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  • Energy Research

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tomasz Banaszkiewicz; Maciej Chorowski; Wojciech Gizicki; Artur Jedrusyna; +10 Authors

    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is one of the most influential fuels of the 21st century, especially in terms of the global economy. The demand for LNG is forecasted to reach 400 million tonnes by 2020, increasing up to 500 million tonnes in 2030. Due to its high mass and volumetric energy density, LNG is the perfect fuel for long-distance transport, as well as for use in mobile applications. It is also characterized by low levels of emissions, which is why it has been officially approved for use as a marine fuel in Emission Control Areas (ECAs) where stricter controls have been established to minimize the airborne emissions produced by ships. LNG is also an emerging fuel in heavy road and rail transport. As a cryogenic fuel that is characterized by a boiling temperature of about 120 K (−153 °C), LNG requires the special construction of cryogenic mobile installations to fulfill conflicting requirements, such as a robust mechanical construction and a low number of heat leaks to colder parts of the system under high safety standards. This paper provides a profound review of LNG applications in waterborne and land transport. Exemplary constructions of LNG engine supply systems are presented and discussed from the mechanical and thermodynamic points of view. Physical exergy recovery during LNG regasification is analyzed, and different methods of the process are both analytically and experimentally compared. The issues that surround two-phase flows and phase change processes in LNG regasification and recondensation are addressed, and technical solutions for boil-off gas recondensation are proposed. The paper also looks at the problems surrounding LNG installation data acquisition and control systems, concluding with a discussion of the impact of LNG technologies on future trends in low-emission transport.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zbigniew Rogala; Piotr Kolasiński; Przemysław Błasiak;

    This paper concerns the issue of the proper selection of the operating parameters of the fluidised desiccant cooler. Despite the fact that fluidised desiccant cooling technology is being reported in the literature as an efficient way to provide cooling for the purposes of air-conditioning, the improper control of its operation can lead to a significantly worse performance than expected. The objective of the presented theoretical study is to provide guidelines on the proper selection of such operating parameters of a fluidized desiccant cooler, such as superficial air velocity, desiccant particle diameter, bed switching time, and desiccant filling height. The influence of the chosen operating parameters on the performance of fluidised desiccant cooling technology is investigated based on their impact on electric and thermal coefficients of performance (COP) and specific cooling power (SCP). Moreover, the influence of the outlet air temperature, humidity, and desiccant water uptake on the adsorption/desorption characteristics was investigated, contributing to better understanding of sorption processes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Maciej Chorowski; Zbigniew Rogala; Piotr Pyrka;

    Abstract Issues stemming from district heating utilization during summer periods and the conversion of low-temperature heat into cold in adsorption chillers have been investigated in this paper. Due to the high vulnerability of adsorption chillers to ambient conditions, in the case of relatively low ambient temperatures, adsorption-based air-conditioning systems would be characterized by excessive cooling power. Moreover, adsorption chillers are also characterized by high investment costs and big time constants, and the vulnerabilities found in their regulatory processes have yet to be sufficiently investigated. The authors recommend the application of hybrid air-conditioning systems, consisting of adsorption and compressor chillers. The adsorption chiller works as a base while the compressor chiller contributes missing cooling power, working as a regulation unit. Sixteen configurations of the hybrid air-conditioning system have been analysed. It has been shown that 100 kW cooling power hybrid air-conditioning system, with respect to its configuration, enables the utilization of 0.5 to 0.9 TJ of low-temperature heat per year, while simultaneously providing comfortable air-conditioning. The authors have concluded that the adsorption share in the analysed hybrid system should not exceed 50%.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Journa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    International Journal of Refrigeration
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      International Journal of Refrigeration
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Piotr Czupryński; Maciej Chorowski; Piotr Pyrka; Zbigniew Rogala;

    The main challenge facing adsorption cooling technology is low Coefficient of Performance (COP), which becomes a key factor of the commercialization of this technology. This paper presents the results of modifications, aiming to increase COP, applied to the control software of a prototype three-bed two-evaporator adsorption chiller. Changes were mainly related to the sequence of the switching valves and had no influence on the hardware of the chiller. The sequence changes enabled the introduction of heat recovery and mass regeneration. Moreover, the precooling process was improved. The applied modifications not only resulted in significant improvement of the chiller’s COP, but also improved the cooperation adsorption unit heating source, which is of great importance in case of district heating supply. The improvement was also observed concerning such operational aspects as noise and vibrations. In the authors’ opinion, the presented modifications can be introduced to most exploited adsorption chillers and could potentially lead to similar improvements in performance.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2019
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2019
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Piotr Kolasiński; Zbigniew Gnutek; Zbigniew Rogala;

