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  • Energy Research

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nadeem Javaid; Aqdas Naz; Rabiya Khalid; Ahmad Almogren; +2 Authors

    The significance of electricity cannot be overlooked as all fields of life like material production, health care, educational sector, etc., depend upon it to render consistent and high-quality services, increase productivity and business continuity. To this end, energy operators have experienced a continuous increasing trend in the electricity demand for the past few decades. This may cause many issues like load shedding, increased electricity bills, imbalance between supply and demand, etc. Therefore, forecasting of electricity demand using efficient techniques is crucial for the energy operators to decide about optimal unit commitment and to make electricity dispatch plans. It also helps to avoid wastage as well as the shortage of energy. In this study, a novel forecasting model, known as ELS-net is proposed, which is a combination of an Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) method, multi-model Ensemble Bi Long Short-Term Memory (EBiLSTM) forecasting technique and Support Vector Machine (SVM). In the proposed model, EEMD is used to distinguish between linear and non-linear intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), EBiLSTM is used to forecast the non-linear IMFs and SVM is employed to forecast the linear IMFs. Using separate forecasting techniques for linear and non-linear IMFs decreases the computational complexity of the model. Moreover, SVM requires low computational time as compared to EBiLSTM for linear IMFs. Simulations are performed to examine the effectiveness of the proposed model using two different datasets: New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria (VIC). For performance evaluation, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) are used as performance metrics. From the simulation results, it is obvious that the proposed ELS-net model outperforms the start-of-the-art techniques, such as EMD-BILSTM-SVM, EMD-PSO-GA-SVR, BiLSTM, MLP and SVM in terms of forecasting accuracy and minimum execution time.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
    Article
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Adia Khalid; Sheraz Aslam; Khursheed Aurangzeb; Syed Irtaza Haider; +2 Authors

    An unprecedented opportunity is presented by smart grid technologies to shift the energy industry into the new era of availability, reliability and efficiency that will contribute to our economic and environmental health. Renewable energy sources play a significant role in making environments greener and generating electricity at a cheaper cost. The cloud/fog computing also contributes to tackling the computationally intensive tasks in a smart grid. This work proposes an energy efficient approach to solve the energy management problem in the fog based environment. We consider a small community that consists of multiple smart homes. A microgrid is installed at each residence for electricity generation. Moreover, it is connected with the fog server to share and store information. Smart energy consumers are able to share the details of excess energy with each other through the fog server. The proposed approach is validated through simulations in terms of cost and imported electricity alleviation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    38
    citations38
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Hassan Rahim; Adia Khalid; Nadeem Javaid; Mahmood Ashraf; +2 Authors

    In this paper, a demand side management (DSM) scheme is used to make energy utilization more efficient. The DSM scheme encourages the consumer to change energy utilization patterns which benefit the utility. In return, the consumer gets some incentives from the utility. The objectives of the proposed DSM system include: electricity bill reduction, reduced peak to average ratio (PAR), and maximization of consumer comfort. In the proposed system, the electrical devices are scheduled by using elephant herding optimization (EHO) and adaptive cuckoo search (ACS) algorithms. Moreover, a new algorithm called hybrid elephant adaptive cuckoo (HEAC) is proposed which uses the features of both former algorithms. A comparison of these algorithms is also presented in terms of three performance parameters. The HEAC shows better performance as compared to EHO and ACS which is evident from the simulation results. Different electricity tariffs are introduced by the utility to provide incentives to the consumers. A regional based time of use (ToU) tariff is used to make the system effective for different types of regions. Moreover, this enables the consumers to act according to the regional environment. The coordination can play a very important role in cost reduction as well as in consumer comfort maximization. The coordination is incorporated among the electrical devices by using cooperative game theory (GT) and dynamic programming (DP). Extensive simulations are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of electricity utilization cost, PAR reduction, and consumer comfort maximization.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2018
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    citations9
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2018
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Omaji Samuel; Nadeem Javaid; Adia Khalid; Wazir Zada Khan; +3 Authors

    Multi-microgrid (MMG) system is a new method that concurrently incorporates different types of distributed energy resources, energy storage systems and demand responses to provide reliable and independent electricity for the community. However, MMG system faces the problems of management, real-time economic operations and controls. Therefore, this study proposes an energy management system (EMS) that turns an infinite number of MMGs into a coherence and efficient system, where each MMG can achieve its goals and perspectives. The proposed EMS employs a cooperative game to achieve efficient coordination and operations of the MMG system and also ensures a fair energy cost allocation among members in the coalition. This study considers the energy cost allocation problem when the number of members in the coalition grows exponentially. The energy cost allocation problem is solved using a column generation algorithm. The proposed model includes energy storage systems, demand loads, real-time electricity prices and renewable energy. The estimate of the daily operating cost of the MMG using a proposed deep convolutional neural network (CNN) is analyzed in this study. An optimal scheduling policy to optimize the total daily operating cost of MMG is also proposed. Besides, other existing optimal scheduling policies, such as approximate dynamic programming (ADP), model prediction control (MPC), and greedy policy are considered for the comparison. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model, the real-time electricity prices of the electric reliability council of Texas are used. Simulation results show that each MMG can achieve energy cost savings through a coalition of MMG. Moreover, the proposed optimal policy method achieves MG's daily operating cost reduction up to 87.86% as compared to 79.52% for the MPC method, 73.94% for the greedy policy method and 79.42% for ADP method.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    IEEE Access
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Zahoor Ali Khan; Muhammad Awais; Turki Ali Alghamdi; Adia Khalid; +3 Authors

