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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ricardo M. F. da Costa; Maurice Bosch; Rachael Simister; Leonardo D. Gomez; +2 Authors

    Acacia spp. are invasive in Southern Europe, and their high propagation rates produce excessive biomass, exacerbating wildfire risk. However, lignocellulosic biomass from Acacia spp. may be utilised for diverse biorefinery applications. In this study, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and lignin content determinations were used for a comparative compositional characterisation of A. dealbata, A. longifolia and A. melanoxylon. Additionally, biomass was treated with three white-rot fungi species (Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor), which preferentially degrade lignin. Our results showed that the pre-treatments do not significantly alter neutral sugar composition while reducing lignin content. Sugar release from enzymatic saccharification was enhanced, in some cases possibly due to a synergy between white-rot fungi and mild alkali pretreatments. For example, in A. dealbata stems treated with alkali and P. ostreatus, saccharification yield was 702.3 nmol mg−1, which is higher than the samples treated only with alkali (608.1 nmol mg−1), and 2.9-fold higher than the non-pretreated controls (243.9 nmol mg−1). By characterising biomass and pretreatments, generated data creates value for unused biomass resources, contributing to the implementation of sustainable biorefining systems. In due course, the generated value will lead to economic incentives for landowners to cut back invasive Acacia spp. more frequently, thus reducing excess biomass, which exacerbates wildfire risk.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Moleculesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Molecules
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Molecules
    Article . 2022
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PubMed Central
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Molecules
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Moleculesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Molecules
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Molecules
      Article . 2022
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: PubMed Central
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Molecules
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: DOAJ
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ricardo M. F. da Costa; Ricardo M. F. da Costa; Ana Winters; Barbara Hauck; +6 Authors

    Arundo donax,Cortaderia selloanaandPhragmites australisare high-biomass-producing perennial Poalean species that grow abundantly and spontaneously in warm temperate regions, such as in Mediterranean-type climates, like those of Southern Europe, Western United States coastal areas, or in regions of South America, South Africa and Australia. Given their vigorous and spontaneous growth, biomass from the studied grasses often accumulates excessively in unmanaged agro-forestry areas. Nonetheless, this also creates the demand and opportunity for the valorisation of these biomass sources, particularly their cell wall polymers, for biorefining applications. By contrast, a related crop,Miscanthus×giganteus, is a perennial grass that has been extensively studied for lignocellulosic biomass production, as it can grow on low-input agricultural systems in colder climates. In this study Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) and lignin content determinations were used for a comparative compositional characterisation ofA.donax,C.selloanaandP.australisharvested from the wild, in relation to a trial field-grownM. ×giganteushigh-yielding genotype. A high-throughput saccharification assay showed relatively high sugar release values from the wild-grown grasses, even with a 0.1M NaOH mild alkali pretreatment. In addition to this alkaline pretreatment, biomass was treated with white-rot fungi (WRF), which preferentially degrade lignin more readily than holocellulose. Three fungal species were used:Ganoderma lucidum,Pleurotus ostreatusandTrametes versicolor. Our results showed that neutral sugar contents are not significantly altered, while some lignin is lost during the pretreatments. Furthermore, sugar release upon enzymatic saccharification was enhanced, and this was dependent on the plant biomass and fungal species used in the treatment. To maximise the potential for lignocellulose valorisation, the liquid fractions from the pretreatments were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography – photodiode array detection – electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-MSn). This study is one of the first to report on the composition of WRF-treated grass biomass, while assessing the potential relevance of breakdown products released during the treatments, beyond more traditional sugar-for-energy applications. Ultimately, we expect that our data will help promote the valorisation of unused biomass resources, create economic value, while contributing to the implementation of sustainable biorefining systems.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
