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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hossam H. H. Mousa; Karar Mahmoud; Matti Lehtonen;

    Recently, several types of distributed energy resources (DERs) have been developed to reduce the environmental impact and support the global demand for electrical energy. However, the continuous penetration of the DERs into modern power systems (MPSs) may cause several adverse impacts in terms of operation performance indices (PIs) and power quality issues, especially in low-voltage distribution systems (LVDSs). To cope with these serious impacts and achieve optimal control, the hosting capacity (HC) of DERs must be accurately estimated and optimally optimized. However, it requires an extensive communication infrastructure, which is hardly offered without clear financial benefits. In this regard, this article investigates the historical developments of HC definitions as well as the recent developments in terms of operational performance indices, and estimation methods for active distribution networks (ADNs) with the high-penetration level existence of the DERs, energy storage systems (ESSs), electric vehicle (EV) charging systems, sector coupling, hydrogen technologies, and multi-carrier energy systems (MESs) to deal with electrical, thermal, and cooling demands. In this regard, this review article is intended to exhibit an appropriate reference for comprehensive research trends in HC estimation and optimization based on ADNs. Additionally, it involves and covers most current research HC topics in detail compared to other published review articles. Moreover, the authors deliberate the recent approaches for evaluating and improving the HC, especially concerning data-driven methods, with the aid of various software for simulating real systems. Moreover, modern research trends and main factors of MPS operations are deliberated with current energy market developments. Also, prominent challenges, current status, and future aspects are discussed.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    IEEE Access
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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      IEEE Access
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hossam H. H. Mousa; Karar Mahmoud; Matti Lehtonen;

    Recently, several types of distributed energy resources (DERs) have been developed to reduce the environmental impact and support the global demand for electrical energy. However, the continuous penetration of the DERs into modern power systems (MPSs) may cause several adverse impacts in terms of operation performance indices (PIs) and power quality issues, especially in low-voltage distribution systems (LVDSs). To cope with these serious impacts and achieve optimal control, the hosting capacity (HC) of DERs must be accurately estimated and optimally optimized. However, it requires an extensive communication infrastructure, which is hardly offered without clear financial benefits. In this regard, this article investigates the historical developments of HC definitions as well as the recent developments in terms of operational performance indices, and estimation methods for active distribution networks (ADNs) with the high-penetration level existence of the DERs, energy storage systems (ESSs), electric vehicle (EV) charging systems, sector coupling, hydrogen technologies, and multi-carrier energy systems (MESs) to deal with electrical, thermal, and cooling demands. In this regard, this review article is intended to exhibit an appropriate reference for comprehensive research trends in HC estimation and optimization based on ADNs. Additionally, it involves and covers most current research HC topics in detail compared to other published review articles. Moreover, the authors deliberate the recent approaches for evaluating and improving the HC, especially concerning data-driven methods, with the aid of various software for simulating real systems. Moreover, modern research trends and main factors of MPS operations are deliberated with current energy market developments. Also, prominent challenges, current status, and future aspects are discussed.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Aaltodoc Publication Archive
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2024
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      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Eman Mostafa; Mohamed Abdel-Nasser; Karar Mahmoud;

    This paper presents applying the grey wolf optimization (GWO) to find an optimal solution for the combined economic and emission dispatch problem which aims to minimize the generation costs and keeping emission reduction. Six mutation operators are applied to the GWO to enhance its performance. The effect of a weight factor between generation cost and emission is also studied in this paper. A test system that consists of 10 units is simulated, the results show the effect of applying the mutation operators to the GWO.

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  • Authors: Eman Mostafa; Mohamed Abdel-Nasser; Karar Mahmoud;

    This paper presents applying the grey wolf optimization (GWO) to find an optimal solution for the combined economic and emission dispatch problem which aims to minimize the generation costs and keeping emission reduction. Six mutation operators are applied to the GWO to enhance its performance. The effect of a weight factor between generation cost and emission is also studied in this paper. A test system that consists of 10 units is simulated, the results show the effect of applying the mutation operators to the GWO.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Matti Lehtonen; Karar Mahmoud; +4 Authors

    Abstract Worldwide, electrostatic precipitators (ESP) have been extensively utilized to separate fine particles for diverse large-scale industrial applications. In this regard, this paper presents a novel approach for modeling the dust-loaded ESP on the fine computational domain where the need for a fast solver arises. Unlike the previously published numerical techniques, the finite difference method (FDM) integrated with a full multi-grid method (FMG), labeled FDM-FMG, is developed to resolve Poisson and continuity equations on one fine computational domain. For clean and dust-loaded ESP, the proposed FMG is checked versus successive over-relaxation (SOR) on fine domains where the proposed one is greatly transcendent in terms of convergence characteristics and hence the computational performance (CPU time). For the first time, two major issues are highlighted and solved: the first concerning issue is the chosen ion mobility as an important factor in the simulation results and the second one is choosing an optimal computational grid for dust loaded precipitators that grantees both low truncation and roundoff errors, results in well-matched with experimental measurements nominated in the previous publishing. The novel idea of working on various grid sizes and tracking the optimal ones gives the FDM-FMG an advantage of predicting a precise picture for the electrical situations in industrial ESP over the other numerical techniques. After all, the impact of changing the spacing between the different wires and the height of the ionized wires on the distributions of current, ion, and particle charge densities on the ground are deeply simulated and presented in dust-loaded ESP. The proposed FDM-FMG can be a promising tool for the designers and manufacturers of precipitators, thanks to its superior computational performance.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Electric Power Syste...arrow_drop_down
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    Electric Power Systems Research
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Electric Power Systems Research
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    Electric Power Systems Research
    Article . 2022
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      Electric Power Systems Research
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Matti Lehtonen; Karar Mahmoud; +4 Authors