    De nos jours, l'espérance de vie limitée de la batterie est un problème important pour la livraison fiable des données dans un réseau de capteurs sans fil sous-marin (UWSN). Les méthodologies de transmission conventionnelles augmentent le surdébit de transmission, c'est-à-dire la collision de paquets, qui influencent la transmission de données. Le remplacement de la batterie des capteurs dans un environnement sous-marin brutal est une tâche difficile. Par conséquent, pour maintenir une distance stratégique par rapport à la défaillance inattendue du réseau et augmenter la durée de vie du réseau, des protocoles de routage écoénergétiques sont nécessaires. À cette fin, dans cet article, un protocole de routage proactif avec trois types de réseau différents est proposé pour résoudre les problèmes susmentionnés. Le protocole proposé modifie de manière adaptative sa stratégie de communication en fonction du type de réseau, c'est-à-dire un réseau dense, un réseau partiellement dense et un réseau clairsemé. Cette stratégie adaptative aide les protocoles de routage à poursuivre leur transmission en évitant les trous de vide. Dans le protocole proposé appelé Approche de routage proactive avec sélection de chemin économe en énergie (PA-EPS-Case I), le concept de superposition d'intertransmission verticale est introduit (en utilisant le chemin le plus court et le plus rapide) dans la région dense et partiellement dense. En outre, le concept de formation de grappes est également ajouté pour assurer le succès de la transmission dans les régions éparses. Le taux de livraison des paquets (PDR) est amélioré par le protocole proposé avec un retard de bout en bout (E2E) minimum et un taux de chute des paquets. L'évolutivité des protocoles de routage proposés est également analysée en faisant varier le nombre de nœuds de 100 à 500. Une analyse comparative est effectuée avec deux protocoles de routage de pointe, à savoir : la profondeur de pondération et le routage basé sur la profondeur de la division de la zone d'acheminement (WDFAD-DBR) et le WDFAD-DBR basé sur le cluster (C-DBR). Les résultats de la simulation démontrent que le protocole proposé a atteint un PDR supérieur de 12,64 % avec une diminution de 20 % du délai E2E par rapport au C-DBR. En outre, le protocole de routage proposé a surpassé C-DBR en termes de taux de chute de paquets jusqu'à 14,29 % avec une augmentation de la CE jusqu'à 30 %. Hoy en día, la esperanza de vida limitada de la batería es un problema importante para la entrega confiable de datos en una red de sensores inalámbricos submarinos (UWSN). Las metodologías de transmisión convencionales aumentan la sobrecarga de transmisión, es decir, la colisión de paquetes, que influyen en la transmisión de datos. La sustitución de la batería de los sensores en un entorno submarino brutal es una tarea difícil. Por lo tanto, para mantener una distancia estratégica de la falla inesperada de la red y aumentar la esperanza de vida de la red, se requieren protocolos de enrutamiento energéticamente eficientes. En este sentido, en este trabajo, se propone un protocolo de enrutamiento proactivo con tres tipos de red diferentes para resolver los problemas antes mencionados. El protocolo propuesto cambia de forma adaptativa su estrategia de comunicación en función del tipo de red, es decir, red densa, red parcialmente densa y red dispersa. Esta estrategia adaptativa ayuda a los protocolos de enrutamiento a continuar su transmisión evitando los huecos. En el protocolo propuesto denominado Enfoque de enrutamiento proactivo con selección de ruta de eficiencia energética (PA-EPS-Caso I), se introduce el concepto de capas verticales entre transmisiones (utilizando la ruta más corta y rápida) en la región densa y parcialmente densa. Además, también se adjunta el concepto de formación de clústeres para que la transmisión sea exitosa en las regiones dispersas. La relación de entrega de paquetes (PDR) se mejora mediante el protocolo propuesto con un retraso mínimo de extremo a extremo (E2E) y una relación de caída de paquetes. La escalabilidad de los protocolos de enrutamiento propuestos también se analiza variando el número de nodos de 100 a 500. Se realiza un análisis comparativo con dos protocolos de enrutamiento de vanguardia, a saber: enrutamiento basado en profundidad de división de área de ponderación y reenvío (WDFAD-DBR) y WDFAD-DBR basado en clústeres (C-DBR). Los resultados de la simulación demuestran que el protocolo propuesto logró una PDR un 12,64% más alta con una disminución del 20% en el retraso de E2E que la C-DBR. Además, el protocolo de enrutamiento propuesto superó a C-DBR en términos de tasa de caída de paquetes hasta el 14,29% con un aumento de EC de hasta el 30%. Nowadays, constrained battery life expectancy is an important issue for reliable data delivery in an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). Conventional transmission methodologies increase the transmission overhead, i.e., the collision of packets, which influence the data transmission. Replacement of the sensors' battery in brutal underwater environment is a difficult task. Therefore, to maintain a strategic distance from the unexpected failure of the network and to increase the life expectancy of the network, energy efficient routing protocols are required. At this end, in this paper, a proactive routing protocol with three different network types is proposed to solve the aforementioned issues. The proposed protocol adaptively changes its communication strategy depending on the type of the network, i.e., dense network, partially dense network and sparse network. This adaptive strategy helps the routing protocols to continue their transmission by avoiding the void holes. In the proposed protocol named Proactive routing Approach with Energy efficient Path Selection (PA-EPS-Case I), vertical inter-transmission layering concept is introduced (using shortest and fastest path) in the dense and partially dense region. In addition, cluster formation concept is also appended to make transmission successful in the sparse regions. The Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) is improved by the proposed protocol with minimum End to End (E2E) delay and packet drop ratio. Scalability of the proposed routing protocols is also analyzed by varying the number of nodes from 100-500. A comparative analysis is performed with two cutting edge routing protocols namely: Weighting Depth and Forwarding Area Division Depth Based Routing (WDFAD-DBR) and Cluster-based WDFAD-DBR (C-DBR). Simulation results demonstrate that proposed protocol achieved 12.64% higher PDR with 20% decrease in E2E delay than C-DBR. Furthermore, the proposed routing protocol outperformed C-DBR in terms of packet drop ratio up to 14.29% with an increase of EC up to 30%. في الوقت الحاضر، يعد العمر المتوقع للبطارية المقيد مشكلة مهمة لتوصيل البيانات الموثوقة في شبكة الاستشعار اللاسلكية تحت الماء (UWSN). تزيد منهجيات الإرسال التقليدية من النفقات العامة للإرسال، أي تصادم الحزم، مما يؤثر على نقل البيانات. يعد استبدال بطارية المستشعرات في بيئة قاسية تحت الماء مهمة صعبة. لذلك، للحفاظ على مسافة استراتيجية من الفشل غير المتوقع للشبكة ولزيادة العمر المتوقع للشبكة، يلزم وجود بروتوكولات توجيه موفرة للطاقة. في هذه النهاية، في هذه الورقة، يُقترح بروتوكول توجيه استباقي مع ثلاثة أنواع مختلفة من الشبكات لحل المشكلات المذكورة أعلاه. يغير البروتوكول المقترح بشكل تكيفي استراتيجية الاتصال الخاصة به اعتمادًا على نوع الشبكة، أي الشبكة الكثيفة والشبكة الكثيفة جزئيًا والشبكة المتفرقة. تساعد هذه الاستراتيجية التكيفية بروتوكولات التوجيه على مواصلة انتقالها عن طريق تجنب ثقوب الفراغ. في البروتوكول المقترح المسمى نهج التوجيه الاستباقي مع اختيار المسار الموفر للطاقة (PA - EPS - Case I)، يتم تقديم مفهوم الطبقات العمودية بين الإرسال (باستخدام أقصر وأسرع مسار) في المنطقة الكثيفة والكثيفة جزئيًا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم إلحاق مفهوم تكوين التجمعات أيضًا لجعل انتقال العدوى ناجحًا في المناطق المتناثرة. يتم تحسين نسبة تسليم الحزمة (PDR) من خلال البروتوكول المقترح مع الحد الأدنى من التأخير من النهاية إلى النهاية (E2E) ونسبة إسقاط الحزمة. كما يتم تحليل قابلية التوسع في بروتوكولات التوجيه المقترحة من خلال تغيير عدد العقد من 100 إلى 500. يتم إجراء تحليل مقارن مع اثنين من بروتوكولات التوجيه المتطورة وهي: عمق الترجيح والتوجيه القائم على عمق تقسيم منطقة إعادة التوجيه (WDFAD - DBR) و WDFAD - DBR القائم على الكتلة (C - DBR). تُظهر نتائج المحاكاة أن البروتوكول المقترح حقق PDR أعلى بنسبة 12.64 ٪ مع انخفاض بنسبة 20 ٪ في تأخير E2E مقارنة بـ C - DBR. علاوة على ذلك، تفوق بروتوكول التوجيه المقترح على C - DBR من حيث نسبة إسقاط الحزمة حتى 14.29 ٪ مع زيادة قدرها EC تصل إلى 30 ٪.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zahoor Ali Khan; Adia Khalid; Nadeem Javaid; Abdul Haseeb; +2 Authors