    Fluidised desiccant cooling is reported in the literature as an efficient way to provide cooling for air-conditioning purposes. The performance of this technology can be described by electric and thermal Coefficients of Performance (COP) and Specific Cooling Power (SCP). In this paper comprehensive theoretical study was carried out in order to assess the effect of operating conditions such as: superficial air velocity, desiccant particle diameter, bed switching time and desiccant filling height on the performance of fluidised desiccant cooler (FDC). It was concluded that FDC should be filled with as small as possible desiccant particles featuring diameters and should not be operated with shorter switching times than optimum. Moreover in order to efficiently run such systems superficial air velocities during adsorption and desorption should be similar. At last substantial effect of desiccant filling height on performance of FDC was presented.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ E3S Web of Conferenc...arrow_drop_down
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    E3S Web of Conferences
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    E3S Web of Conferences
    Article . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ E3S Web of Conferenc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      E3S Web of Conferences
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      E3S Web of Conferences
      Article . 2017
      Data sources: DOAJ
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zbigniew Rogala; Arkadiusz Brenk; Ziemowit Malecha;

    The liquid natural gas (LNG) boiling process concerns most LNG applications due to a need for regasification. Depending on the pressure, the equilibrium temperature of LNG is 112–160 K. The low boiling temperature of LNG makes the vaporization process challenging because of a large temperature difference between the heating medium and LNG. A significant risk included in the regasification process is related to the possibility of solid phase formation (freezing of the heating fluid). A solid phase formation can lead to an increase in pressure loss, deterioration in heat transfer, or even to the destruction of the heat exchanger. This prompts the need for a better understanding of the heat transfer during the regasification process to help avoid a solid phase formation. The present research is focused on the investigation of the mutual interactions between several parameters, which play a significant role in the regasification process. The research is based on a zero-dimensional (0D) model, which was validated through the comparison with a state-of-the-art Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. This made fast calculations and the study of the risk of freezing for a wide range of parameter space possible, including the LNG boiling regime. The boiling regime of LNG was shown to be a key factor in determining the risk of freezing.

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    Energies
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
    Article . 2019
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      Energies
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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      Energies
      Article . 2019
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    Authors: Maciej Chorowski; Michał Lepszy; Krystian Machaj; Ziemowit Malecha; +4 Authors

    The main purpose of the article is to present a comprehensive and critical review of the challenges and risks associated with the use of green ammonia as an alternative fuel in land transport. The review is motivated by the clear trend toward phasing out fossil fuel vehicles and replacing them with emission-free alternatives. Topics covered include safety aspects such as safety of powering of vehicles, the production of green ammonia, the use of ammonia in the context of various fuel solutions (combustion engines and fuel cell engines), and the discussion of ammonia-powered vehicles in the context of air pollution. The paper offers new insights into identifying the challenges and obstacles that may arise in the case of the massive use of green ammonia as a fuel for land transport. In addition, the review presents the latest information on the technological readiness of the necessary infrastructure for the production, transport, storage, and utilization of green ammonia in internal combustion or electric engines.

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    Energies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
    Article . 2023
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      Energies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Zbigniew Rogala; Piotr Kolasiński; Zbigniew Gnutek;