    Abstract Worldwide, electrostatic precipitators (ESP) have been extensively utilized to separate fine particles for diverse large-scale industrial applications. In this regard, this paper presents a novel approach for modeling the dust-loaded ESP on the fine computational domain where the need for a fast solver arises. Unlike the previously published numerical techniques, the finite difference method (FDM) integrated with a full multi-grid method (FMG), labeled FDM-FMG, is developed to resolve Poisson and continuity equations on one fine computational domain. For clean and dust-loaded ESP, the proposed FMG is checked versus successive over-relaxation (SOR) on fine domains where the proposed one is greatly transcendent in terms of convergence characteristics and hence the computational performance (CPU time). For the first time, two major issues are highlighted and solved: the first concerning issue is the chosen ion mobility as an important factor in the simulation results and the second one is choosing an optimal computational grid for dust loaded precipitators that grantees both low truncation and roundoff errors, results in well-matched with experimental measurements nominated in the previous publishing. The novel idea of working on various grid sizes and tracking the optimal ones gives the FDM-FMG an advantage of predicting a precise picture for the electrical situations in industrial ESP over the other numerical techniques. After all, the impact of changing the spacing between the different wires and the height of the ionized wires on the distributions of current, ion, and particle charge densities on the ground are deeply simulated and presented in dust-loaded ESP. The proposed FDM-FMG can be a promising tool for the designers and manufacturers of precipitators, thanks to its superior computational performance.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Electric Power Syste...arrow_drop_down
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    Electric Power Systems Research
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Electric Power Systems Research
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    Electric Power Systems Research
    Article . 2022
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Electric Power Systems Research
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Karar Mahmoud; Salah Kamel; FatmaAlzahra Mohamed; Mohamed Abdel-Nasser;

    Economic dispatch aims to determine the optimal generated power from the generation units to meet the required load at the lowest fuel cost. In this paper, a stochastic whale optimization (SWO) method is proposed to solve the economic dispatch problem. Whale optimization algorithm is enhanced using mutation and crossover operators. To test the proposed method two systems (3 and 10 generating units) are tested. We compare the proposed SWO algorithm with whale optimization algorithm, artificial bee colony algorithm, dragonfly algorithm, ant lion algorithm, gray wolf optimization, and whale optimization algorithm with mutation only. The obtained results demonstrate the high efficiency of the proposed method compared with the other methods.

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  • Authors: Karar Mahmoud; Salah Kamel; FatmaAlzahra Mohamed; Mohamed Abdel-Nasser;

    Economic dispatch aims to determine the optimal generated power from the generation units to meet the required load at the lowest fuel cost. In this paper, a stochastic whale optimization (SWO) method is proposed to solve the economic dispatch problem. Whale optimization algorithm is enhanced using mutation and crossover operators. To test the proposed method two systems (3 and 10 generating units) are tested. We compare the proposed SWO algorithm with whale optimization algorithm, artificial bee colony algorithm, dragonfly algorithm, ant lion algorithm, gray wolf optimization, and whale optimization algorithm with mutation only. The obtained results demonstrate the high efficiency of the proposed method compared with the other methods.

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    Authors: Elsisi, Mahmoud; Tran, Minh-Quang; Mahmoud, Karar; Mansour, Diaa-Eldin A.; +3 Authors