    La demande croissante de charge dans les zones résidentielles et le profil de charge électrique irrégulier nous ont encouragés à proposer un système de gestion de l'énergie domestique (HEMS) efficace pour une planification optimale des appareils électroménagers. Nous proposons une solution basée sur l'optimisation multi-objectifs qui déplace la charge électrique des heures de pointe aux heures creuses en fonction de la courbe de charge objective définie pour l'électricité. Il vise à gérer le compromis entre des objectifs contradictoires : facture d'électricité, temps d'attente des appareils et déplacement de la charge électrique en fonction du schéma de charge électrique défini. Le modèle de charge électrique défini aide à équilibrer la charge pendant les heures de pointe et les heures creuses. De plus, pour le rééchelonnement en temps réel, le concept de coordination entre les appareils ménagers est présenté. Cela aide le planificateur à décider de manière optimale de l'état ON/OFF des appareils afin de réduire le temps d'attente de l'appareil. Alors que les consommateurs d'électricité ont une nature stochastique, pour laquelle les techniques d'optimisation inspirées de la nature fournissent une solution optimale. Pour une planification optimale, nous avons proposé deux techniques d'optimisation : l'optimisation binaire multi-objectifs des essaims d'oiseaux et un hybride d'essaims d'oiseaux et d'algorithmes de recherche de coucous pour obtenir le front de Pareto. De plus, la programmation dynamique est utilisée pour permettre la coordination entre les appareils afin que la planification en temps réel puisse être effectuée par le planificateur à la demande de l'utilisateur. Pour valider la performance des techniques d'optimisation basées sur la nature proposées, nous comparons les résultats des schémas proposés avec les techniques existantes telles que l'optimisation d'essaims de particules binaires multi-objectifs et les algorithmes de recherche de coucous multi-objectifs. Les résultats de la simulation valident les performances des techniques proposées en termes de réduction des coûts d'électricité, de rapport pic/moyenne et de minimisation des temps d'attente. En outre, des fonctions de test pour le front de Pareto convexe, non convexe et discontinu sont mises en œuvre pour prouver l'efficacité des techniques proposées. La creciente demanda de carga en el área residencial y el perfil irregular de la carga eléctrica nos animaron a proponer un Sistema de Gestión de Energía Doméstica (HEMS) eficiente para una programación óptima de los electrodomésticos. Proponemos una solución basada en la optimización multiobjetivo que desplaza la carga eléctrica de las horas punta a las horas valle de acuerdo con la curva de carga objetiva definida para la electricidad. Su objetivo es gestionar el equilibrio entre los objetivos en conflicto: la factura de electricidad, el tiempo de espera de los electrodomésticos y el desplazamiento de la carga de electricidad de acuerdo con el patrón de carga de electricidad definido. El patrón de carga de electricidad definido ayuda a equilibrar la carga durante las horas pico y baja. Además, para la reprogramación en tiempo real, se presenta el concepto de coordinación entre electrodomésticos. Esto ayuda al programador a decidir de manera óptima el estado de encendido/apagado de los electrodomésticos para reducir el tiempo de espera del electrodoméstico. Considerando que, los consumidores de electricidad tienen una naturaleza estocástica, para lo cual, las técnicas de optimización inspiradas en la naturaleza proporcionan una solución óptima. Para una programación óptima, propusimos dos técnicas de optimización: la optimización binaria de enjambres de aves multiobjetivo y un híbrido de algoritmos de búsqueda de enjambres de aves y cucos para obtener el frente de Pareto. Además, la programación dinámica se utiliza para permitir la coordinación entre los dispositivos, de modo que el programador pueda realizar la programación en tiempo real a petición del usuario. Para validar el rendimiento de las técnicas de optimización basadas en la naturaleza propuestas, comparamos los resultados de los esquemas propuestos con las técnicas existentes, como la optimización de enjambres de partículas binarias multiobjetivo y los algoritmos de búsqueda de cucos multiobjetivo. Los resultados de la simulación validan el rendimiento de las técnicas propuestas en términos de reducción de costos de electricidad, relación pico a promedio y minimización del tiempo de espera. Además, se implementan funciones de prueba para el frente de Pareto convexo, no convexo y discontinuo para demostrar la eficacia de las técnicas propuestas. The increasing load demand in residential area and irregular electricity load profile encouraged us to propose an efficient Home Energy Management System (HEMS) for optimal scheduling of home appliances. We propose a multi-objective optimization based solution that shifts the electricity load from On-peak to Off-peak hours according to the defined objective load curve for electricity. It aims to manage the trade-off between conflicting objectives: electricity bill, waiting time of appliances and electricity load shifting according to the defined electricity load pattern. The defined electricity load pattern helps in balancing the load during On-peak and Off-peak hours. Moreover, for real-time rescheduling, concept of coordination among home appliances is presented. This helps the scheduler to optimally decide the ON/OFF status of appliances to reduce the waiting time of the appliance. Whereas, electricity consumers have stochastic nature, for which, nature-inspired optimization techniques provide optimal solution. For optimal scheduling, we proposed two optimization techniques: binary multi-objective bird swarm optimization and a hybrid of bird swarm and cuckoo search algorithms to obtain the Pareto front. Moreover, dynamic programming is used to enable coordination among the appliances so that real-time scheduling can be performed by the scheduler on user's demand. To validate the performance of the proposed nature-based optimization techniques, we compare the results of proposed schemes with existing techniques such as multi-objective binary particle swarm optimization and multi-objective cuckoo search algorithms. Simulation results validate the performance of proposed techniques in terms of electricity cost reduction, peak to average ratio and waiting time minimization. Also, test functions for convex, non-convex and discontinuous Pareto front are implemented to prove the efficacy of proposed techniques. شجعنا الطلب المتزايد على الحمولة في المنطقة السكنية وملف تعريف حمل الكهرباء غير المنتظم على اقتراح نظام فعال لإدارة الطاقة المنزلية (HEMS) من أجل الجدولة المثلى للأجهزة المنزلية. نقترح حلاً قائمًا على التحسين متعدد الأهداف ينقل حمل الكهرباء من ساعات الذروة إلى ساعات خارج الذروة وفقًا لمنحنى الحمل الموضوعي المحدد للكهرباء. ويهدف إلى إدارة المفاضلة بين الأهداف المتضاربة: فاتورة الكهرباء ووقت انتظار الأجهزة وتحويل حمل الكهرباء وفقًا لنمط حمل الكهرباء المحدد. يساعد نمط حمل الكهرباء المحدد في موازنة الحمل أثناء ساعات الذروة وخارج ساعات الذروة. علاوة على ذلك، لإعادة الجدولة في الوقت الفعلي، يتم تقديم مفهوم التنسيق بين الأجهزة المنزلية. يساعد هذا المجدول على تحديد حالة تشغيل/إيقاف تشغيل الأجهزة على النحو الأمثل لتقليل وقت انتظار الجهاز. في حين أن مستهلكي الكهرباء لديهم طبيعة عشوائية، والتي توفر لها تقنيات التحسين المستوحاة من الطبيعة الحل الأمثل. من أجل الجدولة المثلى، اقترحنا تقنيتين للتحسين: التحسين الثنائي متعدد الأهداف لأسراب الطيور وهجين من خوارزميات البحث عن أسراب الطيور والوقواق للحصول على واجهة باريتو. علاوة على ذلك، يتم استخدام البرمجة الديناميكية لتمكين التنسيق بين الأجهزة بحيث يمكن تنفيذ الجدولة في الوقت الفعلي بواسطة المجدول بناءً على طلب المستخدم. للتحقق من صحة أداء تقنيات التحسين المقترحة القائمة على الطبيعة، نقارن نتائج المخططات المقترحة مع التقنيات الحالية مثل تحسين سرب الجسيمات الثنائية متعددة الأهداف وخوارزميات البحث عن الوقواق متعددة الأهداف. تتحقق نتائج المحاكاة من أداء التقنيات المقترحة من حيث خفض تكلفة الكهرباء، ونسبة الذروة إلى المتوسط وتقليل وقت الانتظار. كما يتم تنفيذ وظائف الاختبار لجبهة باريتو المحدبة وغير المحدبة والمتقطعة لإثبات فعالية التقنيات المقترحة.

