• Energy Research
• TUHH Open Research (TORE) close

Purpose: Major seaports consist of several terminals with different functions. The different locations of terminals in relation to each other influences the organization of inter-terminal transportation as well as transports into the hinterland. The focus of this study is to understand how terminals are arranged in relation to each other to draw conclusions about the effect of the terminal locations on processes and trans-ports. Methodology: The paper provides a comprehensive overview for the locations of terminals and depots within a port. Based on this, a detailed analysis is carried out to develop a classification scheme for ports, which categorizes them according to their geographical characteristics. Findings: Based on the examples of characteristic ports and terminals, we provide findings regarding advantages as well as barriers to transport containers within ports. The aim is to determine the impact of geographical characteristics of ports for handling port-internal traffic. Originality: The existing literature provides an overview of ports and maritime net-works, as well as various port concepts. Furthermore, different approaches for the design of container transports between terminals are discussed. However, there is no overview of the geographical location of terminals and depots in ports and their impact on inter-terminal transportation.

Purpose: When container terminals are planned or converted, among others the most suitable container handling system needs to be selected and the appropriate terminal layout needs to be designed. These two planning activities are mutually dependent and affect the costs and future operational performance. This leads to the question of how to arrive at a (near-)optimal solution for given criteria. Methodology: A mapping review is conducted to investigate how the container handling system is selected and how the terminal layout is designed. Literature is examined regarding the employed methodology, the performance indicator(s) to optimize, and the way terminal layout and equipment selection have been jointly considered. Findings: Various methods have been used to assess a suitable container handling system and the appropriate layout. Commonly, mathematical optimization is used to arrive at a suggestion and simulation is the tool to evaluate proposed decisions. Aspects such as handling costs, travel distances, or ecological factors are sought to be optimized. Originality: Several literature reviews in the past years investigated approaches to the plethora of scheduling problems at container terminals. Here, the two strategic planning activities equipment selection and layout planning are presented in detail. This publication focuses on how the dependency of the two activities has been handled in literature.

Purpose: Currently floating offshore wind emerges as a new technology and thus making offshore windfarms in areas feasible where it was due to certain conditions (water depths, soil conditions) not feasible to install fixed offshore wind turbines. The installation process of floating offshore wind foundations is very different from fixed foundations and thus results in new installation processes. Methodology: In this literature review papers over the last ten years with focus on floating offshore installation logistics will be identified and sorted by relevance, year of publication and quality. The publications will also be grouped into the different foundation types Semi-floater, Spar buoy and Tension-leg. These groups will be subdivided further into costs, technical or processes related to logistics. Findings: The paper will show an overview of current processes and trends in installation logistics for floating offshore wind turbines. Currently the existing reviews lack for example scientific papers and supply chain requirements (Carbon Trust, 2015) or they are focused only on technical issues (Wang, et al., 2010). Originality: This paper is original in the sense that currently no complete, thorough and up-to-date literature review for the installation logistics and the supply chain of floating offshore wind exists.

Purpose: The focus of this publication is literature on the Stowage Planning Problem for small container vessels. The problem is important not only for safety reasons con-cerning stability, but also for enhancing efficiency, as restacking of containers is time consuming and therefore expensive. Small vessels are often competing with other modes of transportation. Optimization of loading operations keeps them competi-tive. Methodology: A systematic literature review taking into account journal articles, conference proceedings as well as book chapters has been conducted. The literature is analyzed and categorized to identify directions for further research. Findings: The problem has been researched extensively for large container vessels. The findings are not always applicable for small vessels. Publications focusing on those are still scarce, but the number has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, multiple new directions for further research are identified. Originality: An extensive literature review for the stowage planning problem with a focus on small container vessels has not been published to the authors' knowledge.

Purpose: A wide range of customer relationships, services and organizational inter-faces characterizes inland intermodal terminals, which are hubs of combined transport. The purposes of this paper are twofold. The first is to highlight challenges of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) at the time of digitalization. Secondly, approaches to illustrate the IT and business landscape are presented. Methodology: This paper is based on a literature analysis as well as interviews and identifies aspects of SME- and branch-specific IT and business process landscapes of inland terminals. Moreover, approaches to visualize those landscapes are high-lighted and a distinction is made between different software map types. Findings: Inland intermodal terminals often use a variety of different small, some-times self-developed IT solutions. Findings show a lack of means of communications and IT equipment as well as the interlinking of systems, which lead to media breaks and inefficient information flow. Therefore, approaches to visualize relevant pro-cesses and their application landscapes are presented. Originality: Most literature focuses on larger terminals, which use terminal operat-ing systems (TOS) to manage and link computerized applications efficiently. Due to the effort required to adapt TOS to operational conditions as well as resulting costs, these are often not an option for small and medium-sized terminals. This paper pro-vides a basis for SMEs to systematically visualize and improve their IT and process landscape.

