• Energy Research

Abstract The balance of microbial nitrogen (N) transformation processes in sub-arctic terrestrial ecosystems is most likely affected by global change, with potential feedbacks to greenhouse gas emissions and eutrophication. Soil temperature and N availability – their global increases being two of the most pressing global change features - will be prime drivers of N dynamics and microbial community structure, but little is known about their interactive effects in these ecosystems. We utilized geothermally warmed soils from Iceland as a natural experiment for assessing fertilization and warming effects on gross soil N transformation processes. Experimental incubations of these soils at different temperatures coupled with a dual 15N-labelling/-tracing approach and pyrotag transcript-sequencing allowed for the analysis of independent and combined impacts of N fertilization and temperature shifts on gross N mineralisation, nitrification, and ammonium and nitrate immobilisation rates and archaeal ammonia-oxidizing (AOA) communities, being the key ammonia oxidizers in this soil. Gross nitrification in warmed soil was increased in relation to ambient temperature soil and exhibited a higher temperature optimum. Concomitantly, our results revealed a selection of AOA populations adapted to in situ soil temperatures. Phylogenetically distinct populations of actively ammonia-oxidizing archaea exhibited conserved temperature optima. N mineralization and nitrification showed higher sensitivities in response to short-term temperature changes if the soils had been warmed. In part, the influence of short-term temperature changes could however be neutralized by the effects of N fertilization. Long-term N fertilization alone affected only gross N mineralization. However, all gross N transformation rates were significantly altered by the interactive effects of N fertilization and soil warming. We conclude that in order to reliably predict effects of global change on sub-arctic soil N transformation processes we need to consider multiple interactions among global change factors and to take into account the capacity of soil microbial populations to adapt to global change conditions.

Background and Aims Alterations in snow cover driven by climate change may impact ecosystem functioning, including biogeochemistry and soil (microbial) processes. We elucidated the effects of snow cover manipulation (SCM) on above-and belowground processes in a temperate peatland. Methods In a Swiss mountain-peatland we manipulated snow cover (addition, removal and control), and assessed the effects on Andromeda polifolia root enzyme activity, soil microbial community structure, and leaf tissue and soil biogeochemistry. Results Reduced snow cover produced warmer soils in our experiment while increased snow cover kept soil temperatures close-to-freezing. SCM had a major influence on the microbial community, and prolonged ‘close-to-freezing’ temperatures caused a shift in microbial communities toward fungal dominance. Soil temperature largely explained soil microbial structure, while other descriptors such as root enzyme activity and pore-water chemistry interacted less with the soil microbial communities. Conclusions We envisage that SCM-driven changes in the microbial community composition could lead to substantial changes in trophic fluxes and associated ecosystem processes. Hence, we need to improve our understanding on the impact of frost and freeze-thaw cycles on the microbial food web and its implications for peatland ecosystem processes in a changing climate; in particular for the fate of the sequestered carbon.

Drained peatlands in temperate climates are under threat from climate change and human activities. The resulting decomposition of organic matter plays a major role in regulating the associated land subsidence rates, yet the determinants of aerobic and anaerobic peat decomposition rates are not fully understood. In this study, we sought to gain insight into the drivers of decomposition rates in botanically diverse peatlands (sedge, reed, wood, and moss dominant) under oxic and anoxic conditions. Peat samples were collected from the anoxic zone and incubated for 24 h (short) and 15 weeks (long) under either oxic or anoxic conditions. CO2 emissions, hydrolytic and oxidative exoenzyme potential activities, phenolic compound concentrations, and several edaphic factors were measured at the end of each incubation period. We found that 15 weeks of oxygen exposure of anoxic peat samples accelerated the average CO2 emissions by 3.9-fold. Reed and sedge peat respired more than wood and moss peat under anoxic conditions. Interestingly, CO2 emissions from anoxic peat layers under permanently anoxic conditions were substantial and given the thickness of peat deposits in the field, such activities may play an important role in long-term land subsidence rates and total CO2 emissions from drained peatlands. The results from the long-term incubations showed that decomposition rates appear to be also controlled by factors other than oxygen intrusion such as substrate availability. In summary, the botanical composition of the peat matrix, incubation conditions and time of incubation are all important factors that need to be considered when predicting peat decomposition and subsequent land subsidence rates.