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    Article . 2019
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rt...
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      Article . 2019
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rt...
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    Authors: Asif Khan; Turki Alghamdi; Zahoor Khan; Aisha Fatima; +3 Authors

    An increase in the world’s population results in high energy demand, which is mostly fulfilled by consuming fossil fuels (FFs). By nature, FFs are scarce, depleted, and non-eco-friendly. Renewable energy sources (RESs) photovoltaics (PVs) and wind turbines (WTs) are emerging alternatives to the FFs. The integration of an energy storage system with these sources provides promising and economical results to satisfy the user’s load in a stand-alone environment. Due to the intermittent nature of RESs, their optimal sizing is a vital challenge when considering cost and reliability parameters. In this paper, three meta-heuristic algorithms: teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO), enhanced differential evolution (EDE), and the salp swarm algorithm (SSA), along with two hybrid schemes (TLBO + EDE and TLBO + SSA) called enhanced evolutionary sizing algorithms (EESAs) are proposed for solving the unit sizing problem of hybrid RESs in a stand-alone environment. The objective of this work is to minimize the user’s total annual cost (TAC). The reliability is considered via the maximum allowable loss of power supply probability ( L P S P m a x ) concept. The simulation results reveal that EESAs provide better results in terms of TAC minimization as compared to other algorithms at four L P S P m a x values of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 3%, respectively, for a PV-WT-battery hybrid system. Further, the PV-WT-battery hybrid system is found as the most economical scenario when it is compared to PV-battery and WT-battery systems.