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    CORE
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: CORE
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PubMed Central
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Estudo Geral
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: Estudo Geral
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      CORE
      Article . 2021
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: CORE
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Frontiers in Plant Science
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Frontiers in Plant Science
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      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2021
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      Data sources: PubMed Central
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Frontiers in Plant Science
      Article . 2021
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Estudo Geral
      Article . 2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Camila A. Rezende; Beatriz W. Atta; Márcia Cristina Breitkreitz; Rachael Simister; +2 Authors

    Les prétraitements sont l'un des principaux goulots d'étranglement du processus de conversion de la lignocellulose et la recherche de méthodologies de prétraitement moins coûteuses et efficaces pour chaque biomasse est une tâche complexe mais fondamentale. Ici, nous avons utilisé une conception factorielle fractionnaire (FFD) 2ν5−1 pour optimiser cinq variables de prétraitement : le temps de broyage, la température, le double traitement, la concentration chimique et le temps de prétraitement dans les prétraitements acide-alcali (EA) et acide-organosolv (EO), appliqués aux feuilles d'herbe d'éléphant. La FFD a permis d'optimiser les conditions de prétraitement en utilisant un nombre réduit d'expériences et a permis d'identifier des interactions secondaires entre les facteurs. Le FFD a montré que la température peut être maintenue à son niveau le plus bas et que la première étape acide peut être éliminée dans les deux prétraitements, sans pertes significatives par hydrolyse enzymatique. L'EA a entraîné la libération la plus élevée de sucres réducteurs (maximum de 205 mg/g de substrat par rapport à 152 mg/g dans l'OE et 40 mg/g dans l'échantillon non traité), en utilisant les conditions suivantes dans l'étape alcaline : [NaOH] = 4,5 % p/v ; 85 °C et 100 min après le broyage à billes de l'échantillon. Les facteurs statistiquement significatifs (P < 0,05) dans le prétraitement EA étaient la concentration de NaOH, qui contribue à l'amélioration de l'hydrolyse par élimination de la lignine et de la silice, et le temps de broyage, qui a un effet mécanique. Pour les échantillons d'OE, les facteurs statistiquement significatifs pour améliorer l'hydrolyse étaient les concentrations d'éthanol et de catalyseur, qui sont toutes deux corrélées à des quantités plus élevées de cellulose dans les substrats prétraités. Le catalyseur est également corrélé à l'élimination de la lignine. La caractérisation détaillée des principaux sucres hémicellulosiques dans les solides après les prétraitements a révélé leur récalcitrance distincte : le glucose était généralement plus récalcitrant que le xylose et l'arabinose, qui pouvaient être presque complètement éliminés sous des prétraitements spécifiques. Dans les échantillons d'EA, l'élimination des dérivés de l'hémicellulose était très dépendante de l'étape acide, en particulier l'élimination de l'arabinose. Les résultats présentés ici contribuent au développement de prétraitements plus efficaces et viables pour produire de l'éthanol cellulosique à partir de biomasses d'herbe, ce qui permet d'économiser du temps, des coûts et de l'énergie. Ils facilitent également la conception de cocktails enzymatiques et une utilisation plus appropriée des sucres contenus dans les liqueurs de prétraitement, en établissant les polymères récalcitrants clés dans les solides résultant de chaque étape de traitement. Los pretratamientos son uno de los principales cuellos de botella para el proceso de conversión de lignocelulosa y la búsqueda de metodologías de pretratamiento más baratas y efectivas para cada biomasa es una tarea compleja pero fundamental. Aquí, utilizamos un diseño factorial fraccional (FFD) de 2ν5 −1 para optimizar cinco variables de