    Récemment, l'Internet des objets (IoT) a joué un rôle important dans la croissance et le développement des centrales électriques numérisées tout en offrant des opportunités ambitieuses, en particulier la surveillance en temps réel et la cybersécurité. À cet égard, cet article présente une nouvelle architecture IoT pour la surveillance en ligne de l'état de l'appareillage de commutation à isolation gazeuse (SIG) au lieu des méthodes d'observation traditionnelles. L'architecture IoT proposée est dérivée du concept du système cyber-physique (CPS) dans l'Industrie 4.0. Cependant, les cyber-attaques et la classification des défauts d'isolation SIG représentent les principaux défis contre la mise en œuvre de la topologie IoT pour la surveillance et le suivi en ligne de l'état SIG. À cette fin, des techniques avancées d'apprentissage automatique sont utilisées pour détecter les cyberattaques afin de mener le paradigme et la vérification. Différents scénarios de test sur divers défauts dans les SIG sont effectués pour démontrer l'efficacité de l'architecture IoT proposée. Les caractéristiques de séquence d'impulsions de décharge partielle sont extraites pour chaque défaut afin de représenter les entrées de l'architecture IoT. Les résultats confirment que l'architecture IoT proposée basée sur la technique d'apprentissage automatique, c'est-à-dire le boost de gradient extrême (XGBoost), peut visualiser tous les défauts du SIG avec différentes alarmes, en plus de montrer efficacement les cyber-attaques sur les réseaux. En outre, les défauts du SIG et les fausses données dues aux cyber-attaques sont reconnus et présentés sur le tableau de bord de la plate-forme IoT proposée avec une grande précision et une visualisation plus claire pour améliorer la prise de décision sur l'état du SIG. Recientemente, el Internet de las cosas (IoT) tiene un papel importante en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las centrales eléctricas digitalizadas, al tiempo que ofrece oportunidades ambiciosas, específicamente el monitoreo en tiempo real y la ciberseguridad. En este sentido, este documento presenta una novedosa arquitectura IoT para el monitoreo en línea del estado de los interruptores aislados por gas (GIS) en lugar de los métodos de observación tradicionales. La arquitectura IoT propuesta se deriva del concepto del sistema ciberfísico (CPS) en la Industria 4.0. Sin embargo, los ciberataques y la clasificación de los defectos de aislamiento GIS representan los principales desafíos contra la implementación de la topología IoT para el monitoreo y seguimiento en línea del estado GIS. Para este propósito, se utilizan técnicas avanzadas de aprendizaje automático para detectar ciberataques para llevar a cabo el paradigma y la verificación. Se realizan diferentes escenarios de prueba sobre diversos defectos en GIS para demostrar la efectividad de la arquitectura IoT propuesta. Las características de la secuencia de pulso de descarga parcial se extraen para cada defecto para representar las entradas para la arquitectura IoT. Los resultados confirman que la arquitectura IoT propuesta basada en la técnica de aprendizaje automático, es decir, el impulso de gradiente extremo (XGBoost), puede visualizar todos los defectos en el SIG con diferentes alarmas, además de mostrar los ciberataques en las redes de manera efectiva. Además, los defectos de los SIG y los datos falsos debidos a los ciberataques se reconocen y presentan en el panel de control de la plataforma IoT propuesta con alta precisión y visualización más aclarada para mejorar la toma de decisiones sobre el estado de los SIG. Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has an important role in the growth and development of digitalized electric power stations while offering ambitious opportunities, specifically real-time monitoring and cybersecurity. In this regard, this paper introduces a novel IoT architecture for the online monitoring of the gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) status instead of the traditional observation methods. The proposed IoT architecture is derived from the concept of the cyber-physic system (CPS) in Industry 4.0. However, the cyber-attacks and the classification of the GIS insulation defects represent the main challenges against the implementation of IoT topology for the online monitoring and tracking of the GIS status. For this purpose, advanced machine learning techniques are utilized to detect cyber-attacks to conduct the paradigm and verification. Different test scenarios on various defects in GIS are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed IoT architecture. Partial discharge pulse sequence features are extracted for each defect to represent the inputs for IoT architecture. The results confirm that the proposed IoT architecture based on the machine learning technique, that is the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), can visualize all defects in the GIS with different alarms, besides showing the cyber-attacks on the networks effectively. Furthermore, the defects of GIS and the fake data due to the cyber-attacks are recognized and presented on the dashboard of the proposed IoT platform with high accuracy and more clarified visualization to enhance the decision-making about the GIS status. في الآونة الأخيرة، لعب إنترنت الأشياء (IoT) دورًا مهمًا في نمو وتطوير محطات الطاقة الكهربائية الرقمية مع توفير فرص طموحة، وتحديدًا المراقبة في الوقت الفعلي والأمن السيبراني. في هذا الصدد، تقدم هذه الورقة بنية جديدة لإنترنت الأشياء للمراقبة عبر الإنترنت لحالة المفاتيح الكهربائية المعزولة بالغاز (GIS) بدلاً من طرق المراقبة التقليدية. تُشتق بنية إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة من مفهوم النظام الفيزيائي السيبراني (CPS) في الصناعة 4.0. ومع ذلك، تمثل الهجمات الإلكترونية وتصنيف عيوب عزل نظم المعلومات الجغرافية التحديات الرئيسية أمام تنفيذ طوبولوجيا إنترنت الأشياء لرصد وتتبع حالة نظم المعلومات الجغرافية عبر الإنترنت. لهذا الغرض، يتم استخدام تقنيات التعلم الآلي المتقدمة للكشف عن الهجمات الإلكترونية لإجراء النموذج والتحقق. يتم إجراء سيناريوهات اختبار مختلفة على العيوب المختلفة في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية لإثبات فعالية بنية إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة. يتم استخراج ميزات تسلسل نبضة التفريغ الجزئي لكل عيب لتمثيل مدخلات بنية إنترنت الأشياء. تؤكد النتائج أن بنية إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة بناءً على تقنية التعلم الآلي، أي تعزيز التدرج الشديد (XGBoost)، يمكنها تصور جميع العيوب في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية بإنذارات مختلفة، إلى جانب إظهار الهجمات الإلكترونية على الشبكات بشكل فعال. علاوة على ذلك، يتم التعرف على عيوب نظم المعلومات الجغرافية والبيانات المزيفة بسبب الهجمات الإلكترونية وعرضها على لوحة معلومات منصة إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة بدقة عالية وتصور أكثر وضوحًا لتعزيز عملية صنع القرار بشأن حالة نظم المعلومات الجغرافية.