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    Applied Sciences
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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7 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nadeem Javaid; Aqdas Naz; Rabiya Khalid; Ahmad Almogren; +2 Authors

    The significance of electricity cannot be overlooked as all fields of life like material production, health care, educational sector, etc., depend upon it to render consistent and high-quality services, increase productivity and business continuity. To this end, energy operators have experienced a continuous increasing trend in the electricity demand for the past few decades. This may cause many issues like load shedding, increased electricity bills, imbalance between supply and demand, etc. Therefore, forecasting of electricity demand using efficient techniques is crucial for the energy operators to decide about optimal unit commitment and to make electricity dispatch plans. It also helps to avoid wastage as well as the shortage of energy. In this study, a novel forecasting model, known as ELS-net is proposed, which is a combination of an Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) method, multi-model Ensemble Bi Long Short-Term Memory (EBiLSTM) forecasting technique and Support Vector Machine (SVM). In the proposed model, EEMD is used to distinguish between linear and non-linear intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), EBiLSTM is used to forecast the non-linear IMFs and SVM is employed to forecast the linear IMFs. Using separate forecasting techniques for linear and non-linear IMFs decreases the computational complexity of the model. Moreover, SVM requires low computational time as compared to EBiLSTM for linear IMFs. Simulations are performed to examine the effectiveness of the proposed model using two different datasets: New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria (VIC). For performance evaluation, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) are used as performance metrics. From the simulation results, it is obvious that the proposed ELS-net model outperforms the start-of-the-art techniques, such as EMD-BILSTM-SVM, EMD-PSO-GA-SVR, BiLSTM, MLP and SVM in terms of forecasting accuracy and minimum execution time.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    IEEE Access
    Article
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Adia Khalid; Sheraz Aslam; Khursheed Aurangzeb; Syed Irtaza Haider; +2 Authors

    An unprecedented opportunity is presented by smart grid technologies to shift the energy industry into the new era of availability, reliability and efficiency that will contribute to our economic and environmental health. Renewable energy sources play a significant role in making environments greener and generating electricity at a cheaper cost. The cloud/fog computing also contributes to tackling the computationally intensive tasks in a smart grid. This work proposes an energy efficient approach to solve the energy management problem in the fog based environment. We consider a small community that consists of multiple smart homes. A microgrid is installed at each residence for electricity generation. Moreover, it is connected with the fog server to share and store information. Smart energy consumers are able to share the details of excess energy with each other through the fog server. The proposed approach is validated through simulations in terms of cost and imported electricity alleviation.

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    Energies
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
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    Energies
    Article . 2018
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      Energies
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2018
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Hassan Rahim; Adia Khalid; Nadeem Javaid; Mahmood Ashraf; +2 Authors

    In this paper, a demand side management (DSM) scheme is used to make energy utilization more efficient. The DSM scheme encourages the consumer to change energy utilization patterns which benefit the utility. In return, the consumer gets some incentives from the utility. The objectives of the proposed DSM system include: electricity bill reduction, reduced peak to average ratio (PAR), and maximization of consumer comfort. In the proposed system, the electrical devices are scheduled by using elephant herding optimization (EHO) and adaptive cuckoo search (ACS) algorithms. Moreover, a new algorithm called hybrid elephant adaptive cuckoo (HEAC) is proposed which uses the features of both former algorithms. A comparison of these algorithms is also presented in terms of three performance parameters. The HEAC shows better performance as compared to EHO and ACS which is evident from the simulation results. Different electricity tariffs are introduced by the utility to provide incentives to the consumers. A regional based time of use (ToU) tariff is used to make the system effective for different types of regions. Moreover, this enables the consumers to act according to the regional environment. The coordination can play a very important role in cost reduction as well as in consumer comfort maximization. The coordination is incorporated among the electrical devices by using cooperative game theory (GT) and dynamic programming (DP). Extensive simulations are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of electricity utilization cost, PAR reduction, and consumer comfort maximization.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Omaji Samuel; Nadeem Javaid; Adia Khalid; Wazir Zada Khan; +3 Authors

    Multi-microgrid (MMG) system is a new method that concurrently incorporates different types of distributed energy resources, energy storage systems and demand responses to provide reliable and independent electricity for the community. However, MMG system faces the problems of management, real-time economic operations and controls. Therefore, this study proposes an energy management system (EMS) that turns an infinite number of MMGs into a coherence and efficient system, where each MMG can achieve its goals and perspectives. The proposed EMS employs a cooperative game to achieve efficient coordination and operations of the MMG system and also ensures a fair energy cost allocation among members in the coalition. This study considers the energy cost allocation problem when the number of members in the coalition grows exponentially. The energy cost allocation problem is solved using a column generation algorithm. The proposed model includes energy storage systems, demand loads, real-time electricity prices and renewable energy. The estimate of the daily operating cost of the MMG using a proposed deep convolutional neural network (CNN) is analyzed in this study. An optimal scheduling policy to optimize the total daily operating cost of MMG is also proposed. Besides, other existing optimal scheduling policies, such as approximate dynamic programming (ADP), model prediction control (MPC), and greedy policy are considered for the comparison. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model, the real-time electricity prices of the electric reliability council of Texas are used. Simulation results show that each MMG can achieve energy cost savings through a coalition of MMG. Moreover, the proposed optimal policy method achieves MG's daily operating cost reduction up to 87.86% as compared to 79.52% for the MPC method, 73.94% for the greedy policy method and 79.42% for ADP method.

