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Despite the importance of surface energy budgets (SEBs) for land-climate interactions in the Arctic, uncertainties in their prediction persist. In situ observational data of SEB components - useful for research and model validation - are collected at relatively few sites across the terrestrial Arctic, and not all available datasets are readily interoperable. Furthermore, the terrestrial Arctic consists of a diversity of vegetation types, which are generally not well represented in land surface schemes of current Earth system models.This dataset describes the data generated in a literature synthesis, covering 358 study sites on vegetation or glacier (>=60°N latitude), which contained surface energy budget observations. The literature synthesis comprised 148 publications searched on the ISI Web of Science Core Collection.

Despite the importance of surface energy budgets (SEBs) for land-climate interactions in the Arctic, uncertainties in their prediction persist. In-situ observational data of SEB components - useful for research and model validation - are collected at relatively few sites across the terrestrial Arctic, and not all available datasets are readily interoperable. Furthermore, the terrestrial Arctic consists of a diversity of vegetation types, which are generally not well represented in land surface schemes of current Earth system models. Therefore, we here provide four datasets comprising:1. Harmonized, standardized and aggregated in situ observations of SEB components at 64 vegetated and glaciated sites north of 60° latitude, in the time period 1994-20212. A description of all study sites and associated environmental conditions, including the vegetation types, which correspond to the classification of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM, Raynolds et al. 2019).3. Data generated in a literature synthesis from 358 study sites on vegetation or glacier (>=60°N latitude) covered by 148 publications.4. Metadata, including data contributor information and measurement heights of variables associated with Oehri et al. 2022. Code underlying the dataset and publication is available in a Github repository and can be accessed at: https://github.com/oehrij/ArcticSEBSynthesis

List of Ameriflux, AON and FLUXNET sites contained in this dataset and their corresponding siteid's and doi's: CA-SCB (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1498754), FI-Lom (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440228), GL-NuF (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440222), GL-ZaF (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440223), GL-ZaH (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440224), RU-Che (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440181), RU-Cok (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440182), RU-Sam (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440185), RU-Tks (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440244), RU-Vrk (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440245), SE-St1 (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440187), SJ-Adv (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440241), SJ-Blv (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440242), US-A03 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1498752), US-A10 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1498753), US-An1 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246142), US-An2 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246143), US-An3 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246144), US-Atq (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246029), US-Brw (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246041), US-EML (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1418678), US-HVa (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246064), US-ICh (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246133), US-ICs (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246130), US-ICt (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246131), US-Ivo (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246067), US-NGB (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1436326), US-Upa (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246108), US-xHE (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1617729), US-xTL (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1617739). Despite the importance of surface energy budgets (SEBs) for land-climate interactions in the Arctic, uncertainties in their prediction persist. In situ observational data of SEB components - useful for research and model validation - are collected at relatively few sites across the terrestrial Arctic, and not all available datasets are readily interoperable. Furthermore, the terrestrial Arctic consists of a diversity of vegetation types, which are generally not well represented in land surface schemes of current Earth system models.This dataset contains metadata information about surface energy budget components measured at 64 tundra and glacier sites >60° N across the Arctic. This information was taken from the open-access repositories FLUXNET, Ameriflux, AON, GC-Net and PROMICE. The contained datasets are associated with the publication vegetation type as an important predictor of the Arctic Summer Land Surface Energy Budget by Oehri et al. 2022, and intended to support research of surface energy budgets and their relationship with environmental conditions, in particular vegetation characteristics across the terrestrial Arctic.