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    Authors: Elsisi, Mahmoud; Tran, Minh-Quang; Mahmoud, Karar; Mansour, Diaa-Eldin A.; +3 Authors

    Récemment, l'Internet des objets (IoT) a joué un rôle important dans la croissance et le développement des centrales électriques numérisées tout en offrant des opportunités ambitieuses, en particulier la surveillance en temps réel et la cybersécurité. À cet égard, cet article présente une nouvelle architecture IoT pour la surveillance en ligne de l'état de l'appareillage de commutation à isolation gazeuse (SIG) au lieu des méthodes d'observation traditionnelles. L'architecture IoT proposée est dérivée du concept du système cyber-physique (CPS) dans l'Industrie 4.0. Cependant, les cyber-attaques et la classification des défauts d'isolation SIG représentent les principaux défis contre la mise en œuvre de la topologie IoT pour la surveillance et le suivi en ligne de l'état SIG. À cette fin, des techniques avancées d'apprentissage automatique sont utilisées pour détecter les cyberattaques afin de mener le paradigme et la vérification. Différents scénarios de test sur divers défauts dans les SIG sont effectués pour démontrer l'efficacité de l'architecture IoT proposée. Les caractéristiques de séquence d'impulsions de décharge partielle sont extraites pour chaque défaut afin de représenter les entrées de l'architecture IoT. Les résultats confirment que l'architecture IoT proposée basée sur la technique d'apprentissage automatique, c'est-à-dire le boost de gradient extrême (XGBoost), peut visualiser tous les défauts du SIG avec différentes alarmes, en plus de montrer efficacement les cyber-attaques sur les réseaux. En outre, les défauts du SIG et les fausses données dues aux cyber-attaques sont reconnus et présentés sur le tableau de bord de la plate-forme IoT proposée avec une grande précision et une visualisation plus claire pour améliorer la prise de décision sur l'état du SIG. Recientemente, el Internet de las cosas (IoT) tiene un papel importante en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las centrales eléctricas digitalizadas, al tiempo que ofrece oportunidades ambiciosas, específicamente el monitoreo en tiempo real y la ciberseguridad. En este sentido, este documento presenta una novedosa arquitectura IoT para el monitoreo en línea del estado de los interruptores aislados por gas (GIS) en lugar de los métodos de observación tradicionales. La arquitectura IoT propuesta se deriva del concepto del sistema ciberfísico (CPS) en la Industria 4.0. Sin embargo, los ciberataques y la clasificación de los defectos de aislamiento GIS representan los principales desafíos contra la implementación de la topología IoT para el monitoreo y seguimiento en línea del estado GIS. Para este propósito, se utilizan técnicas avanzadas de aprendizaje automático para detectar ciberataques para llevar a cabo el paradigma y la verificación. Se realizan diferentes escenarios de prueba sobre diversos defectos en GIS para demostrar la efectividad de la arquitectura IoT propuesta. Las características de la secuencia de pulso de descarga parcial se extraen para cada defecto para representar las entradas para la arquitectura IoT. Los resultados confirman que la arquitectura IoT propuesta basada en la técnica de aprendizaje automático, es decir, el impulso de gradiente extremo (XGBoost), puede visualizar todos los defectos en el SIG con diferentes alarmas, además de mostrar los ciberataques en las redes de manera efectiva. Además, los defectos de los SIG y los datos falsos debidos a los ciberataques se reconocen y presentan en el panel de control de la plataforma IoT propuesta con alta precisión y visualización más aclarada para mejorar la toma de decisiones sobre el estado de los SIG. Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has an important role in the growth and development of digitalized electric power stations while offering ambitious opportunities, specifically real-time monitoring and cybersecurity. In this regard, this paper introduces a novel IoT architecture for the online monitoring of the gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) status instead of the traditional observation methods. The proposed IoT architecture is derived from the concept of the cyber-physic system (CPS) in Industry 4.0. However, the cyber-attacks and the classification of the GIS insulation defects represent the main challenges against the implementation of IoT topology for the online monitoring and tracking of the GIS status. For this purpose, advanced machine learning techniques are utilized to detect cyber-attacks to conduct the paradigm and verification. Different test scenarios on various defects in GIS are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed IoT architecture. Partial discharge pulse sequence features are extracted for each defect to represent the inputs for IoT architecture. The results confirm that the proposed IoT architecture based on the machine learning technique, that is the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), can visualize all defects in the GIS with different alarms, besides showing the cyber-attacks on the networks effectively. Furthermore, the defects of GIS and the fake data due to the cyber-attacks are recognized and presented on the dashboard of the proposed IoT platform with high accuracy and more clarified visualization to enhance the decision-making about the GIS status. في الآونة الأخيرة، لعب إنترنت الأشياء (IoT) دورًا مهمًا في نمو وتطوير محطات الطاقة الكهربائية الرقمية مع توفير فرص طموحة، وتحديدًا المراقبة في الوقت الفعلي والأمن السيبراني. في هذا الصدد، تقدم هذه الورقة بنية جديدة لإنترنت الأشياء للمراقبة عبر الإنترنت لحالة المفاتيح الكهربائية المعزولة بالغاز (GIS) بدلاً من طرق المراقبة التقليدية. تُشتق بنية إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة من مفهوم النظام الفيزيائي السيبراني (CPS) في الصناعة 4.0. ومع ذلك، تمثل الهجمات الإلكترونية وتصنيف عيوب عزل نظم المعلومات الجغرافية التحديات الرئيسية أمام تنفيذ طوبولوجيا إنترنت الأشياء لرصد وتتبع حالة نظم المعلومات الجغرافية عبر الإنترنت. لهذا الغرض، يتم استخدام تقنيات التعلم الآلي المتقدمة للكشف عن الهجمات الإلكترونية لإجراء النموذج والتحقق. يتم إجراء سيناريوهات اختبار مختلفة على العيوب المختلفة في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية لإثبات فعالية بنية إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة. يتم استخراج ميزات تسلسل نبضة التفريغ الجزئي لكل عيب لتمثيل مدخلات بنية إنترنت الأشياء. تؤكد النتائج أن بنية إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة بناءً على تقنية التعلم الآلي، أي تعزيز التدرج الشديد (XGBoost)، يمكنها تصور جميع العيوب في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية بإنذارات مختلفة، إلى جانب إظهار الهجمات الإلكترونية على الشبكات بشكل فعال. علاوة على ذلك، يتم التعرف على عيوب نظم المعلومات الجغرافية والبيانات المزيفة بسبب الهجمات الإلكترونية وعرضها على لوحة معلومات منصة إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة بدقة عالية وتصور أكثر وضوحًا لتعزيز عملية صنع القرار بشأن حالة نظم المعلومات الجغرافية.