pretratamiento: tiempo de molienda, temperatura, doble tratamiento, concentración química y tiempo de pretratamiento en pretratamientos ácido-álcali (EA) y ácido-organosolv (EO), aplicados a hojas de hierba de elefante. FFD PERMITIÓ LA optimización de las condiciones de pretratamiento utilizando un número reducido de experimentos y permitió la identificación de interacciones secundarias entre los factores. FFD mostró que la temperatura se puede mantener en su nivel más bajo y que el primer paso ácido se puede eliminar en ambos pretratamientos, sin pérdidas significativas para la hidrólisis enzimática. EA resultó en la mayor liberación de azúcares reductores (máximo de 205 mg/g de sustrato en comparación con 152 mg/g en EO y 40 mg/g en la muestra no tratada), utilizando las siguientes condiciones en la etapa alcalina: [NaOH] = 4.5% p/v; 85 ° C y 100 min después de moler la muestra en molino de bolas. Los factores estadísticamente significativos (P < 0.05) en el pretratamiento con EA fueron la concentración de NaOH, que contribuye a mejorar la hidrólisis mediante la eliminación de lignina y sílice, y el tiempo de molienda, que tiene un efecto mecánico. Para las muestras de EO, los factores estadísticamente significativos para mejorar la hidrólisis fueron las concentraciones de etanol y catalizador, que se correlacionan con mayores cantidades de celulosa en los sustratos pretratados. El catalizador también se correlaciona con la eliminación de lignina. La caracterización detallada de los principales azúcares hemicelulósicos en los sólidos después de los pretratamientos reveló su clara recalcitrancia: la glucosa era típicamente más recalcitrante que la xilosa y la arabinosa, que podían eliminarse casi por completo bajo pretratamientos específicos. En las muestras de EA, la eliminación de derivados de hemicelulosa fue muy dependiente de la etapa ácida, especialmente la eliminación de arabinosa. Los resultados presentados en este documento contribuyen al desarrollo de pretratamientos más eficientes y viables para producir etanol celulósico a partir de biomasa de gramíneas, ahorrando tiempo, costos y energía. También facilitan el diseño de cócteles enzimáticos y un uso más apropiado de los azúcares contenidos en los licores de pretratamiento, al establecer los polímeros recalcitrantes clave en los sólidos resultantes de cada etapa de procesamiento. Pretreatments are one of the main bottlenecks for the lignocellulose conversion process and the search for cheaper and effective pretreatment methodologies for each biomass is a complex but fundamental task. Here, we used a 2ν5−1 fractional factorial design (FFD) to optimize five pretreatment variables: milling time, temperature, double treatment, chemical concentration, and pretreatment time in acid–alkali (EA) and acid–organosolv (EO) pretreatments, applied to elephant grass leaves. FFD allowed optimization of the pretreatment conditions using a reduced number of experiments and allowed the identification of secondary interactions between the factors. FFD showed that the temperature can be kept at its lower level and that the first acid step can be eliminated in both pretreatments, without significant losses to enzymatic hydrolysis. EA resulted in the highest release of reducing sugars (maximum of 205 mg/g substrate in comparison to 152 mg/g in EO and 40 mg/g in the untreated sample), using the following conditions in the alkali step: [NaOH] = 4.5% w/v; 85 °C and 100 min after ball milling the sample. The factors statistically significant (P < 0.05) in EA pretreatment were NaOH concentration, which contributes to improved hydrolysis by lignin and silica removal, and the milling time, which has a mechanical effect. For EO samples, the statistically significant factors to improved hydrolysis were ethanol and catalyst concentrations, which are both correlated to higher cellulose amounts in the pretreated substrates. The catalyst is also correlated to lignin removal. The detailed characterization of the main hemicellulosic sugars in the solids after pretreatments revealed their distinct recalcitrance: glucose was typically more recalcitrant than xylose and arabinose, which could be almost completely removed under specific pretreatments. In EA samples, the removal of hemicellulose derivatives was very dependent on the acid step, especially arabinose removal. The results presented herewith contribute to the development of more efficient and viable pretreatments to produce cellulosic ethanol from grass biomasses, saving time, costs and energy. They also facilitate the design of enzymatic cocktails and a more appropriate use of the sugars contained in the pretreatment liquors, by establishing the key recalcitrant polymers in the solids resulting from each processing step. تعد المعالجات المسبقة واحدة