Résumé Les animaux, tels que les termites, ont été largement négligés en tant que moteurs à l'échelle mondiale des cycles biogéochimiques 1,2 , malgré les résultats spécifiques au site 3,4 . Le renouvellement du bois mort, une composante importante du cycle du carbone, est entraîné par de multiples agents de désintégration. Des études se sont concentrées sur les systèmes tempérés 5,6 , où les microbes dominent la désintégration 7 . La désintégration microbienne est sensible à la température, doublant généralement pour une augmentation de 10 °C (désintégration efficace Q 10 = ~2) 8–10 . Les termites sont des désintégrateurs importants dans les systèmes tropicaux 3,11–13 et diffèrent des microbes par leur dynamique de population, leur dispersion et leur découverte de substrat 14–16 , ce qui signifie que leurs sensibilités climatiques diffèrent également. En utilisant un réseau de 133 sites couvrant 6 continents, nous rapportons la première quantification mondiale sur le terrain des sensibilités à la température et aux précipitations pour les termites et les microbes, fournissant de nouvelles compréhensions de leur réponse aux changements climatiques. La sensibilité à la température de la désintégration microbienne se situait dans les estimations précédentes. La découverte et la consommation de termites étaient toutes deux beaucoup plus sensibles à la température (désintégration effective Q 10 = 6,53), ce qui entraînait des différences frappantes dans le taux de renouvellement du bois mort dans les zones avec et sans termites. Les impacts de termites ont été les plus importants dans les forêts tropicales saisonnières, les savanes et les déserts subtropicaux. Avec la tropicalisation 17 (c.-à-d., le réchauffement se déplace vers un climat tropical), la contribution des termites à la décomposition mondiale du bois augmentera à mesure qu'une plus grande partie de la surface de la terre deviendra accessible aux termites. Resumen Los animales, como las termitas, se han pasado por alto en gran medida como impulsores a escala mundial de los ciclos biogeoquímicos 1,2 , a pesar de los hallazgos específicos del sitio 3,4 . La rotación de la madera muerta, un componente importante del ciclo del carbono, es impulsada por múltiples agentes de descomposición. Los estudios se han centrado en los sistemas templados 5,6 , donde los microbios dominan la descomposición 7 . La descomposición microbiana es sensible a la temperatura, por lo general se duplica por cada aumento de 10 ° C (Q efectiva de descomposición 10 = ~2) 8–10 . Las termitas son desintegradores importantes en los sistemas tropicales 3,11–13 y difieren de los microbios en su dinámica de población, dispersión y descubrimiento de sustratos 14–16 , lo que significa que sus sensibilidades climáticas también difieren. Utilizando una red de 133 sitios que abarcan 6 continentes, informamos la primera cuantificación global basada en el campo de las sensibilidades a la temperatura y la precipitación para termitas y microbios, proporcionando una comprensión novedosa de su respuesta a los climas cambiantes. La sensibilidad a la temperatura de la descomposición microbiana estaba dentro de las estimaciones anteriores. El descubrimiento y el consumo de termitas fueron mucho más sensibles a la temperatura (descomposición efectiva Q 10 = 6.53), lo que llevó a diferencias sorprendentes en la rotación de madera muerta en áreas con y sin termitas. Los impactos de termitas fueron mayores en los bosques tropicales estacionales, las sabanas y los desiertos subtropicales. Con la tropicalización 17 (es decir, el calentamiento cambia a un clima tropical), la contribución de las termitas a la descomposición global de la madera aumentará a medida que más de la superficie de la tierra se vuelva accesible para las termitas. Abstract Animals, such as termites, have largely been overlooked as global-scale drivers of biogeochemical cycles 1,2 , despite site-specific findings 3,4 . Deadwood turnover, an important component of the carbon cycle, is driven by multiple decay agents. Studies have focused on temperate systems 5,6 , where microbes dominate decay 7 . Microbial decay is sensitive to temperature, typically doubling per 10°C increase (decay effective Q 10 = ~2) 8–10 . Termites are important decayers in tropical systems 3,11–13 and differ from microbes in their population dynamics, dispersal, and substrate discovery 14–16 , meaning their climate sensitivities also differ. Using a network of 133 sites spanning 6 continents, we report the first global field-based quantification of temperature and precipitation sensitivities for termites and microbes, providing novel understandings of their response to changing climates. Temperature sensitivity of microbial decay was within previous estimates. Termite discovery and consumption were both much more sensitive to temperature (decay effective Q 10 = 6.53), leading to striking differences in deadwood turnover in areas with and without termites. Termite