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    Authors: Astero, Poria; Peltoniemi, Pasi; Lehtonen; Matti; +1 Authors

    Poussée par des aspects environnementaux et économiques, la prolifération des sources d'énergie renouvelables (SER) a été étendue dans les systèmes électriques du monde entier. À cet égard, la production intermittente de ces SER (par exemple, les parcs photovoltaïques et éoliens) peut causer plusieurs problèmes opérationnels et de stabilité dans ces systèmes électriques à faible inertie. Pour gérer ces problèmes, un grand intérêt dans la littérature a été dirigé vers le développement de schémas de contrôle des convertisseurs de source de tension (VSC) réalisables formant un réseau qui ont des fonctions de régulation de tension/fréquence. Par conséquent, un examen complet est présenté dans ce document pour ces schémas de contrôle VSC de formation de grille prometteurs qui seront l'épine dorsale des systèmes d'alimentation durables dominés par les convertisseurs. Spécifiquement, les structures de contrôle, les fonctionnalités de support de réseau intelligent, les problèmes de stabilité et les atténuations de courant de défaut sont comparés en tenant compte des schémas de contrôle VSC de formation de grille existants. De plus, les applications de VSC de formation de grille ainsi que leurs avantages et inconvénients sont étudiés pour les systèmes d'alimentation isolés et en vrac. Les aspects d'évaluation sont également explorés pour évaluer la performance des schémas de contrôle VSC existants dans le réseau. Enfin, les défis actuels auxquels sont confrontés VSC dans les applications à venir et les lacunes existantes sont mis en évidence tout en correspondant des perspectives pour de futures études de recherche sont définies pour des systèmes électriques stables et durables à faible inertie. Impulsado por aspectos ambientales y económicos, la proliferación de fuentes de energía renovables (FER) se ha expandido en los sistemas de energía en todo el mundo. En este sentido, la generación intermitente de dichas FER (por ejemplo, parques fotovoltaicos y eólicos) puede causar varios problemas operativos y de estabilidad en dichos sistemas de energía de baja inercia. Para manejar estos problemas, se ha dirigido un gran interés en la literatura para desarrollar esquemas de control de convertidores de fuente de tensión (VSC) formadores de red viables que tengan funciones reguladoras de tensión/frecuencia. En consecuencia, se presenta una revisión inclusiva en este documento para estos prometedores esquemas de control de VSC formadores de red que serán la columna vertebral de los sistemas de energía sostenibles dominados por convertidores. Específicamente, las estructuras de control, las funcionalidades de soporte de red inteligente, los problemas de estabilidad y las mitigaciones de corriente de falla se comparan considerando los esquemas de control de VSC formadores de red existentes. Además, las aplicaciones de VSC formadores de red junto con sus beneficios e inconvenientes se investigan para los sistemas de energía aislados y a granel. Los aspectos de evaluación también se exploran para evaluar el rendimiento de los esquemas de control de VSC existentes en la red. Finalmente, los desafíos actuales que enfrenta VSC en las próximas aplicaciones y las brechas existentes se resaltan mientras corresponden se definen perspectivas para futuros estudios de investigación para sistemas de energía de baja inercia sostenibles y estables. Driven by environmental and economic aspects, the proliferation of renewable energy sources (RES) has been expanded in power systems worldwide.In this regard, the intermittent generation of such RESs (e.g., photovoltaic and wind farms) can cause several operational and stability problems in such lowinertia power systems.To handle these issues, great interest in the literature has been directed to develop feasible grid-forming voltage source converters (VSC) control schemes that have voltage/frequency regulatory functions.Accordingly, an inclusive review is presented in this paper for these promising gridforming VSC control schemes which will be the backbone of sustainable converter-dominated power systems.Specifically, control structures, smart grid-support functionalities, stability issues, and fault current mitigations are compared considering the existing grid-forming VSC control schemes.Besides, the applications of grid-forming VSC along with their benefits and drawbacks are investigated for both isolated and bulk power systems.The evaluation aspects are also explored for assessing the performance of the existing VSC control schemes in the grid.Finally, the current challenges that face VSC in forthcoming applications and existing gaps are highlighted while corresponding perspectives for future research studies are defined for stable sustainable low-inertia power systems. مدفوعًا بالجوانب البيئية والاقتصادية، تم توسيع انتشار مصادر الطاقة المتجددة (RES) في أنظمة الطاقة في جميع أنحاء العالم. في هذا الصدد، يمكن أن يتسبب التوليد المتقطع لهذه المصادر (على سبيل المثال، مزارع الطاقة الكهروضوئية والرياح) في العديد من مشاكل التشغيل والاستقرار في أنظمة الطاقة منخفضة القصور الذاتي هذه. للتعامل مع هذه المشكلات، تم توجيه اهتمام كبير بالأدبيات لتطوير مخططات تحكم في محولات مصدر الجهد لتشكيل الشبكة (VSC) ذات وظائف تنظيمية للجهد/التردد. وفقًا لذلك، يتم تقديم مراجعة شاملة في هذه الورقة لمخططات التحكم VSC الواعدة لتشكيل الشبكة والتي ستكون العمود الفقري لأنظمة الطاقة التي يهيمن عليها المحول المستدام. على وجه التحديد، تتم مقارنة هياكل التحكم ووظائف دعم الشبكة الذكية وقضايا الاستقرار والتخفيف من تيار الأعطال مع الأخذ في الاعتبار مخططات التحكم VSC الحالية لتشكيل الشبكة. إلى جانب ذلك، يتم التحقيق في تطبيقات VSC لتشكيل الشبكة إلى جانب فوائدها وعيوبها لكل من أنظمة الطاقة المعزولة والسائبة. كما يتم استكشاف جوانب التقييم لتقييم أداء مخططات التحكم VSC الحالية في الشبكة. أخيرًا، يتم تسليط الضوء على التحديات الحالية التي تواجه VSC في التطبيقات القادمة والفجوات الحالية أثناء المقابلة يتم تعريف وجهات نظر الدراسات البحثية المستقبلية لأنظمة طاقة منخفضة القصور الذاتي مستقرة ومستدامة.

