• Energy Research

In this work we will present the results of an experimental campaign done in the frame of JETSCREEN project, where we have used an state-of-the-art combustion aerosol standard generator especially designed to work with aeronautic fuel, to characterize emissions from up to 15 different fuels, including JetA-1, Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK), Alcohol to Jet (AtJ), AtJ/JetA-1 and HEFA/JetA-1 blends and different JetA-1 in terms of sulphur and/or aromatics content. We have measured soot mass by means of Laser Induced Incandescence (LII, Artium Inc.), particle number was measured using a Pegasor Particle Sensor type M (PPS-M, Pegasor Oy.) and a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC, Grimm GmbH.). Finally, particle size distribution was measured using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) using either a CPC or a Faraday Cup Electrometer as detector (Grimm GmbH). For each fuel, we have studied different fuel to air ratios, from lean to rich combustion.

In this work we present the test done at ONERA combustor rig M1 in the frame of JETSCREEN project . In this test, we have studied 4 different fuels, including standard JetA-1, Alcohol to Jet (AtJ), AtJ/JetA-1 blends and desulfurized JetA-1. We have measured CO2 and SO2 concentrations. CO2 was used as well to calculate the dilution done along the line. We have measure soot mass by means of Laser Induced Incandescence (LII, Artium Inc.), particle number was measured using a Pegasor Particle Sensor type M (PPS-M, Pegasor Oy.) and a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC, Grimm GmbH.). Finally, particle size distribution was measured using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) using either a CPC or a Faraday Cup Electrometer as detector (Grimm GmbH). For each fuel, we have studied different engine regimes. Including some of the regimes included in the LTO-cycle, but also some additional regimes such like a cruise regime.

L'aviation est l'un des secteurs de transport en pleine croissance et cette tendance devrait se poursuivre dans les prochaines années. Par conséquent, l'impact des émissions de l'aviation sur le climat et la qualité de l'air est très préoccupant. Parmi les différentes options disponibles, l'industrie aéronautique a identifié le développement des biocarburants comme l'un des principaux outils permettant de lutter contre ses émissions. Dans ce travail, nous avons utilisé un générateur standard d'aérosol de combustion (CAST), spécialement conçu pour fonctionner avec un carburant liquide, afin de comparer les émissions d'un kérosène standard (Jet A-1) avec celles d'un kérosène paraffinique synthétique Fischer-Tropsch (FT-SPK). Aviation is actually one of the strongest growing transport sectors, and this trend is predicted to continue. Therefore, there is a big concern linked to the impact of aviation emissions both in climate and air quality. Among the different options available, the aviation industry has identified the development of biofuels as one of the major tools to tackle its emissions. In this work we have used a combustion aerosol standard generator (CAST), specially designed to work with liquid fuel, to compare the emissions produced by a standard kerosene (Jet A-1) with those produced by a Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK)

We present UNREAL project, funded by the french research agency. The main objectives of this project are:1) To determine the mechanism behind vPM formation in the engine exhaust and if there is a link with fuel composition2) To establish a sampling protocol for vPM measurements that can be used in certification processes3) To determine the impact of fuel chemical composition on the physico-chemical properties of vPM and nvPM

The reactivity of carbonaceous surfaces bears a fundamental role in various fields, from atmospheric chemistry and catalysis to graphene and nanoparticles. This reactivity is mainly driven by the surface chemical composition and by the strength of the interaction between the adsorbates and the surface (physi-/chemisorption). While the surface composition of complex natural samples can be well characterized, adsorption energies (ergo, adsorption processes) of the corresponding adsorbate/adsorbent systems are often overlooked. We propose a novel laser-based method for measuring the adsorption energy of chemical species on various carbonaceous surfaces. The proof of concept of this original method has first been demonstrated by deriving adsorption energies of various systems consisting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and activated carbon. The great potential of this fast, spatially resolved, and surface-sensitive method, which can also act as a defect density probe at the mesoscale, has been further demonstrated through the study of systems of increasing complexity.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Model guided application (MGA) combining physico-chemical internal combustion engine simulation with advanced analytics offers a robust framework to develop and test particle number (PN) emissions reduction strategies. The digital engineering workflow presented in this paper integrates the <i>k</i>inetics &amp; SRM Engine Suite with parameter estimation techniques applicable to the simulation of particle formation and dynamics in gasoline direct injection (GDI) spark ignition (SI) engines. The evolution of the particle population characteristics at engine-out and through the sampling system is investigated. The particle population balance model is extended beyond soot to include sulphates and soluble organic fractions (SOF). This particle model is coupled with the gas phase chemistry precursors and is solved using a sectional method. The combustion chamber is divided into a wall zone and a bulk zone and the fuel impingement on the cylinder wall is simulated. The wall zone is responsible for resolving the distribution of equivalence ratios near the wall, a factor that is essential to account for the formation of soot in GDI SI engines. In this work, a stochastic reactor model (SRM) is calibrated to a single-cylinder test engine operated at 12 steady state load-speed operating points. First, the flame propagation model is calibrated using the experimental in-cylinder pressure profiles. Then, the population balance model parameters are calibrated based on the experimental data for particle size distributions from the same operating conditions. Good agreement was obtained for the in-cylinder pressure profiles and gas phase emissions such as NO_x. The MGA also employs a reactor network approach to align with the particle sampling measurements procedure, and the influence of dilution ratios and temperature on the PN measurement is investigated. Lastly, the MGA and the measurements procedure are applied to size-resolved chemical characterisation of the emitted particles.</div></div>