impacts were greatest in tropical seasonal forests and savannas and subtropical deserts. With tropicalization 17 (i.e., warming shifts to a tropical climate), the termite contribution to global wood decay will increase as more of the earth's surface becomes accessible to termites. تم التغاضي إلى حد كبير عن الحيوانات، مثل النمل الأبيض، كمحركات عالمية النطاق للدورات الكيميائية الجيولوجية الحيوية 1،2 ، على الرغم من النتائج الخاصة بالموقع 3،4 . دوران الخشب الميت، وهو عنصر مهم في دورة الكربون، مدفوع بعوامل اضمحلال متعددة. وقد ركزت الدراسات على النظم المعتدلة 5،6 ، حيث تهيمن الميكروبات على الاضمحلال 7 . يكون الاضمحلال الميكروبي حساسًا لدرجة الحرارة، وعادة ما يتضاعف لكل زيادة 10 درجات مئوية (الاضمحلال الفعال Q 10 =~2) 8–10 . النمل الأبيض من المتحللين المهمين في الأنظمة الاستوائية 3،11-13 ويختلف عن الميكروبات في ديناميكياتها السكانية وانتشارها واكتشاف الركائز 14–16 ، مما يعني أن حساسياتها المناخية تختلف أيضًا. باستخدام شبكة من 133 موقعًا تمتد عبر 6 قارات، نبلغ عن أول قياس كمي ميداني عالمي لدرجات الحرارة وحساسيات هطول الأمطار للنمل الأبيض والميكروبات، مما يوفر فهمًا جديدًا لاستجابتها للمناخ المتغير. كانت حساسية درجة حرارة الاضمحلال الميكروبي ضمن التقديرات السابقة. كان اكتشاف النمل الأبيض واستهلاكه أكثر حساسية لدرجة الحرارة (التحلل الفعال Q 10 = 6.53)، مما أدى إلى اختلافات صارخة في دوران الأخشاب الميتة في المناطق التي تحتوي على النمل الأبيض أو لا تحتوي عليه. كانت آثار النمل الأبيض أكبر في الغابات الموسمية الاستوائية والسافانا والصحاري شبه الاستوائية. مع الاستوائية 17 (أي، يتحول الاحترار إلى مناخ استوائي)، ستزداد مساهمة النمل الأبيض في تحلل الخشب العالمي مع وصول المزيد من سطح الأرض إلى النمل الأبيض.

List of Ameriflux, AON and FLUXNET sites contained in this dataset and their corresponding siteid's and doi's: CA-SCB (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1498754), FI-Lom (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440228), GL-NuF (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440222), GL-ZaF (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440223), GL-ZaH (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440224), RU-Che (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440181), RU-Cok (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440182), RU-Sam (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440185), RU-Tks (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440244), RU-Vrk (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440245), SE-St1 (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440187), SJ-Adv (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440241), SJ-Blv (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440242), US-A03 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1498752), US-A10 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1498753), US-An1 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246142), US-An2 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246143), US-An3 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246144), US-Atq (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246029), US-Brw (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246041), US-EML (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1418678), US-HVa (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246064), US-ICh (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246133), US-ICs (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246130), US-ICt (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246131), US-Ivo (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246067), US-NGB (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1436326), US-Upa (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246108), US-xHE (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1617729), US-xTL (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1617739). Despite the importance of surface energy budgets (SEBs) for land-climate interactions in the Arctic, uncertainties in their prediction persist. In situ observational data of SEB components - useful for research and model validation - are collected at relatively few sites across the terrestrial Arctic, and not all available datasets are readily interoperable. Furthermore, the terrestrial Arctic consists of a diversity of vegetation types, which are generally not well represented in land surface schemes of current Earth system models.This dataset comprises harmonized, standardized and aggregated in-situ observations of surface energy budget components measured at 64 sites on vegetated and glaciated sites north of 60° latitude, in the time period from 1994 till 2021. The surface energy budget components include net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, ground heat flux, net shortwave radiation, net longwave radiation, surface temperature and albedo, which were aggregated to daily mean, minimum and maximum values from hourly and half-hourly measurements. Data were retrieved from the monitoring networks FLUXNET, AmeriFlux, AON, GC-Net and PROMICE.