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    Authors: Astero, Poria; Peltoniemi, Pasi; Lehtonen; Matti; +1 Authors

    Poussée par des aspects environnementaux et économiques, la prolifération des sources d'énergie renouvelables (SER) a été étendue dans les systèmes électriques du monde entier. À cet égard, la production intermittente de ces SER (par exemple, les parcs photovoltaïques et éoliens) peut causer plusieurs problèmes opérationnels et de stabilité dans ces systèmes électriques à faible inertie. Pour gérer ces problèmes, un grand intérêt dans la littérature a été dirigé vers le développement de schémas de contrôle des convertisseurs de source de tension (VSC) réalisables formant un réseau qui ont des fonctions de régulation de tension/fréquence. Par conséquent, un examen complet est présenté dans ce document pour ces schémas de contrôle VSC de formation de grille prometteurs qui seront l'épine dorsale des systèmes d'alimentation durables dominés par les convertisseurs. Spécifiquement, les structures de contrôle, les fonctionnalités de support de réseau intelligent, les problèmes de stabilité et les atténuations de courant de défaut sont comparés en tenant compte des schémas de contrôle VSC de formation de grille existants. De plus, les applications de VSC de formation de grille ainsi que leurs avantages et inconvénients sont étudiés pour les systèmes d'alimentation isolés et en vrac. Les aspects d'évaluation sont également explorés pour évaluer la performance des schémas de contrôle VSC existants dans le réseau. Enfin, les défis actuels auxquels sont confrontés VSC dans les applications à venir et les lacunes existantes sont mis en évidence tout en correspondant des perspectives pour de futures études de recherche sont définies pour des systèmes électriques stables et durables à faible inertie. Impulsado por aspectos ambientales y económicos, la proliferación de fuentes de energía renovables (FER) se ha expandido en los sistemas de energía en todo el mundo. En este sentido, la generación intermitente de dichas FER (por ejemplo, parques fotovoltaicos y eólicos) puede causar varios problemas operativos y de estabilidad en dichos sistemas de energía de baja inercia. Para manejar estos problemas, se ha dirigido un gran interés en la literatura para desarrollar esquemas de control de convertidores de fuente de tensión (VSC) formadores de red viables que tengan funciones reguladoras de tensión/frecuencia. En consecuencia, se presenta una revisión inclusiva en este documento para estos prometedores esquemas de control de VSC formadores de red que serán la columna vertebral de los sistemas de energía sostenibles dominados por convertidores. Específicamente, las estructuras de control, las funcionalidades de soporte de red inteligente, los problemas de estabilidad y las mitigaciones de corriente de falla se comparan considerando los esquemas de control de VSC formadores de red existentes. Además, las aplicaciones de VSC formadores de red junto con sus beneficios e inconvenientes se investigan para los sistemas de energía aislados y a granel. Los aspectos de evaluación también se exploran para evaluar el rendimiento de los esquemas de control de VSC existentes en la red. Finalmente, los desafíos actuales que enfrenta VSC en las próximas aplicaciones y las brechas existentes se resaltan mientras corresponden se definen perspectivas para futuros estudios de investigación para sistemas de energía de baja inercia sostenibles y estables. Driven by environmental and economic aspects, the proliferation of renewable energy sources (RES) has been expanded in power systems worldwide.In this regard, the intermittent generation of such RESs (e.g., photovoltaic and wind farms) can cause several operational and stability problems in such lowinertia power systems.To handle these issues, great interest in the literature has been directed to develop feasible grid-forming voltage source converters (VSC) control schemes that have voltage/frequency regulatory functions.Accordingly, an inclusive review is presented in this paper for these promising gridforming VSC control schemes which will be the backbone of sustainable converter-dominated power systems.Specifically, control structures, smart grid-support functionalities, stability issues, and fault current mitigations are compared considering the existing grid-forming VSC control schemes.Besides, the applications of grid-forming VSC along with their benefits and drawbacks are investigated for both isolated and bulk power systems.The