Deadwood is a large global carbon store with its store size partially determined by biotic decay. Microbial wood decay rates are known to respond to changing temperature and precipitation. Termites are also important decomposers in the tropics but are less well studied. An understanding of their climate sensitivities is needed to estimate climate change effects on wood carbon pools. Using data from 133 sites spanning six continents, we found that termite wood discovery and consumption were highly sensitive to temperature (with decay increasing >6.8 times per 10°C increase in temperature)—even more so than microbes. Termite decay effects were greatest in tropical seasonal forests, tropical savannas, and subtropical deserts. With tropicalization (i.e., warming shifts to tropical climates), termite wood decay will likely increase as termites access more of Earth’s surface.

Résumé Les animaux, tels que les termites, ont été largement négligés en tant que moteurs à l'échelle mondiale des cycles biogéochimiques 1,2 , malgré les résultats spécifiques au site 3,4 . Le renouvellement du bois mort, une composante importante du cycle du carbone, est entraîné par de multiples agents de désintégration. Des études se sont concentrées sur les systèmes tempérés 5,6 , où les microbes dominent la désintégration 7 . La désintégration microbienne est sensible à la température, doublant généralement pour une augmentation de 10 °C (désintégration efficace Q 10 = ~2) 8–10 . Les termites sont des désintégrateurs importants dans les systèmes tropicaux 3,11–13 et diffèrent des microbes par leur dynamique de population, leur dispersion et leur découverte de substrat 14–16 , ce qui signifie que leurs sensibilités climatiques diffèrent également. En utilisant un réseau de 133 sites couvrant 6 continents, nous rapportons la première quantification mondiale sur le terrain des sensibilités à la température et aux précipitations pour les termites et les microbes, fournissant de nouvelles compréhensions de leur réponse aux changements climatiques. La sensibilité à la température de la désintégration microbienne se situait dans les estimations précédentes. La découverte et la consommation de termites étaient toutes deux beaucoup plus sensibles à la température (désintégration effective Q 10 = 6,53), ce qui entraînait des différences frappantes dans le taux de renouvellement du bois mort dans les zones avec et sans termites. Les impacts de termites ont été les plus importants dans les forêts tropicales saisonnières, les savanes et les déserts subtropicaux. Avec la tropicalisation 17 (c.-à-d., le réchauffement se déplace vers un climat tropical), la contribution des termites à la décomposition mondiale du bois augmentera à mesure qu'une plus grande partie de la surface de la terre deviendra accessible aux termites. Resumen Los animales, como las termitas, se han pasado por alto en gran medida como impulsores a escala mundial de los ciclos biogeoquímicos 1,2 , a pesar de los hallazgos específicos del sitio 3,4 . La rotación de la madera muerta, un componente importante del ciclo del carbono, es impulsada por múltiples agentes de descomposición. Los estudios se han centrado en los sistemas templados 5,6 , donde los microbios dominan la descomposición 7 . La descomposición microbiana es sensible a la temperatura, por lo general se duplica por cada aumento de 10 ° C (Q efectiva de descomposición 10 = ~2) 8–10 . Las termitas son desintegradores importantes en los sistemas tropicales 3,11–13 y difieren de los microbios en su dinámica de población, dispersión y descubrimiento de sustratos 14–16 , lo que significa que sus sensibilidades climáticas también difieren. Utilizando una red de 133 sitios que abarcan 6 continentes, informamos la primera cuantificación global basada en el campo de las sensibilidades a la temperatura y la precipitación para termitas y microbios, proporcionando una comprensión novedosa de su respuesta a los climas cambiantes. La sensibilidad a la temperatura de la descomposición microbiana estaba dentro de las estimaciones anteriores. El descubrimiento y el consumo de termitas fueron mucho más sensibles a la temperatura (descomposición efectiva Q 10 = 6.53), lo que llevó a diferencias sorprendentes en la rotación de madera muerta en áreas con y sin termitas. Los impactos de termitas fueron mayores en los bosques tropicales estacionales, las sabanas y los desiertos subtropicales. Con la tropicalización 17 (es decir, el calentamiento cambia a un clima tropical), la contribución de las termitas a la descomposición global de la madera aumentará a medida que más de la superficie de la tierra se vuelva accesible para las termitas. Abstract Animals, such as termites, have largely been overlooked as global-scale drivers of biogeochemical cycles 1,2 , despite site-specific findings 3,4 . Deadwood turnover, an important component of the carbon cycle, is driven by multiple decay agents. Studies have focused on temperate systems 5,6 , where microbes dominate decay 7 . Microbial decay is sensitive to temperature, typically doubling per 10°C increase (decay effective Q 10 = ~2) 8–10 . Termites are important decayers in tropical systems 3,11–13 and differ from microbes in their population dynamics, dispersal, and substrate discovery 14–16 , meaning their climate sensitivities also differ. Using a network of 133 sites spanning 6 continents, we report the first global field-based quantification of temperature and precipitation sensitivities for termites and microbes, providing novel understandings of their response to changing climates. Temperature sensitivity of microbial decay was within previous estimates. Termite discovery and consumption were both much more sensitive to temperature (decay effective Q 10 = 6.53), leading to striking differences in deadwood turnover in areas with and without termites. Termite impacts were greatest in tropical seasonal forests and savannas and subtropical deserts. With tropicalization 17 (i.e., warming shifts to a tropical climate), the termite contribution to global wood decay will increase as more of the earth's surface becomes accessible to termites. تم التغاضي إلى حد كبير عن الحيوانات، مثل النمل الأبيض، كمحركات عالمية النطاق للدورات الكيميائية الجيولوجية الحيوية 1،2 ، على الرغم من النتائج الخاصة بالموقع 3،4 . دوران الخشب الميت، وهو عنصر مهم في دورة الكربون، مدفوع بعوامل اضمحلال متعددة. وقد ركزت الدراسات على النظم المعتدلة 5،6 ، حيث تهيمن الميكروبات على الاضمحلال 7 . يكون الاضمحلال الميكروبي حساسًا لدرجة الحرارة، وعادة ما يتضاعف لكل زيادة 10 درجات مئوية (الاضمحلال الفعال Q 10 =~2) 8–10 . النمل الأبيض من المتحللين المهمين في الأنظمة الاستوائية 3،11-13 ويختلف عن الميكروبات في ديناميكياتها السكانية وانتشارها واكتشاف الركائز 14–16 ، مما يعني أن حساسياتها المناخية تختلف أيضًا. باستخدام شبكة من 133 موقعًا تمتد عبر 6 قارات، نبلغ عن أول قياس كمي ميداني عالمي لدرجات الحرارة وحساسيات هطول الأمطار للنمل الأبيض والميكروبات، مما يوفر فهمًا جديدًا لاستجابتها للمناخ المتغير. كانت حساسية درجة حرارة الاضمحلال الميكروبي ضمن التقديرات السابقة. كان اكتشاف النمل الأبيض واستهلاكه أكثر حساسية لدرجة الحرارة (التحلل الفعال Q 10 = 6.53)، مما أدى إلى اختلافات صارخة في دوران الأخشاب الميتة في المناطق التي تحتوي على النمل الأبيض أو لا تحتوي عليه. كانت آثار النمل الأبيض أكبر في الغابات الموسمية الاستوائية والسافانا والصحاري شبه الاستوائية. مع الاستوائية 17 (أي، يتحول الاحترار إلى مناخ استوائي)، ستزداد مساهمة النمل الأبيض في تحلل الخشب العالمي مع وصول المزيد من سطح الأرض إلى النمل الأبيض.