List of Ameriflux, AON and FLUXNET sites contained in this dataset and their corresponding siteid's and doi's: CA-SCB (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1498754), FI-Lom (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440228), GL-NuF (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440222), GL-ZaF (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440223), GL-ZaH (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440224), RU-Che (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440181), RU-Cok (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440182), RU-Sam (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440185), RU-Tks (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440244), RU-Vrk (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440245), SE-St1 (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440187), SJ-Adv (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440241), SJ-Blv (https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440242), US-A03 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1498752), US-A10 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1498753), US-An1 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246142), US-An2 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246143), US-An3 (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246144), US-Atq (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246029), US-Brw (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246041), US-EML (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1418678), US-HVa (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246064), US-ICh (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246133), US-ICs (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246130), US-ICt (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246131), US-Ivo (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246067), US-NGB (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1436326), US-Upa (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246108), US-xHE (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1617729), US-xTL (https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1617739). Despite the importance of surface energy budgets (SEBs) for land-climate interactions in the Arctic, uncertainties in their prediction persist. In situ observational data of SEB components - useful for research and model validation - are collected at relatively few sites across the terrestrial Arctic, and not all available datasets are readily interoperable. Furthermore, the terrestrial Arctic consists of a diversity of vegetation types, which are generally not well represented in land surface schemes of current Earth system models.This dataset describes the environmental conditions for 64 tundra and glacier sites (>=60°N latitude) across the Arctic, for which in situ measurements of surface energy budget components were harmonized (see Oehri et al. 2022). These environmental conditions are (proxies of) potential drivers of SEB-components and could therefore be called SEB-drivers. The associated environmental conditions, include the vegetation types graminoid tundra, prostrate dwarf-shrub tundra, erect-shrub tundra, wetland complexes, barren complexes (≤ 40% horizontal plant cover), boreal peat bogs and glacier. These land surface types (apart from boreal peat bogs) correspond to the main classification units of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM, Raynolds et al. 2019). For each site, additional climatic and biophysical variables are available, including cloud cover, snow cover duration, permafrost characteristics, climatic conditions and topographic conditions.

Comprendre les relations entre le climat et l'échange de carbone par les écosystèmes terrestres est essentiel pour prédire les niveaux futurs de dioxyde de carbone atmosphérique en raison des effets d'accélération potentiels des rétroactions positives du cycle climat-carbone. Cependant, les relations directement observées entre le climat et l'échange de CO2 terrestre avec l'atmosphère à travers les biomes et les continents font défaut. Nous présentons ici des données décrivant les relations entre l'échange net de carbone par les écosystèmes (NEE) et les facteurs climatiques tels que mesurés à l'aide de la méthode de covariance de Foucault sur 125 sites uniques dans divers écosystèmes sur six continents avec un total