• Energy Research

El CCS (Captura y Almacenamiento de Carbono) es una de las soluciones significativas para reducir las emisiones de CO2 de las plantas de generación de electricidad con combustibles fósiles y minimizar el efecto del calentamiento global. El análisis económico de la tecnología de CAC es, por lo tanto, esencial para la evaluación de viabilidad hacia la reducción de CO2. En este documento, se ha estimado el LCOE (Coste Nivelado de la Generación de Electricidad) con y sin tecnología CCS para las centrales eléctricas basadas en combustibles fósiles de Pakistán y también se ha comparado con el LCOE calculado de las centrales eléctricas basadas en WE (Energía Eólica) de Pakistán. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los costos de generación de electricidad de las plantas de energía de combustibles fósiles aumentan más del 44% con la tecnología CCS en comparación con sin la tecnología CCS. También se encuentra que los costos de generación son un 10% más altos cuando se considera la penalización de eficiencia debido a la instalación de la tecnología CCS. Además, los costes evitados de CO2 de la planta de gas natural son un 40 y un 10% más altos que los de las plantas locales de carbón y de carbón importado, respectivamente. Como tal, se encuentra que el costo de generación de electricidad de 5.09 Rs/kWh de las plantas WE es competitivo incluso cuando las plantas basadas en combustibles fósiles no cuentan con tecnología CCS, con el costo más bajo de 5.9 Rs./kWh de la planta CCNG (Combined Cycle Natural Gas). Con base en el análisis de los resultados de este estudio y el desarrollo futuro anticipado de tecnologías WE eficientes y baratas, se concluye que la generación de electricidad basada en WE sería la opción más apropiada para la reducción de CO2 para Pakistán. Le captage et le stockage du carbone (CSC) est l'une des solutions importantes pour réduire les émissions de CO2 des centrales électriques à combustibles fossiles et minimiser l'effet du réchauffement climatique. L'analyse économique de la technologie CSC est donc essentielle pour l'évaluation de la faisabilité de la réduction des émissions de CO2. Dans cet article, le LCOE (coût nivelé de la production d'électricité) a été estimé avec et sans la technologie CCS pour les centrales électriques à combustibles fossiles du Pakistan et également comparé aux LCOE calculés des centrales électriques basées sur l'énergie éolienne du Pakistan. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que les coûts de production d'électricité des centrales à combustibles fossiles augmentent de plus de 44 % avec la technologie CSC par rapport à la technologie sans CSC. Les coûts de production sont également de 10% plus élevés lorsque l'on considère la pénalité d'efficacité due à l'installation de la technologie CCS. En outre, les coûts évités en CO2 des centrales au gaz naturel sont respectivement 40 et 10 % plus élevés que ceux des centrales au charbon locales et des centrales au charbon importées. En tant que tel, le coût de production d'électricité de 5,09 Rs/kWh à partir d'installations WE s'avère compétitif même lorsque les installations à base de combustibles fossiles ne sont pas équipées de la technologie CCS, avec le coût le plus bas de 5,9 Rs/kWh de l'installation CCNG (Combined Cycle Natural Gas). Sur la base de l'analyse des résultats de cette étude et du développement futur anticipé de technologies WE efficaces et bon marché, il est conclu que la production d'électricité basée sur WE serait l'option la plus appropriée pour la réduction du CO2 au Pakistan. The CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is one of the significant solutions to reduce CO2 emissions from fossil fuelled electricity generation plants and minimize the effect of global warming. Economic analysis of CCS technology is, therefore, essential for the feasibility appraisal towards CO2 reduction. In this paper LCOE (Levelized Cost of Electricity Generation) has been estimated with and without CCS technology for fossil fuel based power plants of Pakistan and also further compared with computed LCOE of WE (Wind Energy) based power plants of the Pakistan. The results of this study suggest that the electricity generation costs of the fossil fuel power plants increase more than 44% with CCS technology as compared to without CCS technology. The generation costs are also found to be 10% further on higher side when considering efficiency penalty owing to installation of CCS technology. In addition, the CO2 avoided costs from natural gas plant are found to be 40 and 10% higher than the local coal and imported coal plants respectively. As such, the electricity generation cost of 5.09 Rs/kWh from WE plants is found to be competitive even when fossil fuel based plants are without CCS technology, with lowest cost of 5.9 Rs./kWh of CCNG (Combined Cycle Natural Gas) plant. Based on analysis of results of this study and anticipated future development of efficient and cheap WE technologies, it is concluded that WE based electricity generation would be most appropriate option for CO2 reduction for Pakistan. يعد احتجاز الكربون وتخزينه (CCS) أحد الحلول المهمة للحد من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون من محطات توليد الكهرباء التي تعمل بالوقود الأحفوري وتقليل تأثير الاحترار العالمي. وبالتالي، فإن التحليل الاقتصادي لتكنولوجيا احتجاز ثاني أكسيد الكربون وتخزينه ضروري لتقييم الجدوى نحو خفض ثاني أكسيد الكربون. في هذه الورقة، تم تقدير LCOE (التكلفة المستوية لتوليد الكهرباء) مع وبدون تقنية CCS لمحطات الطاقة القائمة على الوقود الأحفوري في باكستان وأيضًا مقارنة مع LCOE المحسوبة لمحطات الطاقة القائمة على WE (طاقة الرياح) في باكستان. تشير نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى أن تكاليف توليد الكهرباء لمحطات توليد الطاقة بالوقود الأحفوري تزيد بأكثر من 44 ٪ مع تقنية احتجاز ثاني أكسيد الكربون وتخزينه مقارنة بدون تقنية احتجاز ثاني أكسيد الكربون وتخزينه. كما تبين أن تكاليف التوليد تزيد بنسبة 10 ٪ على الجانب الأعلى عند النظر في عقوبة الكفاءة بسبب تركيب تقنية احتجاز ثاني أكسيد الكربون وتخزينه. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، وجد أن التكاليف التي تم تجنبها من ثاني أكسيد الكربون من محطة الغاز الطبيعي أعلى بنسبة 40 و 10 ٪ من محطات الفحم المحلية ومحطات الفحم المستوردة على التوالي. على هذا النحو، تم العثور على تكلفة توليد الكهرباء البالغة 5.09 روبية/كيلوواط ساعة من محطات WE لتكون قادرة على المنافسة حتى عندما تكون المحطات القائمة على الوقود الأحفوري بدون تقنية CCS، بأقل تكلفة تبلغ 5.9 روبية/كيلوواط ساعة من محطة CCNG (دورة الغاز الطبيعي المركبة). استنادًا إلى تحليل نتائج هذه الدراسة والتطوير المستقبلي المتوقع لتقنيات WE الفعالة والرخيصة، تم استنتاج أن توليد الكهرباء على أساس WE سيكون الخيار الأنسب لخفض ثاني أكسيد الكربون في باكستان.