evaluation aspects are also explored for assessing the performance of the existing VSC control schemes in the grid.Finally, the current challenges that face VSC in forthcoming applications and existing gaps are highlighted while corresponding perspectives for future research studies are defined for stable sustainable low-inertia power systems. مدفوعًا بالجوانب البيئية والاقتصادية، تم توسيع انتشار مصادر الطاقة المتجددة (RES) في أنظمة الطاقة في جميع أنحاء العالم. في هذا الصدد، يمكن أن يتسبب التوليد المتقطع لهذه المصادر (على سبيل المثال، مزارع الطاقة الكهروضوئية والرياح) في العديد من مشاكل التشغيل والاستقرار في أنظمة الطاقة منخفضة القصور الذاتي هذه. للتعامل مع هذه المشكلات، تم توجيه اهتمام كبير بالأدبيات لتطوير مخططات تحكم في محولات مصدر الجهد لتشكيل الشبكة (VSC) ذات وظائف تنظيمية للجهد/التردد. وفقًا لذلك، يتم تقديم مراجعة شاملة في هذه الورقة لمخططات التحكم VSC الواعدة لتشكيل الشبكة والتي ستكون العمود الفقري لأنظمة الطاقة التي يهيمن عليها المحول المستدام. على وجه التحديد، تتم مقارنة هياكل التحكم ووظائف دعم الشبكة الذكية وقضايا الاستقرار والتخفيف من تيار الأعطال مع الأخذ في الاعتبار مخططات التحكم VSC الحالية لتشكيل الشبكة. إلى جانب ذلك، يتم التحقيق في تطبيقات VSC لتشكيل الشبكة إلى جانب فوائدها وعيوبها لكل من أنظمة الطاقة المعزولة والسائبة. كما يتم استكشاف جوانب التقييم لتقييم أداء مخططات التحكم VSC الحالية في الشبكة. أخيرًا، يتم تسليط الضوء على التحديات الحالية التي تواجه VSC في التطبيقات القادمة والفجوات الحالية أثناء المقابلة يتم تعريف وجهات نظر الدراسات البحثية المستقبلية لأنظمة طاقة منخفضة القصور الذاتي مستقرة ومستدامة.

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    Authors: Karar Mahmoud; Josep M. Guerrero; Mohamed Abdel‐Nasser; Naoto Yorino;

    Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the deployment of diverse types of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES), leading to significant energy supply variability. It should be emphasized that the characteristics of RES can provide several obstacles to integrating large-scale renewables in transmission systems (TS) and a significant number of dispersed renewables in distribution networks. Besides, electricity demand also has a considerably fluctuating nature, which is expected to be more challenging with the continued electrification of energy demand for heating and transport, besides the power-to-gas coupling. Accordingly, this is a global trend towards coupling energy sectors to provide more flexibility and regularity options.In this context, reliable forecasting is an essential tool for system operators to ensure the safe and optimal operation of the energy sectors. This ambitious target can be achieved by improving the dependability and precision of forecasting methodologies required while considering data uncertainty. In this regard, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning have shown powerful prediction capabilities. This Special Issue intends to cover the most recent advances in the forecasting task in energy sectors (generation, demand, energy prices etc.) through the empowerment of AI.

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    Authors: Karar Mahmoud; Josep M. Guerrero; Mohamed Abdel‐Nasser; Naoto Yorino;

    Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the deployment of diverse types of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES), leading to significant energy supply variability. It should be emphasized that the characteristics of RES can provide several obstacles to integrating large-scale renewables in transmission systems (TS) and a significant number of dispersed renewables in distribution networks. Besides, electricity demand also has a considerably fluctuating nature, which is expected to be more challenging with the continued electrification of energy demand for heating and transport, besides the power-to-gas coupling. Accordingly, this is a global trend towards coupling energy sectors to provide more flexibility and regularity options.In this context, reliable forecasting is an essential tool for system operators to ensure the safe and optimal operation of the energy sectors. This ambitious target can be achieved by improving the dependability and precision of forecasting methodologies required while considering data uncertainty. In this regard, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning have shown powerful prediction capabilities. This Special Issue intends to cover the most recent advances in the forecasting task in energy sectors (generation, demand, energy prices etc.) through the empowerment of AI.