من الاختناقات الرئيسية لعملية تحويل الليجنوسليلوز والبحث عن منهجيات معالجة مسبقة أرخص وفعالة لكل كتلة حيوية مهمة معقدة ولكنها أساسية. هنا، استخدمنا تصميم مضروب كسري 2 ν 5-1 (FFD) لتحسين خمسة متغيرات للمعالجة المسبقة: وقت الطحن، ودرجة الحرارة، والمعالجة المزدوجة، والتركيز الكيميائي، ووقت المعالجة المسبقة في المعالجات المسبقة الحمضية القلوية (EA) والحمضية العضوية (EO)، المطبقة على أوراق عشب الفيل. سمح FFD بتحسين ظروف المعالجة المسبقة باستخدام عدد أقل من التجارب وسمح بتحديد التفاعلات الثانوية بين العوامل. أظهر FFD أنه يمكن الحفاظ على درجة الحرارة عند مستواها الأدنى وأنه يمكن التخلص من الخطوة الحمضية الأولى في كل من المعالجات المسبقة، دون خسائر كبيرة في التحلل المائي الأنزيمي. نتج عن ذلك أعلى إطلاق للسكريات المختزلة (بحد أقصى 205 مجم/جم من الركيزة مقارنة بـ 152 مجم/جم في EO و 40 مجم/جم في العينة غير المعالجة)، باستخدام الحالات التالية في الخطوة القلوية: [هيدروكسيد الصوديوم] = 4.5 ٪ وزن/حجم ؛ 85 درجة مئوية و 100 دقيقة بعد طحن الكرة للعينة. كانت العوامل ذات الدلالة الإحصائية (P < 0.05) في المعالجة المسبقة لكل وحدة هي تركيز هيدروكسيد الصوديوم، مما يساهم في تحسين التحلل المائي عن طريق إزالة اللجنين والسيليكا، ووقت الطحن، والذي له تأثير ميكانيكي. بالنسبة لعينات EO، كانت العوامل ذات الأهمية الإحصائية للتحليل المائي المحسن هي تركيزات الإيثانول والمحفز، وكلاهما مرتبط بكميات أعلى من السليلوز في الركائز المعالجة مسبقًا. يرتبط المحفز أيضًا بإزالة اللجنين. كشف التوصيف التفصيلي للسكريات السليلوزية النصفية الرئيسية في المواد الصلبة بعد المعالجات المسبقة عن تمردها المتميز: كان الجلوكوز عادة أكثر تمردًا من الزيلوز والأرابينوز، والذي يمكن إزالته بالكامل تقريبًا تحت معالجات مسبقة محددة. في عينات إي، كانت إزالة مشتقات هيميسليلوز تعتمد بشكل كبير على الخطوة الحمضية، وخاصة إزالة الأرابينوز. تساهم النتائج المقدمة طيه في تطوير معالجات مسبقة أكثر كفاءة وقابلية للتطبيق لإنتاج الإيثانول السليلوزي من الكتل الحيوية العشبية، مما يوفر الوقت والتكاليف والطاقة. كما أنها تسهل تصميم الكوكتيلات الأنزيمية والاستخدام الأنسب للسكريات الموجودة في مشروبات المعالجة المسبقة، من خلال إنشاء البوليمرات الرئيسية المتمردة في المواد الصلبة الناتجة عن كل خطوة معالجة.

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    Biotechnology for Biofuels
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Biotechnology for Biofuels
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    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Biotechnology for Biofuels
    Article . 2018
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    ZENODO
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    ZENODO
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/b7...
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      Biotechnology for Biofuels
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnology for Biofuels
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      PubMed Central
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      Biotechnology for Biofuels
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      ZENODO
      Article . 2018
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      ZENODO
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Con Robert McElroy; Liliya Kopanitsa; Roel Helmes; Jiajun Fan; +6 Authors

    The feasibility of European seaweed farming depends on the valorisation of algal biomass harvested. In the present work we have combined sequential extraction processes from Saccharina latissima to produce a range of products, focusing on the extraction of fucoxanthin using supercritical CO2 followed by different valorisation routes. We optimised the conditions the for extraction of fucoxanthin (40 MPa, temperature has little impact on extraction) and the extracts obtained were tested on cancer cell cultures to determine the antiproliferative effects of this pigment. We established that the supercritical CO2 extracts have an antiproliferative effect similar to that of commercial fucoxanthin (concentrations 0.1–0.4 mg/mL) and showed that the active compound in the extracts is fucoxanthin. In order to integrate this process with a holistic valorisation of the algal biomass, we explored the extraction of mannitol using a microwave-assisted protocol (4.15 wt % yield). We also evaluated the potential extraction of fucoidans and alginates from the solids remaining after supercritical CO2 extraction (67.27 to 69.38 % of alginates). A life cycle analysis of the supercritical CO2 extraction proposed shows that the drying process of algal biomass and the energy used to compress the CO2 are the elements with the highest environmental impact (over 90% of CO2 eq/g of extract) in this the process, indicating routes for reducing the environmental footprint. Combining supercritical CO2 extraction and microwave-assisted extraction methods would enable European seaweed producers to obtain multiple marketable products from algal biomass.