This paper presents an efficient Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) control scheme for a 10.0MW grid-tied Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG)-based wind farm. The proposed control strategy plans to enhance the power quality and amount of injected power to satisfy the grid code requirements. The proposed approach utilizes a static Shunt Var Compensator (SVC) to enhance the LVRT capability and to improve power quality. It has been observed from the outcomes of the study that the proposed SVC controller ensures safe and reliable operation of the considered PMSG-based power system. The proposed system not only improves power quality but also it provides voltage stability of the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) under abnormal/fault conditions. The results show the superiority of the proposed control strategy.

AbstractIn Pakistan, around 58% of current electricity is generated from fossil fuels and only 2.4% is generated using renewable energy (RE) resources even though country is blessed with enormous RE potential. Among other RE resources, Pakistan's geographical location offers high solar energy potential, which implies that actual potential assessment should be undertaken. This study, as such, undertakes a comprehensive assessment of solar energy potential and prospects of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for both off‐grid and grid‐connected systems. This study also estimates the future available capacity of rooftop and rural off‐grid solar PV capacity. Three different types of solar PV modules of the same size, that is, thin‐film, premium, and standard were modeled to compare energy outputs. NREL's System Advisor Model (SAM) is used to estimate the geographical and technical potential of solar PV considering updated data and geographical information. SAM results suggest that an average of 4.5 kWh/kWp/day is obtained from an installed capacity of 1 KWp. The logistic modeling equations are further used to forecast the solar PV penetration over a period until 2090. The research investigation concludes that 2.8 × 106 GWh of electricity can be generated annually in Pakistan. The estimated results prove that solar PV has the potential to meet the present as well as future energy needs of Pakistan.

There is increased focus to harness renewable energy resources in the 21st century to contain climate change and attain energy security. In this context, wind energy is attaining a significant marketplace to meet the ever-increasing electricity demand. This study, as such, undertakes wind energy assessment and forecasts wind power market penetration in Pakistan considering three different scenarios for the period 2020–2050. The modeling approach of this study is based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA) optimization method, which is used to estimate the parameters of the logistic model to improve forecasting precision. It is revealed that around 55, 64, and 73% of wind potential could be technically exploited under each of the three scenarios, respectively. The Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) for each scenario are also estimated. The anticipated annual abatement of GHG emissions and CERs earnings at 30% capacity utilization factor is found to be 158 million CERs by the year 2050. These results suggest that wind energy offers great potential to attain energy security, environmental stability, and sustainable development in Pakistan. This study would assist energy professionals, government, and stakeholders to undertake wind energy market assessment and devise appropriate energy management plans.

A meteorological drought study is performed using monthly time scale data from three separate locations in southern Sindh, Pakistan. Rainfall and temperature have been used to identify the drought. These data were transformed into drought indices known as the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and standardized precipitation index (SPI), which were derived using (the Hargreaves equation). In this study, two indices are compared for three separate meteorological stations Chhor, Mithi, and Badin where most socioeconomic livelihoods depend heavily on water. The SPEI is produced through a simple water balance combining precipitation and temperature, in distinction to the SPI, it just considers precipitation. In conclusion, our study showed that both indices were capable of detecting droughts that fluctuated in time across the reference period of 2004–2021. SPI and SPEI's direction of change was similar, however the impact on the drought condition varied. SPEI discovered more droughts with longer durations and greater with 13 moderate droughts at SPEI-3 for Chhor and Badin Station while Mithi indicated 8 moderate droughts during 2004-2021 and SPI-3 indicated 4 moderates for Chhor, Mithi and Badin indicated 6 moderate drought. Conversely, SPEI discovered more moderate-level droughts than SPI, however they were of shorter length and less frequent occurrence than the severe to moderate droughts. The findings imply that drought characteristics are significantly influenced by temperature variability.