mamíferos, en lugar de la conectividad terrestre? Investigamos la congruencia entre la migración de mamíferos entre continentes y el cambio climático a través del análisis de datos fósiles y filogenias moleculares. La evidencia de los hallazgos fósiles muestra que la gran mayoría de los mamíferos se cruzaron entre América del Sur y del Norte después de ca. 3 Ma. Por el contrario, las filogenias de mamíferos fechados sugieren que los eventos de migración comenzaron algo antes, ca. 4–3 Ma, pero teniendo en cuenta los sesgos hacia mayores edades de datación molecular que geológica y las incertidumbres en la primera, consideramos que este rango de edad no es significativamente anterior a 3 Ma. Concluimos que los ambientes similares a la sabana se desarrollaron en respuesta a la vasta capa de hielo Laurentide en la primera glaciación del Cuaternario, lo que desencadenó el inicio del Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano en los mamíferos. Recent geological studies demonstrate that the Isthmus of Panama emerged some 10 m.y. earlier than previously assumed. Although absent today in Panama, Central American savanna environments likely developed in connection with the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciations. As is widely recognized, most of the mammals crossing the isthmus since 2.5 Ma lived in savannas. Could climate-induced vegetational changes across Panama explain the delayed migration of mammals, rather than terrestrial connectivity? We investigate the congruence between cross-continental mammal migration and climate change through analysis of fossil data and molecular phylogenies. Evidence from fossil findings shows that the vast majority of mammals crossed between South and North America after ca. 3 Ma. By contrast, dated mammal phylogenies suggest that migration events started somewhat earlier, ca. 4–3 Ma, but allowing for biases toward greater ages of molecular than geologic dating and uncertainties in the former, we consider this age range not to be significantly earlier than 3 Ma. We conclude that savanna-like environments developed in response to the vast Laurentide ice sheet at the first Quaternary glaciation triggered the initiation of the Great American Biotic Interchange in mammals. تُظهر الدراسات الجيولوجية الحديثة أن برزخ بنما ظهر قبل حوالي 10 ملايين سنة مما كان مفترضًا سابقًا. على الرغم من غيابها اليوم في بنما، فمن المحتمل أن تكون بيئات السافانا في أمريكا الوسطى قد تطورت فيما يتعلق بظهور التجلد في نصف الكرة الشمالي. كما هو معروف على نطاق واسع، فإن معظم الثدييات التي تعبر البرزخ منذ 2.5 مليون سنة عاشت في السافانا. هل يمكن للتغيرات النباتية الناجمة عن المناخ في جميع أنحاء بنما أن تفسر الهجرة المتأخرة للثدييات، بدلاً من الاتصال الأرضي ؟ نقوم بالتحقيق في التطابق بين هجرة الثدييات عبر القارات وتغير المناخ من خلال تحليل البيانات الأحفورية وتطور السلالات الجزيئية. تُظهر الأدلة المستقاة من النتائج الأحفورية أن الغالبية العظمى من الثدييات عبرت بين أمريكا الجنوبية والشمالية بعد كاليفورنيا. 3 ما. على النقيض من ذلك، تشير سلالات الثدييات المؤرخة إلى أن أحداث الهجرة بدأت في وقت مبكر إلى حد ما، حوالي. 4–3 ما، ولكن مع السماح بالتحيز نحو أعمار جزيئية أكبر من التأريخ الجيولوجي والشكوك في الأول، فإننا نعتبر أن هذه الفئة العمرية لا تكون أقدم بكثير من 3 ما. نستنتج أن البيئات الشبيهة بالسافانا التي تطورت استجابة للغطاء الجليدي لورنتيد الشاسع في التجلد الرباعي الأول أدت إلى بدء التبادل الحيوي الأمريكي العظيم في الثدييات.
Geology arrow_drop_down http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G376...Article . Peer-reviewedData sources: European Union Open Data Portaladd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1130/g37624.1&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routeshybrid 56 citations 56 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Geology arrow_drop_down http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G376...Article . Peer-reviewedData sources: European Union Open Data Portaladd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2018Publisher:ACCEFYN - Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales Authors: Camilo Montes;The El Niño phenomenon in Colombia is characterized by a rainfall deficit precisely where most of the country’s hydroelectric plants are located. Climatic conditions of the Pliocene, ~ 2.6 to 5.3 million years ago, a good analogy for the changing global climate, suggest that rainfall deficits would occur in Colombia, negatively impacting hydroelectric generation. The backup for hydroelectric generation in Colombia is gas. Gas and oil reserves in our country are running out and our self-supply window is nearing its end. The combination of these factors make Colombia’s electricity generation highly vulnerable particularly to climatic conditions where rainfall deficits exist. Global warming caused by the burning of coal, oil and gas, could bring a scenario where, paradoxically, theonly alternative for the country to have independence and energy security would be coal. © 2018. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat.