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    Environmental Technology & Innovation
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Research@WUR
    Article . 2023
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2023
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      Environmental Technology & Innovation
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ricardo M. F. da Costa; Maurice Bosch; Rachael Simister; Leonardo D. Gomez; +2 Authors

    Acacia spp. are invasive in Southern Europe, and their high propagation rates produce excessive biomass, exacerbating wildfire risk. However, lignocellulosic biomass from Acacia spp. may be utilised for diverse biorefinery applications. In this study, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and lignin content determinations were used for a comparative compositional characterisation of A. dealbata, A. longifolia and A. melanoxylon. Additionally, biomass was treated with three white-rot fungi species (Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor), which preferentially degrade lignin. Our results showed that the pre-treatments do not significantly alter neutral sugar composition while reducing lignin content. Sugar release from enzymatic saccharification was enhanced, in some cases possibly due to a synergy between white-rot fungi and mild alkali pretreatments. For example, in A. dealbata stems treated with alkali and P. ostreatus, saccharification yield was 702.3 nmol mg−1, which is higher than the samples treated only with alkali (608.1 nmol mg−1), and 2.9-fold higher than the non-pretreated controls (243.9 nmol mg−1). By characterising biomass and pretreatments, generated data creates value for unused biomass resources, contributing to the implementation of sustainable biorefining systems. In due course, the generated value will lead to economic incentives for landowners to cut back invasive Acacia spp. more frequently, thus reducing excess biomass, which exacerbates wildfire risk.

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    Molecules
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Molecules
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    Molecules
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      Molecules
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      Molecules
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      Molecules
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    Authors: Ricardo M. F. da Costa; Ricardo M. F. da Costa; Ana Winters; Barbara Hauck; +6 Authors

    Arundo donax,Cortaderia selloanaandPhragmites australisare high-biomass-producing perennial Poalean species that grow abundantly and spontaneously in warm temperate regions, such as in Mediterranean-type climates, like those of Southern Europe, Western United States coastal areas, or in regions of South America, South Africa and Australia. Given their vigorous and spontaneous growth, biomass from the studied grasses often accumulates excessively in unmanaged agro-forestry areas. Nonetheless, this also creates the demand and opportunity for the valorisation of these biomass sources, particularly their cell wall polymers, for biorefining applications. By contrast, a related crop,Miscanthus×giganteus, is a perennial grass that has been extensively studied for lignocellulosic biomass production, as it can grow on low-input agricultural systems in colder climates. In this study Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) and lignin content determinations were used for a comparative compositional characterisation ofA.donax,C.selloanaandP.australisharvested from the wild, in relation to a trial field-grownM. ×giganteushigh-yielding genotype. A high-throughput saccharification assay showed relatively high sugar release values from the wild-grown grasses, even with a 0.1M NaOH mild alkali pretreatment. In addition to this alkaline pretreatment, biomass was treated with white-rot fungi (WRF), which preferentially degrade lignin more readily than holocellulose. Three fungal species were used:Ganoderma lucidum,Pleurotus ostreatusandTrametes versicolor. Our results showed that neutral sugar contents are not significantly altered, while some lignin is lost during the pretreatments. Furthermore, sugar release upon enzymatic saccharification was enhanced, and this was dependent on the plant biomass and fungal species used in the treatment. To maximise the potential for lignocellulose valorisation, the liquid fractions from the pretreatments were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography – photodiode array detection – electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-MSn). This study is one of the first to report on the composition of WRF-treated grass biomass, while assessing the potential relevance of breakdown products released during the treatments, beyond more traditional sugar-for-energy applications. Ultimately, we expect that our data will help promote the valorisation of unused biomass resources, create economic value, while contributing to the implementation of sustainable biorefining systems.