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    Authors: Zahoor Ali Khan; Muhammad Awais; Turki Ali Alghamdi; Adia Khalid; +3 Authors

    De nos jours, l'espérance de vie limitée de la batterie est un problème important pour la livraison fiable des données dans un réseau de capteurs sans fil sous-marin (UWSN). Les méthodologies de transmission conventionnelles augmentent le surdébit de transmission, c'est-à-dire la collision de paquets, qui influencent la transmission de données. Le remplacement de la batterie des capteurs dans un environnement sous-marin brutal est une tâche difficile. Par conséquent, pour maintenir une distance stratégique par rapport à la défaillance inattendue du réseau et augmenter la durée de vie du réseau, des protocoles de routage écoénergétiques sont nécessaires. À cette fin, dans cet article, un protocole de routage proactif avec trois types de réseau différents est proposé pour résoudre les problèmes susmentionnés. Le protocole proposé modifie de manière adaptative sa stratégie de communication en fonction du type de réseau, c'est-à-dire un réseau dense, un réseau partiellement dense et un réseau clairsemé. Cette stratégie adaptative aide les protocoles de routage à poursuivre leur transmission en évitant les trous de vide. Dans le protocole proposé appelé Approche de routage proactive avec sélection de chemin économe en énergie (PA-EPS-Case I), le concept de superposition d'intertransmission verticale est introduit (en utilisant le chemin le plus court et le plus rapide) dans la région dense et partiellement dense. En outre, le concept de formation de grappes est également ajouté pour assurer le succès de la transmission dans les régions éparses. Le taux de livraison des paquets (PDR) est amélioré par le protocole proposé avec un retard de bout en bout (E2E) minimum et un taux de chute des paquets. L'évolutivité des protocoles de routage proposés est également analysée en faisant varier le nombre de nœuds de 100 à 500. Une analyse comparative est effectuée avec deux protocoles de routage de pointe, à savoir : la profondeur de pondération et le routage basé sur la profondeur de la division de la zone d'acheminement (WDFAD-DBR) et le WDFAD-DBR basé sur le cluster (C-DBR). Les résultats de la simulation démontrent que le protocole proposé a atteint un PDR supérieur de 12,64 % avec une diminution de 20 % du délai E2E par rapport au C-DBR. En outre, le protocole de routage proposé a surpassé C-DBR en termes de taux de chute de paquets jusqu'à 14,29 % avec une augmentation de la CE jusqu'à 30 %. Hoy en día, la esperanza de vida limitada de la batería es un problema importante para la entrega confiable de datos en una red de sensores inalámbricos submarinos (UWSN). Las metodologías de transmisión convencionales aumentan la sobrecarga de transmisión, es decir, la colisión de paquetes, que influyen en la transmisión de datos. La sustitución de la batería de los sensores en un entorno submarino brutal es una tarea difícil. Por lo tanto, para mantener una distancia estratégica de la falla inesperada de la red y aumentar la esperanza de vida de la red, se requieren protocolos de enrutamiento energéticamente eficientes. En este sentido, en este trabajo, se propone un protocolo de enrutamiento proactivo con tres tipos de red diferentes para resolver los problemas antes mencionados. El protocolo propuesto cambia de forma adaptativa su estrategia de comunicación en función del tipo de red, es decir, red densa, red parcialmente densa y red dispersa. Esta estrategia adaptativa ayuda a los protocolos de enrutamiento a continuar su transmisión evitando los huecos. En el protocolo propuesto denominado Enfoque de enrutamiento proactivo con selección de ruta de eficiencia energética (PA-EPS-Caso I), se introduce el concepto de capas verticales entre transmisiones (utilizando la ruta más corta y rápida) en la región densa y parcialmente densa. Además, también se adjunta el concepto de formación de clústeres para que la transmisión sea exitosa en las regiones dispersas. La relación de entrega de paquetes (PDR) se mejora mediante el protocolo propuesto con un retraso mínimo de extremo a extremo (E2E) y una relación de caída de paquetes. La escalabilidad de los protocolos de enrutamiento propuestos también se analiza variando el número de nodos de 100 a 500. Se realiza un análisis comparativo con dos protocolos de enrutamiento de vanguardia, a saber: enrutamiento basado en profundidad de división de área de ponderación y reenvío (WDFAD-DBR) y WDFAD-DBR basado en clústeres (C-DBR). Los resultados de la simulación demuestran que el protocolo propuesto logró una PDR un 12,64% más alta con una disminución del 20% en el retraso de E2E que la C-DBR. Además, el protocolo de enrutamiento propuesto superó a C-DBR en términos de tasa de caída de paquetes hasta el 14,29% con un aumento de EC de hasta el 30%. Nowadays, constrained battery life expectancy is an important issue for reliable data delivery in an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). Conventional transmission methodologies increase the transmission overhead, i.e., the collision of packets, which influence the data transmission. Replacement of the sensors' battery in brutal underwater environment is a difficult task. Therefore, to maintain a strategic distance from the unexpected failure of the network and to increase the life expectancy of the network, energy efficient routing protocols are required. At this end, in this paper, a proactive routing protocol with three different network types is proposed to solve the aforementioned issues. The proposed protocol adaptively changes its communication strategy depending on the type of the network, i.e., dense network, partially dense network and sparse network. This adaptive strategy helps the routing protocols to continue their transmission by avoiding the void holes. In the proposed protocol named Proactive routing Approach with Energy efficient Path Selection (PA-EPS-Case I), vertical inter-transmission layering concept is introduced (using shortest and fastest path) in the dense and partially dense region. In addition, cluster formation concept is also appended to make transmission successful in the sparse regions. The Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) is improved by the proposed protocol with minimum End to End (E2E) delay and packet drop ratio. Scalability of the proposed routing protocols is also analyzed by varying the number of nodes from 100-500. A comparative analysis is performed with two cutting edge routing protocols namely: Weighting Depth and Forwarding Area Division Depth Based Routing (WDFAD-DBR) and Cluster-based WDFAD-DBR (C-DBR). Simulation results demonstrate that proposed protocol achieved 12.64% higher PDR with 20% decrease in E2E delay than C-DBR. Furthermore, the proposed routing protocol outperformed C-DBR in terms of packet drop ratio up to 14.29% with an increase of EC up to 30%. في الوقت الحاضر، يعد العمر المتوقع للبطارية المقيد مشكلة مهمة لتوصيل البيانات الموثوقة في شبكة الاستشعار اللاسلكية تحت الماء (UWSN). تزيد منهجيات الإرسال التقليدية من النفقات العامة للإرسال، أي تصادم الحزم، مما يؤثر على نقل البيانات. يعد استبدال بطارية المستشعرات في بيئة قاسية تحت الماء مهمة صعبة. لذلك، للحفاظ على مسافة استراتيجية من الفشل غير المتوقع للشبكة ولزيادة العمر المتوقع للشبكة، يلزم وجود بروتوكولات توجيه موفرة للطاقة. في هذه النهاية، في هذه الورقة، يُقترح بروتوكول توجيه استباقي مع ثلاثة أنواع مختلفة من الشبكات لحل المشكلات المذكورة أعلاه. يغير البروتوكول المقترح بشكل تكيفي استراتيجية الاتصال الخاصة به اعتمادًا على نوع الشبكة، أي الشبكة الكثيفة والشبكة الكثيفة جزئيًا والشبكة المتفرقة. تساعد هذه الاستراتيجية التكيفية بروتوكولات التوجيه على مواصلة انتقالها عن طريق تجنب ثقوب الفراغ. في البروتوكول المقترح المسمى نهج التوجيه الاستباقي مع اختيار المسار الموفر للطاقة (PA - EPS - Case I)، يتم تقديم مفهوم الطبقات العمودية بين الإرسال (باستخدام أقصر وأسرع مسار) في المنطقة الكثيفة والكثيفة جزئيًا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم إلحاق مفهوم تكوين التجمعات أيضًا لجعل انتقال العدوى ناجحًا في المناطق المتناثرة. يتم تحسين نسبة تسليم الحزمة (PDR) من خلال البروتوكول المقترح مع الحد الأدنى من التأخير من النهاية إلى النهاية (E2E) ونسبة إسقاط الحزمة. كما يتم تحليل قابلية التوسع في بروتوكولات التوجيه المقترحة من خلال تغيير عدد العقد من 100 إلى 500. يتم إجراء تحليل مقارن مع اثنين من بروتوكولات التوجيه المتطورة وهي: عمق الترجيح والتوجيه القائم على عمق تقسيم منطقة إعادة التوجيه (WDFAD - DBR) و WDFAD - DBR القائم على الكتلة (C - DBR). تُظهر نتائج المحاكاة أن البروتوكول المقترح حقق PDR أعلى بنسبة 12.64 ٪ مع انخفاض بنسبة 20 ٪ في تأخير E2E مقارنة بـ C - DBR. علاوة على ذلك، تفوق بروتوكول التوجيه المقترح على C - DBR من حيث نسبة إسقاط الحزمة حتى 14.29 ٪ مع زيادة قدرها EC تصل إلى 30 ٪.