    Abstract In this paper a novel modelling method for performance prediction of silica gel-water adsorption and desorption air-fluidised systems is presented. The mathematical model describing these phenomena was developed and extensive experimental research was carried out to validate the model. Experiments were performed for desiccant particles diameters in the range of 1–5 mm, air superficial velocities in the range of 2.3–6.2 m s - 1 and inlet temperatures in the range of 17–72 °C. Main statements of the model were experimentally confirmed, namely during adsorption the mass transfer controlling mechanism is air to air film convection while during desorption it is intra-particle diffusion. Developed model gives reliable results for modelling adsorption and desorption of silica gel-water in air-fluidised systems, especially for desiccant particle diameters smaller than 3 mm. Moreover, superficial velocity, particle diameter and air humidity influence the adsorption and desorption performance. Kinetics of the adsorption and desorption enhance for larger air superficial velocities and smaller particle diameters. Increase of air humidity causes speeded adsorption and slowed desorption.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Applied Thermal Engi...arrow_drop_down
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    Applied Thermal Engineering
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Applied Thermal Engi...arrow_drop_down
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      Applied Thermal Engineering
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Abstract The performance of two-bed silica gel-water adsorption chiller using flat-tube adsorbers is modelled in wide range of operating conditions: heating water inlet temperature in the range of 50–90 °C, cooling water inlet temperature in the range of 20–35 °C, chilled water inlet temperatures of 10 °C and 15 °C, switching time 420 s and silica gel grain size 0.3 mm. In order to improve Coefficient of Performance (COP) and Specific Cooling Power (SCP) of the chiller optimization of fin height and spacing of the flat-tube heat exchanger is carried out. Flat-tube heat exchangers are found to be suitable for application as silica gel-water adsorbers. They are characterized by distinctive SCP (up to 750 W kg - 1 ). Optimization of flat-tube adsorbers geometry led to improvement of COP up to 3.7% and SCP up to 6.3%.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Applied Thermal Engi...arrow_drop_down
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    Applied Thermal Engineering
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Applied Thermal Engi...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Applied Thermal Engineering
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zbigniew Rogala; Michał Stanclik; Dariusz Łuszkiewicz; Ziemowit Malecha;

    Natural gas is the primary source of energy, accounting for around 20% of the world’s energy production. It is also a key element in reducing CO2 emissions due to its key role in stabilizing renewable energy sources. At the same time, natural gas as a fossil fuel that emits CO2 should be limited. A natural candidate that can ensure the stabilization of RES and at the same time reduce the demand for fossil fuels is biogas. Successful use of biogas requires a thorough understanding of the potential, structure, and specifics of its sources and production technology. The presented study provides a perspective and a brief overview of the existing potential of biogas production. Poland was chosen as the case study and it was shown that almost 90% of the Polish biogas potential comes from sources with a capacity below 100 Nm3/h, which is the current minimum commercially available capacity of the biogas purification and liquefaction technologies. Consequently, full utilization of these sources would require a downsizing of these technologies.

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    Energies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2023
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      Energies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Tomasz Banaszkiewicz; Maciej Chorowski; Wojciech Gizicki; Artur Jedrusyna; +10 Authors

    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is one of the most influential fuels of the 21st century, especially in terms of the global economy. The demand for LNG is forecasted to reach 400 million tonnes by 2020, increasing up to 500 million tonnes in 2030. Due to its high mass and volumetric energy density, LNG is the perfect fuel for long-distance transport, as well as for use in mobile applications. It is also characterized by low levels of emissions, which is why it has been officially approved for use as a marine fuel in Emission Control Areas (ECAs) where stricter controls have been established to minimize the airborne emissions produced by ships. LNG is also an emerging fuel in heavy road and rail transport. As a cryogenic fuel that is characterized by a boiling temperature of about 120 K (−153 °C), LNG requires the special construction of cryogenic mobile installations to fulfill conflicting requirements, such as a robust mechanical construction and a low number of heat leaks to colder parts of the system under high safety standards. This paper provides a profound review of LNG applications in waterborne and land transport. Exemplary constructions of LNG engine supply systems are presented and discussed from the mechanical and thermodynamic points of view. Physical exergy recovery during LNG regasification is analyzed, and different methods of the process are both analytically and experimentally compared. The issues that surround two-phase flows and phase change processes in LNG regasification and recondensation are addressed, and technical solutions for boil-off gas recondensation are proposed. The paper also looks at the problems surrounding LNG installation data acquisition and control systems, concluding with a discussion of the impact of LNG technologies on future trends in low-emission transport.

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    Energies
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zbigniew Rogala; Piotr Kolasiński; Przemysław Błasiak;

    This paper concerns the issue of the proper selection of the operating parameters of the fluidised desiccant cooler. Despite the fact that fluidised desiccant cooling technology is being reported in the literature as an efficient way to provide cooling for the purposes of air-conditioning, the improper control of its operation can lead to a significantly worse performance than expected. The objective of the presented theoretical study is to provide guidelines on the proper selection of such operating parameters of a fluidized desiccant cooler, such as superficial air velocity, desiccant particle diameter, bed switching time, and desiccant filling height. The influence of the chosen operating parameters on the performance of fluidised desiccant cooling technology is investigated based on their impact on electric and thermal coefficients of performance (COP) and specific cooling power (SCP). Moreover, the influence of the outlet air temperature, humidity, and desiccant water uptake on the adsorption/desorption characteristics was investigated, contributing to better understanding of sorption processes.