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    CORE
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    Frontiers in Plant Science
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    Frontiers in Plant Science
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    Frontiers in Plant Science
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    Estudo Geral
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      Frontiers in Plant Science
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      Frontiers in Plant Science
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      Estudo Geral
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    Authors: Camila A. Rezende; Beatriz W. Atta; Márcia Cristina Breitkreitz; Rachael Simister; +2 Authors

    Les prétraitements sont l'un des principaux goulots d'étranglement du processus de conversion de la lignocellulose et la recherche de méthodologies de prétraitement moins coûteuses et efficaces pour chaque biomasse est une tâche complexe mais fondamentale. Ici, nous avons utilisé une conception factorielle fractionnaire (FFD) 2ν5−1 pour optimiser cinq variables de prétraitement : le temps de broyage, la température, le double traitement, la concentration chimique et le temps de prétraitement dans les prétraitements acide-alcali (EA) et acide-organosolv (EO), appliqués aux feuilles d'herbe d'éléphant. La FFD a permis d'optimiser les conditions de prétraitement en utilisant un nombre réduit d'expériences et a permis d'identifier des interactions secondaires entre les facteurs. Le FFD a montré que la température peut être maintenue à son niveau le plus bas et que la première étape acide peut être éliminée dans les deux prétraitements, sans pertes significatives par hydrolyse enzymatique. L'EA a entraîné la libération la plus élevée de sucres réducteurs (maximum de 205 mg/g de substrat par rapport à 152 mg/g dans l'OE et 40 mg/g dans l'échantillon non traité), en utilisant les conditions suivantes dans l'étape alcaline : [NaOH] = 4,5 % p/v ; 85 °C et 100 min après le broyage à billes de l'échantillon. Les facteurs statistiquement significatifs (P < 0,05) dans le prétraitement EA étaient la concentration de NaOH, qui contribue à l'amélioration de l'hydrolyse par élimination de la lignine et de la silice, et le temps de broyage, qui a un effet mécanique. Pour les échantillons d'OE, les facteurs statistiquement significatifs pour améliorer l'hydrolyse étaient les concentrations d'éthanol et de catalyseur, qui sont toutes deux corrélées à des quantités plus élevées de cellulose dans les substrats prétraités. Le catalyseur est également corrélé à l'élimination de la lignine. La caractérisation détaillée des principaux sucres hémicellulosiques dans les solides après les prétraitements a révélé leur récalcitrance distincte : le glucose était généralement plus récalcitrant que le xylose et l'arabinose, qui pouvaient être presque complètement éliminés sous des prétraitements spécifiques. Dans les échantillons d'EA, l'élimination des dérivés de l'hémicellulose était très dépendante de l'étape acide, en particulier l'élimination de l'arabinose. Les résultats présentés ici contribuent au développement de prétraitements plus efficaces et viables pour produire de l'éthanol cellulosique à partir de biomasses d'herbe, ce qui permet d'économiser du temps, des coûts et de l'énergie. Ils facilitent également la conception de cocktails enzymatiques et une utilisation plus appropriée des sucres contenus dans les liqueurs de prétraitement, en établissant les polymères récalcitrants clés dans les solides résultant de chaque étape de traitement. Los pretratamientos son uno de los principales cuellos de botella para el proceso de conversión de lignocelulosa y la búsqueda de metodologías de pretratamiento más baratas y efectivas para cada biomasa es una tarea compleja pero fundamental. Aquí, utilizamos un diseño factorial fraccional (FFD) de 2ν5 −1 para optimizar cinco variables de pretratamiento: tiempo de molienda, temperatura, doble tratamiento, concentración química y tiempo de pretratamiento en pretratamientos ácido-álcali (EA) y ácido-organosolv (EO), aplicados a hojas de hierba de elefante. FFD PERMITIÓ LA optimización de las condiciones de pretratamiento