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    Authors: Zahoor Ali Khan; Adia Khalid; Nadeem Javaid; Abdul Haseeb; +2 Authors

    La demande croissante de charge dans les zones résidentielles et le profil de charge électrique irrégulier nous ont encouragés à proposer un système de gestion de l'énergie domestique (HEMS) efficace pour une planification optimale des appareils électroménagers. Nous proposons une solution basée sur l'optimisation multi-objectifs qui déplace la charge électrique des heures de pointe aux heures creuses en fonction de la courbe de charge objective définie pour l'électricité. Il vise à gérer le compromis entre des objectifs contradictoires : facture d'électricité, temps d'attente des appareils et déplacement de la charge électrique en fonction du schéma de charge électrique défini. Le modèle de charge électrique défini aide à équilibrer la charge pendant les heures de pointe et les heures creuses. De plus, pour le rééchelonnement en temps réel, le concept de coordination entre les appareils ménagers est présenté. Cela aide le planificateur à décider de manière optimale de l'état ON/OFF des appareils afin de réduire le temps d'attente de l'appareil. Alors que les consommateurs d'électricité ont une nature stochastique, pour laquelle les techniques d'optimisation inspirées de la nature fournissent une solution optimale. Pour une planification optimale, nous avons proposé deux techniques d'optimisation : l'optimisation binaire multi-objectifs des essaims d'oiseaux et un hybride d'essaims d'oiseaux et d'algorithmes de recherche de coucous pour obtenir le front de Pareto. De plus, la programmation dynamique est utilisée pour permettre la coordination entre les appareils afin que la planification en temps réel puisse être effectuée par le planificateur à la demande de l'utilisateur. Pour valider la performance des techniques d'optimisation basées sur la nature proposées, nous comparons les résultats des schémas proposés avec les techniques existantes telles que l'optimisation d'essaims de particules binaires multi-objectifs et les algorithmes de recherche de coucous multi-objectifs. Les résultats de la simulation valident les performances des techniques proposées en termes de réduction des coûts d'électricité, de rapport pic/moyenne et de minimisation des temps d'attente. En outre, des fonctions de test pour le front de Pareto convexe, non convexe et discontinu sont mises en œuvre pour prouver l'efficacité des techniques proposées. La creciente demanda de carga en el área residencial y el perfil irregular de la carga eléctrica nos animaron a proponer un Sistema de Gestión de Energía Doméstica (HEMS) eficiente para una programación óptima de los electrodomésticos. Proponemos una solución basada en la optimización multiobjetivo que desplaza la carga eléctrica de las horas punta a las horas valle de acuerdo con la curva de carga objetiva definida para la electricidad. Su objetivo es gestionar el equilibrio entre los objetivos en conflicto: la factura de electricidad, el tiempo de espera de los electrodomésticos y el desplazamiento de la carga de electricidad de acuerdo con el patrón de carga de electricidad definido. El patrón de carga de electricidad definido ayuda a equilibrar la carga durante las horas pico y baja. Además, para la reprogramación en tiempo real, se presenta el concepto de coordinación entre electrodomésticos. Esto ayuda al programador a decidir de manera óptima el estado de encendido/apagado de los electrodomésticos para reducir el tiempo de espera del electrodoméstico. Considerando que, los consumidores de electricidad tienen una naturaleza estocástica, para lo cual, las técnicas de optimización inspiradas en la naturaleza proporcionan una solución óptima. Para una programación óptima, propusimos dos técnicas de optimización: la optimización binaria de enjambres de aves multiobjetivo y un híbrido de algoritmos de búsqueda de enjambres de aves y cucos para obtener el frente de Pareto. Además, la programación dinámica se utiliza para permitir la coordinación entre los dispositivos, de modo que el programador pueda realizar la programación en tiempo real a petición del usuario. Para validar el rendimiento de las técnicas de optimización basadas en la naturaleza propuestas, comparamos los resultados de los esquemas propuestos con las técnicas existentes, como la optimización de enjambres de partículas binarias multiobjetivo y los algoritmos de búsqueda de cucos multiobjetivo. Los resultados de la simulación validan el rendimiento de las técnicas propuestas en términos de reducción de costos de electricidad, relación pico a promedio y minimización del tiempo de espera. Además, se implementan funciones de prueba para el frente de Pareto convexo, no convexo y discontinuo para demostrar la eficacia de las técnicas propuestas. The increasing load demand in residential area and irregular electricity load profile encouraged us to propose an efficient Home Energy Management System (HEMS) for optimal scheduling of home appliances. We propose a multi-objective