Purpose: The Arctic is of interest for many states and commercial organizations as it has a large undiscovered potential but very challenging climate and logistical condi-tions. Arctic maritime logistics need significant investments in infrastructure and is supposed to cause a minimal impact on the environment during port operations and cargo transit by creating efficient and safe supply chains. At the same time, ensuring the most efficient, reliable and safe functioning of supply chains is required. Methodology: The methodological basis of the paper is the analysis and structuring of existing publications on Arctic maritime logistics, a systematic review and formu-lation an applied system of relevant performance indicators related to Arctic supply chains (e.g. ice conditions, vessels and their parameters, the safe operation of float-ing production facilities and properties of ports). Findings: The result of this paper is a systematic overview of the current state of re-search on Arctic maritime logistics challenges and the influencing key performance indicators as well as approaches to assess the performance at all stages of the Arctic supply chain to facility and improve Arctic supply chains in the future. Originality: The originality of the study is defined by the scope of the review con-ducted. It is the first comprehensive overview over Arctic supply chains covering all relevant countries from a maritime logistics standpoint. The results of this paper cre-ate a solid foundation for further research in the area of developments of Arctic mar-itime logistics.

Purpose: Truck appointment systems (TAS) are a widely used method to alleviate peaks in truck arrivals at container terminals in seaports and in the hinterland. One big advantage is the opportunity to reduce operation costs for the terminals and the truck queue length in front of the terminal gate. This study aims to analyze and classify different approaches used in science and industry to determine the quota of allowed trucks per time window. Methodology: A comprehensive systematic literature analysis is applied to identify the different approaches to determine the quota of time windows in science and in industry. Findings: The results of the study show that many approaches have been based on experience and are mostly used to improve individual terminals rather than the port as a whole. Methods used to improve and analyze interrelationships are mainly methods of mathematical optimization and simulation. Originality: The question under consideration was mostly only marginally considered in existing investigations, even though it has a major impact on the success of a TAS. Furthermore, only individual solutions have been examined so far and not the suitability of the approaches compared.

Palm oil is the most demanded vegetable oil in the world. It serves as a raw material for a wide range of products as well as food and energy sources. However, the palm oil supply from Southeast Asian countries has been repeatedly under discussion in the EU Commission for its environmental impacts. To gain a deeper under-standing of the related costs and GHG emissions of the palm oil supply, a comprehensive modelling tool is used to assess the Indonesian supply path to Germany. Starting with the cultivation and harvesting of fresh fruit bunches (FFB), the crude palm oil (CPO) production in an oil mill and the cargo handling in Central Kalimantan, the CPO is transshipped through the seaports of Surabaya and Rotterdam to an assumed landing area in the south of Germany. The overall supply costs and GHG emissions add up to 599.08 €/t and 5,156.86 kg CO2-eq./t CPO. Proceedings of the 27th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 27-30 May 2019, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 1681-1693

Purpose: This paper discusses the current state of research on tactical planning in tramp shipping problems. The constantly changing demands in operative tramp shipping make tactical or strategical, i.e. longer-term planning, in comparison to op-erative planning more complex. The purpose of this paper is to describe solutions to tactical planning difficulties in tramp shipping and to point out future research direc-tions. Methodology: For this paper, a systematic literature review of journal articles and book chapters of the last ten years is conducted. The findings of this search are ana-lyzed and reviewed. Thus, different planning problems and their solutions are iden-tified. Findings: Planning problems in tramp shipping are clearly distinct from planning problems in liner shipping as tramp shipping is subject to considerably more uncer-tainties. Due to the high degree of uncertainties in tramp shipping longer-term plan-ning is challenging. Consequently, the results of research on tactical planning prob-lems in liner shipping cannot be transferred directly to tramp shipping. Originality: This paper provides a comprehensive overview of strategic and tactical planning in tramp shipping as presented in the literature.