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    Energies
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
    Article . 2018
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      Energies
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      Energies
      Article . 2018
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Maciej Chorowski; Zbigniew Rogala; Piotr Pyrka;

    Abstract Issues stemming from district heating utilization during summer periods and the conversion of low-temperature heat into cold in adsorption chillers have been investigated in this paper. Due to the high vulnerability of adsorption chillers to ambient conditions, in the case of relatively low ambient temperatures, adsorption-based air-conditioning systems would be characterized by excessive cooling power. Moreover, adsorption chillers are also characterized by high investment costs and big time constants, and the vulnerabilities found in their regulatory processes have yet to be sufficiently investigated. The authors recommend the application of hybrid air-conditioning systems, consisting of adsorption and compressor chillers. The adsorption chiller works as a base while the compressor chiller contributes missing cooling power, working as a regulation unit. Sixteen configurations of the hybrid air-conditioning system have been analysed. It has been shown that 100 kW cooling power hybrid air-conditioning system, with respect to its configuration, enables the utilization of 0.5 to 0.9 TJ of low-temperature heat per year, while simultaneously providing comfortable air-conditioning. The authors have concluded that the adsorption share in the analysed hybrid system should not exceed 50%.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Journa...arrow_drop_down
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    International Journal of Refrigeration
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      International Journal of Refrigeration
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Piotr Czupryński; Maciej Chorowski; Piotr Pyrka; Zbigniew Rogala;

    The main challenge facing adsorption cooling technology is low Coefficient of Performance (COP), which becomes a key factor of the commercialization of this technology. This paper presents the results of modifications, aiming to increase COP, applied to the control software of a prototype three-bed two-evaporator adsorption chiller. Changes were mainly related to the sequence of the switching valves and had no influence on the hardware of the chiller. The sequence changes enabled the introduction of heat recovery and mass regeneration. Moreover, the precooling process was improved. The applied modifications not only resulted in significant improvement of the chiller’s COP, but also improved the cooperation adsorption unit heating source, which is of great importance in case of district heating supply. The improvement was also observed concerning such operational aspects as noise and vibrations. In the authors’ opinion, the presented modifications can be introduced to most exploited adsorption chillers and could potentially lead to similar improvements in performance.

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    Energies
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
    Article . 2019
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      Energies
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      Energies
      Article . 2019
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    Authors: Piotr Kolasiński; Zbigniew Gnutek; Zbigniew Rogala;

    Fluidised desiccant cooling is reported in the literature as an efficient way to provide cooling for air-conditioning purposes. The performance of this technology can be described by electric and thermal Coefficients of Performance (COP) and Specific Cooling Power (SCP). In this paper comprehensive theoretical study was carried out in order to assess the effect of operating conditions such as: superficial air velocity, desiccant particle diameter, bed switching time and desiccant filling height on the performance of fluidised desiccant cooler (FDC). It was concluded that FDC should be filled with as small as possible desiccant particles featuring diameters and should not be operated with shorter switching times than optimum. Moreover in order to efficiently run such systems superficial air velocities during adsorption and desorption should be similar. At last substantial effect of desiccant filling height on performance of FDC was presented.

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    E3S Web of Conferences
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2017
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      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Zbigniew Rogala; Arkadiusz Brenk; Ziemowit Malecha;

    The liquid natural gas (LNG) boiling process concerns most LNG applications due to a need for regasification. Depending on the pressure, the equilibrium temperature of LNG is 112–160 K. The low boiling temperature of LNG makes the vaporization process challenging because of a large temperature difference between the heating medium and LNG. A significant risk included in the regasification process is related to the possibility of solid phase formation (freezing of the heating fluid). A solid phase formation can lead to an increase in pressure loss, deterioration in heat transfer, or even to the destruction of the heat exchanger. This prompts the need for a better understanding of the heat transfer during the regasification process to help avoid a solid phase formation. The present research is focused on the investigation of the mutual interactions between several parameters, which play a significant role in the regasification process. The research is based on a zero-dimensional (0D) model, which was validated through the comparison with a state-of-the-art Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. This made fast calculations and the study of the risk of freezing for a wide range of parameter space possible, including the LNG boiling regime. The boiling regime of LNG was shown to be a key factor in determining the risk of freezing.