utilizando un número reducido de experimentos y permitió la identificación de interacciones secundarias entre los factores. FFD mostró que la temperatura se puede mantener en su nivel más bajo y que el primer paso ácido se puede eliminar en ambos pretratamientos, sin pérdidas significativas para la hidrólisis enzimática. EA resultó en la mayor liberación de azúcares reductores (máximo de 205 mg/g de sustrato en comparación con 152 mg/g en EO y 40 mg/g en la muestra no tratada), utilizando las siguientes condiciones en la etapa alcalina: [NaOH] = 4.5% p/v; 85 ° C y 100 min después de moler la muestra en molino de bolas. Los factores estadísticamente significativos (P < 0.05) en el pretratamiento con EA fueron la concentración de NaOH, que contribuye a mejorar la hidrólisis mediante la eliminación de lignina y sílice, y el tiempo de molienda, que tiene un efecto mecánico. Para las muestras de EO, los factores estadísticamente significativos para mejorar la hidrólisis fueron las concentraciones de etanol y catalizador, que se correlacionan con mayores cantidades de celulosa en los sustratos pretratados. El catalizador también se correlaciona con la eliminación de lignina. La caracterización detallada de los principales azúcares hemicelulósicos en los sólidos después de los pretratamientos reveló su clara recalcitrancia: la glucosa era típicamente más recalcitrante que la xilosa y la arabinosa, que podían eliminarse casi por completo bajo pretratamientos específicos. En las muestras de EA, la eliminación de derivados de hemicelulosa fue muy dependiente de la etapa ácida, especialmente la eliminación de arabinosa. Los resultados presentados en este documento contribuyen al desarrollo de pretratamientos más eficientes y viables para producir etanol celulósico a partir de biomasa de gramíneas, ahorrando tiempo, costos y energía. También facilitan el diseño de cócteles enzimáticos y un uso más apropiado de los azúcares contenidos en los licores de pretratamiento, al establecer los polímeros recalcitrantes clave en los sólidos resultantes de cada etapa de procesamiento. Pretreatments are one of the main bottlenecks for the lignocellulose conversion process and the search for cheaper and effective pretreatment methodologies for each biomass is a complex but fundamental task. Here, we used a 2ν5−1 fractional factorial design (FFD) to optimize five pretreatment variables: milling time, temperature, double treatment, chemical concentration, and pretreatment time in acid–alkali (EA) and acid–organosolv (EO) pretreatments, applied to elephant grass leaves. FFD allowed optimization of the pretreatment conditions using a reduced number of experiments and allowed the identification of secondary interactions between the factors. FFD showed that the temperature can be kept at its lower level and that the first acid step can be eliminated in both pretreatments, without significant losses to enzymatic hydrolysis. EA resulted in the highest release of reducing sugars (maximum of 205 mg/g substrate in comparison to 152 mg/g in EO and 40 mg/g in the untreated sample), using the following conditions in the alkali step: [NaOH] = 4.5% w/v; 85 °C and 100 min after ball milling the sample. The factors statistically significant (P < 0.05) in EA pretreatment were NaOH concentration, which contributes to improved hydrolysis by lignin and silica removal, and the milling time, which has a mechanical effect. For EO samples, the statistically significant factors to improved hydrolysis were ethanol and catalyst concentrations, which are both correlated to higher cellulose amounts in the pretreated substrates. The catalyst is also correlated to lignin removal. The detailed characterization of the main hemicellulosic sugars in the solids after pretreatments revealed their distinct recalcitrance: glucose was typically more recalcitrant than xylose and arabinose, which could be almost completely removed under specific pretreatments. In EA samples, the removal of hemicellulose derivatives was very dependent on the acid step, especially arabinose removal. The results presented herewith contribute to the development of more efficient and viable pretreatments to produce cellulosic ethanol from grass biomasses, saving time, costs and energy. They also