• Energy Research

Abstract A systematic core design method is developed to design Gd-bearing fuel assembly having two types of Gd rods, low-wt%-Gd rod and high-wt%-Gd rod. The purpose of the method is to lower the critical boron concentration (CBC) of a preliminary core loading pattern, and consequently to achieve more negative or less positive moderator temperature coefficient (MTC). The proposed core design method is a process of solving a non-linear programming problem stated with a system of equations. In this method, both the ratio of the number of low-wt%-Gd rod to the number of high-wt%-Gd rod ( r ) and the assembly average Gd wt% ( w ) are the solution variables of the system of equations. The target function is the amount of soluble boron concentration reduction, Δ CBC , which is correlated with the reactivity change, Δ k FA , per Gd-bearing fuel assembly by a quadratic reactivity equation. The coefficients of the quadratic equations are calculated prior to the determination of Gd-bearing fuel assembly pattern, using the least square method. The constraints required to determine ( r , w ) are physically realizable Gd rods pattern, Δ k i close to Δ k FA derived from Δ CBC , etc. An objective function, min f ∑ i ( Δ k FA - Δ k i ) , enables a final loading pattern to reach a target CBC. This design methodology is applied to APR 1400. Total six cases with various target CBCs are investigated to validate the proposed method. CASMO-3/MASTER calculations with new design assemblies produce lower CBCs at BOC than target CBCs keeping maximum pin power below the safety limit, and thus show more negative MTC.