Revista de la Academ... arrow_drop_down Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y NaturalesArticle . 2018 . Peer-reviewedData sources: CrossrefRevista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y NaturalesArticleLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: UnpayWallScientific Electronic Library Online - ColombiaArticle . 2018License: CC BY NC SAData sources: Scientific Electronic Library Online - Colombiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.18257/raccefyn.664&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 2 citations 2 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Revista de la Academ... arrow_drop_down Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y NaturalesArticle . 2018 . Peer-reviewedData sources: CrossrefRevista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y NaturalesArticleLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: UnpayWallScientific Electronic Library Online - ColombiaArticle . 2018License: CC BY NC SAData sources: Scientific Electronic Library Online - Colombiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.18257/raccefyn.664&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2012 Australia, Germany, United Kingdom, AustraliaPublisher:American Geophysical Union (AGU) Funded by:NSF | SGER: The Salvage Panama ..., NSF | PIRE--Ancient biodiversit..., SNSF | The Permian Anarak Seamou...NSF| SGER: The Salvage Panama Canal Paleontology/Geology Project ,NSF| PIRE--Ancient biodiversity and global change in the New World Tropics: A once-in-a-century opportunity along the Panama Canal ,SNSF| The Permian Anarak Seamount (Palaeo-Tethys suture, Iran): constraints on seamount accretion and fluid flows in subduction zonesSara Morón; Carlos Jaramillo; C. A. Silva; Camilo Montes; Camilo Montes; Agustín Cardona; Agustín Cardona; Diego A. Ramírez; David M. Buchs; Natalia Hoyos; Germán Bayona; Victor A. Valencia;doi: 10.1029/2011jb008959
handle: 2440/111843
Closure of the Central American seaway was a local tectonic event with potentially global biotic and environmental repercussions. We report geochronological (six U/Pb LA‐ICP‐MS zircon ages) and geochemical (19 XRF and ICP‐MS analyses) data from the Isthmus of Panama that allow definition of a distinctive succession of plateau sequences to subduction‐related protoarc to arc volcaniclastic rocks intruded by Late Cretaceous to middle Eocene intermediate plutonic rocks (67.6 ± 1.4 Ma to 41.1 ± 0.7 Ma). Paleomagnetic analyses (24 sites, 192 cores) in this same belt reveal large counterclockwise vertical‐axis rotations (70.9° ± 6.7°), and moderate clockwise rotations (between 40° ± 4.1° and 56.2° ± 11.1°) on either side of an east‐west trending fault at the apex of the Isthmus (Rio Gatun Fault), consistent with Isthmus curvature. An Oligocene‐Miocene arc crosscuts the older, deformed and segmented arc sequences, and shows no significant vertical‐axis rotation or deformation. There are three main stages of deformation: 1) left‐lateral, strike‐slip offset of the arc (∼100 km), and counterclockwise vertical‐axis rotation of western arc segments between 38 and 28 Ma; 2) clockwise rotation of central arc segments between 28 and 25 Ma; and 3) orocline tightening after 25 Ma. When this reconstruction is placed in a global plate tectonic framework, and published exhumation data is added, the Central American seaway disappears at 15 Ma, suggesting that by the time of northern hemisphere glaciation, deep‐water circulation had long been severed in Central America.
OceanRep arrow_drop_down Journal of Geophysical Research AtmospheresArticle . 2012 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Wiley Online Library User AgreementData sources: CrossrefThe University of Adelaide: Digital LibraryArticle . 2012Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1029/2011jb008959&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen bronze 173 citations 173 popularity Top 1% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert OceanRep arrow_drop_down Journal of Geophysical Research AtmospheresArticle . 2012 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Wiley Online Library User AgreementData sources: CrossrefThe University of Adelaide: Digital LibraryArticle . 2012Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1029/2011jb008959&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2016Publisher:Geological Society of America Funded by:EC | NEOTROPICSEC| NEOTROPICSAuthors: Alexandre Antonelli; María C. Vallejo-Pareja; Camilo Montes; Andrew J. Crawford; +4 AuthorsAlexandre Antonelli; María C. Vallejo-Pareja; Camilo Montes; Andrew J. Crawford; Andrew J. Crawford; Peter Molnar; Christine D. Bacon; Christine D. Bacon;Des études géologiques récentes démontrent que l'isthme de Panama est apparu environ 10 m.a. plus tôt que prévu. Bien qu'absents aujourd'hui au Panama, les environnements de savane d'Amérique centrale se sont probablement développés en relation avec l'apparition des glaciations de l'hémisphère Nord. Comme cela est largement reconnu, la plupart des mammifères traversant l'isthme depuis 2,5 Ma vivaient dans des savanes. Les