Abstract Predicting changes in plant diversity in response to human activities represents one of the major challenges facing ecologists and land managers striving for sustainable ecosystem management. Classical field studies have emphasized the importance of community primary productivity in regulating changes in plant species richness. However, experimental studies have yielded inconsistent empirical evidence, suggesting that primary productivity is not the sole determinant of plant diversity. Recent work has shown that more accurate predictions of changes in species diversity can be achieved by combining measures of species’ cover and height into an index of space resource utilization (SRU). While the SRU approach provides reliable predictions, it is time‐consuming and requires extensive taxonomic expertise. Ecosystem processes and plant community structure are likely driven primarily by dominant species (mass ratio effect). Within communities, it is likely that dominant and rare species have opposite contributions to overall biodiversity trends. We, therefore, suggest that better species richness predictions can be achieved by utilizing SRU assessments of only the dominant species (SRUD), as compared to SRU or biomass of the entire community. Here, we assess the ability of these measures to predict changes in plant diversity as driven by nutrient addition and herbivore exclusion. First, we tested our hypotheses by carrying out a detailed analysis in an alpine grassland that measured all species within the community. Next, we assessed the broader applicability of our approach by measuring the first three dominant species for five additional experimental grassland sites across a wide geographic and habitat range. We show that SRUD outperforms community biomass, as well as community SRU, in predicting biodiversity dynamics in response to nutrients and herbivores in an alpine grassland. Across our additional sites, SRUD yielded far better predictions of changes in species richness than community biomass, demonstrating the robustness and generalizable nature of this approach. Synthesis. The SRUD approach provides a simple, non‐destructive and more accurate means to monitor and predict the impact of global change drivers and management interventions on plant communities, thereby facilitating efforts to maintain and recover plant diversity.