optimization based solution that shifts the electricity load from On-peak to Off-peak hours according to the defined objective load curve for electricity. It aims to manage the trade-off between conflicting objectives: electricity bill, waiting time of appliances and electricity load shifting according to the defined electricity load pattern. The defined electricity load pattern helps in balancing the load during On-peak and Off-peak hours. Moreover, for real-time rescheduling, concept of coordination among home appliances is presented. This helps the scheduler to optimally decide the ON/OFF status of appliances to reduce the waiting time of the appliance. Whereas, electricity consumers have stochastic nature, for which, nature-inspired optimization techniques provide optimal solution. For optimal scheduling, we proposed two optimization techniques: binary multi-objective bird swarm optimization and a hybrid of bird swarm and cuckoo search algorithms to obtain the Pareto front. Moreover, dynamic programming is used to enable coordination among the appliances so that real-time scheduling can be performed by the scheduler on user's demand. To validate the performance of the proposed nature-based optimization techniques, we compare the results of proposed schemes with existing techniques such as multi-objective binary particle swarm optimization and multi-objective cuckoo search algorithms. Simulation results validate the performance of proposed techniques in terms of electricity cost reduction, peak to average ratio and waiting time minimization. Also, test functions for convex, non-convex and discontinuous Pareto front are implemented to prove the efficacy of proposed techniques. شجعنا الطلب المتزايد على الحمولة في المنطقة السكنية وملف تعريف حمل الكهرباء غير المنتظم على اقتراح نظام فعال لإدارة الطاقة المنزلية (HEMS) من أجل الجدولة المثلى للأجهزة المنزلية. نقترح حلاً قائمًا على التحسين متعدد الأهداف ينقل حمل الكهرباء من ساعات الذروة إلى ساعات خارج الذروة وفقًا لمنحنى الحمل الموضوعي المحدد للكهرباء. ويهدف إلى إدارة المفاضلة بين الأهداف المتضاربة: فاتورة الكهرباء ووقت انتظار الأجهزة وتحويل حمل الكهرباء وفقًا لنمط حمل الكهرباء المحدد. يساعد نمط حمل الكهرباء المحدد في موازنة الحمل أثناء ساعات الذروة وخارج ساعات الذروة. علاوة على ذلك، لإعادة الجدولة في الوقت الفعلي، يتم تقديم مفهوم التنسيق بين الأجهزة المنزلية. يساعد هذا المجدول على تحديد حالة تشغيل/إيقاف تشغيل الأجهزة على النحو الأمثل لتقليل وقت انتظار الجهاز. في حين أن مستهلكي الكهرباء لديهم طبيعة عشوائية، والتي توفر لها تقنيات التحسين المستوحاة من الطبيعة الحل الأمثل. من أجل الجدولة المثلى، اقترحنا تقنيتين للتحسين: التحسين الثنائي متعدد الأهداف لأسراب الطيور وهجين من خوارزميات البحث عن أسراب الطيور والوقواق للحصول على واجهة باريتو. علاوة على ذلك، يتم استخدام البرمجة الديناميكية لتمكين التنسيق بين الأجهزة بحيث يمكن تنفيذ الجدولة في الوقت الفعلي بواسطة المجدول بناءً على طلب المستخدم. للتحقق من صحة أداء تقنيات التحسين المقترحة القائمة على الطبيعة، نقارن نتائج المخططات المقترحة مع التقنيات الحالية مثل تحسين سرب الجسيمات الثنائية متعددة الأهداف وخوارزميات البحث عن الوقواق متعددة الأهداف. تتحقق نتائج المحاكاة من أداء التقنيات المقترحة من حيث خفض تكلفة الكهرباء، ونسبة الذروة إلى المتوسط وتقليل وقت الانتظار. كما يتم تنفيذ وظائف الاختبار لجبهة باريتو المحدبة وغير المحدبة والمتقطعة لإثبات فعالية التقنيات المقترحة.

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    Authors: Asif Khan; Turki Alghamdi; Zahoor Khan; Aisha Fatima; +3 Authors

    An increase in the world’s population results in high energy demand, which is mostly fulfilled by consuming fossil fuels (FFs). By nature, FFs are scarce, depleted, and non-eco-friendly. Renewable energy sources (RESs) photovoltaics (PVs) and wind turbines (WTs) are emerging alternatives to the FFs. The integration of an energy storage system with these sources provides promising and economical results to satisfy the user’s load in a stand-alone environment. Due to the intermittent nature of RESs, their optimal sizing is a vital challenge when considering cost and reliability parameters. In this paper, three meta-heuristic algorithms: teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO), enhanced differential evolution (EDE), and the salp swarm algorithm (SSA), along with two hybrid schemes (TLBO + EDE and TLBO + SSA) called enhanced evolutionary sizing algorithms (EESAs) are proposed for solving the unit sizing problem of hybrid RESs in a stand-alone environment. The objective of this work is to minimize the user’s total annual cost (TAC). The reliability is considered via the maximum allowable loss of power supply probability ( L P S P m a x ) concept. The simulation results reveal that EESAs provide better results in terms of TAC minimization as compared to other algorithms at four L P S P m a x values of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 3%, respectively, for a PV-WT-battery hybrid system. Further, the PV-WT-battery hybrid system is found as the most economical scenario when it is compared to PV-battery and WT-battery systems.

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