changements de végétation induits par le climat à travers le Panama pourraient-ils expliquer la migration retardée des mammifères, plutôt que la connectivité terrestre ? Nous étudions la congruence entre la migration intercontinentale des mammifères et le changement climatique à travers l'analyse des données fossiles et des phylogénies moléculaires. Les preuves provenant de découvertes de fossiles montrent que la grande majorité des mammifères ont traversé entre l'Amérique du Sud et l'Amérique du Nord après environ 3 Ma. En revanche, les phylogénies de mammifères datées suggèrent que les événements de migration ont commencé un peu plus tôt, vers 4–3 Ma, mais en tenant compte des biais vers des âges moléculaires plus élevés que la datation géologique et des incertitudes dans le premier, nous considérons que cette tranche d'âge n'est pas significativement antérieure à 3 Ma. Nous concluons que des environnements de type savane se sont développés en réponse à la vaste calotte glaciaire des Laurentides lors de la première glaciation du Quaternaire et ont déclenché l'initiation du Grand échange biotique américain chez les mammifères. Estudios geológicos recientes demuestran que el Istmo de Panamá emergió unos 10 m.a. antes de lo que se suponía anteriormente. Aunque hoy están ausentes en Panamá, los ambientes de la sabana centroamericana probablemente se desarrollaron en relación con el inicio de las glaciaciones del hemisferio norte. Como es ampliamente reconocido, la mayoría de los mamíferos que cruzan el istmo desde hace 2,5 millones de años vivían en sabanas. ¿Podrían los cambios vegetativos inducidos por el clima en Panamá explicar el retraso en la migración de los mamíferos, en lugar de la conectividad terrestre? Investigamos la congruencia entre la migración de mamíferos entre continentes y el cambio climático a través del análisis de datos fósiles y filogenias moleculares. La evidencia de los hallazgos fósiles muestra que la gran mayoría de los mamíferos se cruzaron entre América del Sur y del Norte después de ca. 3 Ma. Por el contrario, las filogenias de mamíferos fechados sugieren que los eventos de migración comenzaron algo antes, ca. 4–3 Ma, pero teniendo en cuenta los sesgos hacia mayores edades de datación molecular que geológica y las incertidumbres en la primera, consideramos que este rango de edad no es significativamente anterior a 3 Ma. Concluimos que los ambientes similares a la sabana se desarrollaron en respuesta a la vasta capa de hielo Laurentide en la primera glaciación del Cuaternario, lo que desencadenó el inicio del Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano en los mamíferos. Recent geological studies demonstrate that the Isthmus of Panama emerged some 10 m.y. earlier than previously assumed. Although absent today in Panama, Central American savanna environments likely developed in connection with the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciations. As is widely recognized, most of the mammals crossing the isthmus since 2.5 Ma lived in savannas. Could climate-induced vegetational changes across Panama explain the delayed migration of mammals, rather than terrestrial connectivity? We investigate the congruence between cross-continental mammal migration and climate change through analysis of fossil data and molecular phylogenies. Evidence from fossil findings shows that the vast majority of mammals crossed between South and North America after ca. 3 Ma. By contrast, dated mammal phylogenies suggest that migration events started somewhat earlier, ca. 4–3 Ma, but allowing for biases toward greater ages of molecular than geologic dating and uncertainties in the former, we consider this age range not to be significantly earlier than 3 Ma. We conclude that savanna-like environments developed in response to the vast Laurentide ice sheet at the first Quaternary glaciation triggered the initiation of the Great American Biotic Interchange in mammals. تُظهر الدراسات الجيولوجية الحديثة أن برزخ بنما ظهر قبل حوالي 10 ملايين سنة مما كان مفترضًا سابقًا. على الرغم من غيابها اليوم في بنما، فمن المحتمل أن تكون بيئات السافانا في أمريكا الوسطى قد تطورت فيما يتعلق بظهور التجلد في نصف الكرة الشمالي. كما هو معروف على نطاق واسع، فإن معظم الثدييات التي تعبر البرزخ منذ 2.5 مليون سنة عاشت في السافانا. هل يمكن للتغيرات النباتية الناجمة عن المناخ في جميع أنحاء بنما أن تفسر الهجرة المتأخرة للثدييات، بدلاً من الاتصال الأرضي ؟ نقوم بالتحقيق في التطابق بين هجرة الثدييات عبر القارات وتغير المناخ من خلال تحليل البيانات الأحفورية وتطور السلالات الجزيئية. تُظهر الأدلة المستقاة من النتائج الأحفورية أن الغالبية العظمى من الثدييات عبرت بين أمريكا الجنوبية والشمالية بعد كاليفورنيا. 3 ما. على النقيض من ذلك، تشير سلالات الثدييات المؤرخة إلى أن أحداث الهجرة بدأت في وقت مبكر إلى حد ما، حوالي. 4–3 ما، ولكن مع السماح بالتحيز نحو أعمار جزيئية أكبر من التأريخ الجيولوجي والشكوك في الأول، فإننا نعتبر أن هذه الفئة العمرية لا تكون أقدم بكثير من 3 ما. نستنتج أن البيئات الشبيهة بالسافانا التي تطورت استجابة للغطاء الجليدي لورنتيد الشاسع في التجلد الرباعي الأول أدت إلى بدء التبادل الحيوي الأمريكي العظيم في الثدييات.
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