de 559 années de site. Nous trouvons que le NEE observé aux sites de covariance tourbillonnaire est (1) une fonction forte de la température annuelle moyenne aux latitudes moyennes et élevées, (2) une fonction forte de la sécheresse aux latitudes moyennes et basses, et (3) une fonction à la fois de la température et de la sécheresse autour de la ceinture moyenne-latitudinale (45°N). La sensibilité du NEE à la température annuelle moyenne se décompose à ~ 16 °C (une valeur seuil de la température annuelle moyenne), au-delà de laquelle aucune augmentation supplémentaire de l'absorption de CO2 avec la température n'a été observée et la sécheresse influence les règles de dépassement de l'influence de la température. Comprender las relaciones entre el clima y el intercambio de carbono por parte de los ecosistemas terrestres es fundamental para predecir los niveles futuros de dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera debido a los posibles efectos aceleradores de las retroalimentaciones positivas del ciclo clima-carbono. Sin embargo, faltan relaciones directamente observadas entre el clima y el intercambio terrestre de CO2 con la atmósfera a través de biomas y continentes. Aquí presentamos datos que describen las relaciones entre el intercambio neto de carbono (NEE) del ecosistema y los factores climáticos medidos utilizando el método de covarianza de remolinos en 125 sitios únicos en varios ecosistemas de seis continentes con un total de 559 años-sitio. Encontramos que la NEE observada en los sitios de covarianza de remolinos es (1) una fuerte función de la temperatura media anual en latitudes medias y altas, (2) una fuerte función de sequedad en latitudes medias y bajas, y (3) una función tanto de la temperatura como de la sequedad alrededor del cinturón latitudinal medio (45°N). La sensibilidad de NEE a la temperatura media anual se rompe a ~ 16 °C (un valor umbral de la temperatura media anual), por encima del cual no se observó ningún aumento adicional de la absorción de CO2 con la temperatura y la influencia de la sequedad anula la influencia de la temperatura. Understanding the relationships between climate and carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems is critical to predict future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide because of the potential accelerating effects of positive climate–carbon cycle feedbacks. However, directly observed relationships between climate and terrestrial CO2 exchange with the atmosphere across biomes and continents are lacking. Here we present data describing the relationships between net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) and climate factors as measured using the eddy covariance method at 125 unique sites in various ecosystems over six continents with a total of 559 site-years. We find that NEE observed at eddy covariance sites is (1) a strong function of mean annual temperature at mid- and high-latitudes, (2) a strong function of dryness at mid- and low-latitudes, and (3) a function of both temperature and dryness around the mid-latitudinal belt (45°N). The sensitivity of NEE to mean annual temperature breaks down at ~ 16 °C (a threshold value of mean annual temperature), above which no further increase of CO2 uptake with temperature was observed and dryness influence overrules temperature influence. يعد فهم العلاقات بين المناخ وتبادل الكربون بواسطة النظم الإيكولوجية الأرضية أمرًا بالغ الأهمية للتنبؤ بالمستويات المستقبلية لثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي بسبب التأثيرات المتسارعة المحتملة للتغذية المرتدة الإيجابية لدورة المناخ والكربون. ومع ذلك، لا توجد علاقات ملحوظة مباشرة بين المناخ والتبادل الأرضي لثاني أكسيد الكربون مع الغلاف الجوي عبر المناطق الحيوية والقارات. نقدم هنا بيانات تصف العلاقات بين صافي تبادل النظام البيئي للكربون (NEE) والعوامل المناخية كما تم قياسها باستخدام طريقة التباين الدوامي في 125 موقعًا فريدًا في أنظمة بيئية مختلفة عبر ست قارات بإجمالي 559 سنة موقع. نجد أن NEE التي لوحظت في مواقع التباين الدوامي هي (1) وظيفة قوية لمتوسط درجة الحرارة السنوية عند خطوط العرض المتوسطة والعالية، (2) وظيفة قوية للجفاف عند خطوط العرض المتوسطة والمنخفضة، و (3) وظيفة لكل من درجة الحرارة والجفاف حول حزام العرض المتوسط (45درجةشمالاً). تنهار حساسية NEE لمتوسط درجة الحرارة السنوية عند حوالي 16 درجة مئوية (قيمة عتبة لمتوسط درجة الحرارة السنوية)، والتي لم يلاحظ فوقها أي زيادة أخرى في امتصاص ثاني أكسيد الكربون مع درجة الحرارة ويتجاوز تأثير الجفاف تأثير درجة الحرارة.