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    Energies
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2019
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      Article . 2019
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    Authors: Maciej Chorowski; Michał Lepszy; Krystian Machaj; Ziemowit Malecha; +4 Authors

    The main purpose of the article is to present a comprehensive and critical review of the challenges and risks associated with the use of green ammonia as an alternative fuel in land transport. The review is motivated by the clear trend toward phasing out fossil fuel vehicles and replacing them with emission-free alternatives. Topics covered include safety aspects such as safety of powering of vehicles, the production of green ammonia, the use of ammonia in the context of various fuel solutions (combustion engines and fuel cell engines), and the discussion of ammonia-powered vehicles in the context of air pollution. The paper offers new insights into identifying the challenges and obstacles that may arise in the case of the massive use of green ammonia as a fuel for land transport. In addition, the review presents the latest information on the technological readiness of the necessary infrastructure for the production, transport, storage, and utilization of green ammonia in internal combustion or electric engines.

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    Energies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
    Article . 2023
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      Energies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Zbigniew Rogala; Piotr Kolasiński; Zbigniew Gnutek;

    Abstract In this paper a novel modelling method for performance prediction of silica gel-water adsorption and desorption air-fluidised systems is presented. The mathematical model describing these phenomena was developed and extensive experimental research was carried out to validate the model. Experiments were performed for desiccant particles diameters in the range of 1–5 mm, air superficial velocities in the range of 2.3–6.2 m s - 1 and inlet temperatures in the range of 17–72 °C. Main statements of the model were experimentally confirmed, namely during adsorption the mass transfer controlling mechanism is air to air film convection while during desorption it is intra-particle diffusion. Developed model gives reliable results for modelling adsorption and desorption of silica gel-water in air-fluidised systems, especially for desiccant particle diameters smaller than 3 mm. Moreover, superficial velocity, particle diameter and air humidity influence the adsorption and desorption performance. Kinetics of the adsorption and desorption enhance for larger air superficial velocities and smaller particle diameters. Increase of air humidity causes speeded adsorption and slowed desorption.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Applied Thermal Engi...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Applied Thermal Engineering
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Applied Thermal Engi...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Applied Thermal Engineering
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Abstract The performance of two-bed silica gel-water adsorption chiller using flat-tube adsorbers is modelled in wide range of operating conditions: heating water inlet temperature in the range of 50–90 °C, cooling water inlet temperature in the range of 20–35 °C, chilled water inlet temperatures of 10 °C and 15 °C, switching time 420 s and silica gel grain size 0.3 mm. In order to improve Coefficient of Performance (COP) and Specific Cooling Power (SCP) of the chiller optimization of fin height and spacing of the flat-tube heat exchanger is carried out. Flat-tube heat exchangers are found to be suitable for application as silica gel-water adsorbers. They are characterized by distinctive SCP (up to 750 W kg - 1 ). Optimization of flat-tube adsorbers geometry led to improvement of COP up to 3.7% and SCP up to 6.3%.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Applied Thermal Engi...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Applied Thermal Engineering
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Applied Thermal Engi...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Applied Thermal Engineering
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Zbigniew Rogala; Michał Stanclik; Dariusz Łuszkiewicz; Ziemowit Malecha;

    Natural gas is the primary source of energy, accounting for around 20% of the world’s energy production. It is also a key element in reducing CO2 emissions due to its key role in stabilizing renewable energy sources. At the same time, natural gas as a fossil fuel that emits CO2 should be limited. A natural candidate that can ensure the stabilization of RES and at the same time reduce the demand for fossil fuels is biogas. Successful use of biogas requires a thorough understanding of the potential, structure, and specifics of its sources and production technology. The presented study provides a perspective and a brief overview of the existing potential of biogas production. Poland was chosen as the case study and it was shown that almost 90% of the Polish biogas potential comes from sources with a capacity below 100 Nm3/h, which is the current minimum commercially available capacity of the biogas purification and liquefaction technologies. Consequently, full utilization of these sources would require a downsizing of these technologies.

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    Energies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
    Article . 2023
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      Energies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
      Article . 2023
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