facilitate the design of enzymatic cocktails and a more appropriate use of the sugars contained in the pretreatment liquors, by establishing the key recalcitrant polymers in the solids resulting from each processing step. تعد المعالجات المسبقة واحدة من الاختناقات الرئيسية لعملية تحويل الليجنوسليلوز والبحث عن منهجيات معالجة مسبقة أرخص وفعالة لكل كتلة حيوية مهمة معقدة ولكنها أساسية. هنا، استخدمنا تصميم مضروب كسري 2 ν 5-1 (FFD) لتحسين خمسة متغيرات للمعالجة المسبقة: وقت الطحن، ودرجة الحرارة، والمعالجة المزدوجة، والتركيز الكيميائي، ووقت المعالجة المسبقة في المعالجات المسبقة الحمضية القلوية (EA) والحمضية العضوية (EO)، المطبقة على أوراق عشب الفيل. سمح FFD بتحسين ظروف المعالجة المسبقة باستخدام عدد أقل من التجارب وسمح بتحديد التفاعلات الثانوية بين العوامل. أظهر FFD أنه يمكن الحفاظ على درجة الحرارة عند مستواها الأدنى وأنه يمكن التخلص من الخطوة الحمضية الأولى في كل من المعالجات المسبقة، دون خسائر كبيرة في التحلل المائي الأنزيمي. نتج عن ذلك أعلى إطلاق للسكريات المختزلة (بحد أقصى 205 مجم/جم من الركيزة مقارنة بـ 152 مجم/جم في EO و 40 مجم/جم في العينة غير المعالجة)، باستخدام الحالات التالية في الخطوة القلوية: [هيدروكسيد الصوديوم] = 4.5 ٪ وزن/حجم ؛ 85 درجة مئوية و 100 دقيقة بعد طحن الكرة للعينة. كانت العوامل ذات الدلالة الإحصائية (P < 0.05) في المعالجة المسبقة لكل وحدة هي تركيز هيدروكسيد الصوديوم، مما يساهم في تحسين التحلل المائي عن طريق إزالة اللجنين والسيليكا، ووقت الطحن، والذي له تأثير ميكانيكي. بالنسبة لعينات EO، كانت العوامل ذات الأهمية الإحصائية للتحليل المائي المحسن هي تركيزات الإيثانول والمحفز، وكلاهما مرتبط بكميات أعلى من السليلوز في الركائز المعالجة مسبقًا. يرتبط المحفز أيضًا بإزالة اللجنين. كشف التوصيف التفصيلي للسكريات السليلوزية النصفية الرئيسية في المواد الصلبة بعد المعالجات المسبقة عن تمردها المتميز: كان الجلوكوز عادة أكثر تمردًا من الزيلوز والأرابينوز، والذي يمكن إزالته بالكامل تقريبًا تحت معالجات مسبقة محددة. في عينات إي، كانت إزالة مشتقات هيميسليلوز تعتمد بشكل كبير على الخطوة الحمضية، وخاصة إزالة الأرابينوز. تساهم النتائج المقدمة طيه في تطوير معالجات مسبقة أكثر كفاءة وقابلية للتطبيق لإنتاج الإيثانول السليلوزي من الكتل الحيوية العشبية، مما يوفر الوقت والتكاليف والطاقة. كما أنها تسهل تصميم الكوكتيلات الأنزيمية والاستخدام الأنسب للسكريات الموجودة في مشروبات المعالجة المسبقة، من خلال إنشاء البوليمرات الرئيسية المتمردة في المواد الصلبة الناتجة عن كل خطوة معالجة.

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    Authors: Con Robert McElroy; Liliya Kopanitsa; Roel Helmes; Jiajun Fan; +6 Authors

    The feasibility of European seaweed farming depends on the valorisation of algal biomass harvested. In the present work we have combined sequential extraction processes from Saccharina latissima to produce a range of products, focusing on the extraction of fucoxanthin using supercritical CO2 followed by different valorisation routes. We optimised the conditions the for extraction of fucoxanthin (40 MPa, temperature has little impact on extraction) and the extracts obtained were tested on cancer cell cultures to determine the antiproliferative effects of this pigment. We established that the supercritical CO2 extracts have an antiproliferative effect similar to that of commercial fucoxanthin (concentrations 0.1–0.4 mg/mL) and showed that the active compound in the extracts is fucoxanthin. In order to integrate this process with a holistic valorisation of the algal biomass, we explored the extraction of mannitol using a microwave-assisted protocol (4.15 wt % yield). We also evaluated the potential extraction of fucoidans and alginates from the solids remaining after supercritical CO2 extraction (67.27 to 69.38 % of alginates). A life cycle analysis of the supercritical CO2 extraction proposed shows that the drying process of algal biomass and the energy used to compress the CO2 are the elements with the highest environmental impact (over 90% of CO2 eq/g of extract) in this the process, indicating routes for reducing the environmental footprint. Combining supercritical CO2 extraction and microwave-assisted extraction methods would enable European seaweed producers to obtain multiple marketable products from algal biomass.

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    Environmental Technology & Innovation
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
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