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    Authors: Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Karar Mahmoud; Karar Mahmoud; +2 Authors

    This paper addresses the improvement of tracking of the maximum power point upon the variations of the environmental conditions and hence improving photovoltaic efficiency. Rather than the traditional methods of maximum power point tracking, artificial intelligence is utilized to design a high-performance maximum power point tracking control system. In this paper, two artificial intelligence-based maximum power point tracking systems are proposed for grid-connected photovoltaic units. The first design is based on an optimized fuzzy logic control using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for the maximum power point tracking system. In turn, the second design depends on the genetic algorithm-based artificial neural network. Each of the two artificial intelligence-based systems has its privileged response according to the solar radiation and temperature levels. Then, a novel combination of the two designs is introduced to maximize the efficiency of the maximum power point tracking system. The novelty of this paper is to employ the metaheuristic optimization technique with the well-known artificial intelligence techniques to provide a better tracking system to be used to harvest the maximum possible power from photovoltaic (PV) arrays. To affirm the efficiency of the proposed tracking systems, their simulation results are compared with some conventional tracking methods from the literature under different conditions. The findings emphasize their superiority in terms of tracking speed and output DC power, which also improve photovoltaic system efficiency.

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    Authors: Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Karar Mahmoud; Karar Mahmoud; +2 Authors

    This paper addresses the improvement of tracking of the maximum power point upon the variations of the environmental conditions and hence improving photovoltaic efficiency. Rather than the traditional methods of maximum power point tracking, artificial intelligence is utilized to design a high-performance maximum power point tracking control system. In this paper, two artificial intelligence-based maximum power point tracking systems are proposed for grid-connected photovoltaic units. The first design is based on an optimized fuzzy logic control using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for the maximum power point tracking system. In turn, the second design depends on the genetic algorithm-based artificial neural network. Each of the two artificial intelligence-based systems has its privileged response according to the solar radiation and temperature levels. Then, a novel combination of the two designs is introduced to maximize the efficiency of the maximum power point tracking system. The novelty of this paper is to employ the metaheuristic optimization technique with the well-known artificial intelligence techniques to provide a better tracking system to be used to harvest the maximum possible power from photovoltaic (PV) arrays. To affirm the efficiency of the proposed tracking systems, their simulation results are compared with some conventional tracking methods from the literature under different conditions. The findings emphasize their superiority in terms of tracking speed and output DC power, which also improve photovoltaic system efficiency.

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    Authors: Karar Mahmoud; Naoto Yorino;

    This paper proposes an efficient method for allocating multiple distributed generation (DG) technologies in distribution systems. The optimal DG sizes, DG locations, and the best combination between different DG technologies are determined. The objective function is to minimize losses in distribution systems. The proposed method is generic since it can solve the optimization problem with different combinations of DG technologies. A direct and fast solution of the DG allocation problem can be obtained using the proposed method without requiring iterative processes. The IEEE 33-bus distribution system is employed to test the proposed method. Different combinations of DG units are studied and optimally allocated. The results show that the proposed method can handle the optimal solution accurately. It is also demonstrated that determining the optimal combination of different DG technologies can contribute positively on loss minimization in distribution systems.

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    Authors: Karar Mahmoud; Naoto Yorino;

    This paper proposes an efficient method for allocating multiple distributed generation (DG) technologies in distribution systems. The optimal DG sizes, DG locations, and the best combination between different DG technologies are determined. The objective function is to minimize losses in distribution systems. The proposed method is generic since it can solve the optimization problem with different combinations of DG technologies. A direct and fast solution of the DG allocation problem can be obtained using the proposed method without requiring iterative processes. The IEEE 33-bus distribution system is employed to test the proposed method. Different combinations of DG units are studied and optimally allocated. The results show that the proposed method can handle the optimal solution accurately. It is also demonstrated that determining the optimal combination of different DG technologies can contribute positively on loss minimization in distribution systems.

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    Authors: Abdelfatah Ali; Mostafa F. Shaaban; Karar Mahmoud;
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Abdelfatah Ali; Mostafa F. Shaaban; Karar Mahmoud;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hossam H. H. Mousa; Karar Mahmoud; Matti Lehtonen;

    Recently, several types of distributed energy resources (DERs) have been developed to reduce the environmental impact and support the global demand for electrical energy. However, the continuous penetration of the DERs into modern power systems (MPSs) may cause several adverse impacts in terms of operation performance indices (PIs) and power quality issues, especially in low-voltage distribution systems (LVDSs). To cope with these serious impacts and achieve optimal control, the hosting capacity (HC) of DERs must be accurately estimated and optimally optimized. However, it requires an extensive communication infrastructure, which is hardly offered without clear financial benefits. In this regard, this article investigates the historical developments of HC definitions as well as the recent developments in terms of operational performance indices, and estimation methods for active distribution networks (ADNs) with the high-penetration level existence of the DERs, energy storage systems (ESSs), electric vehicle (EV) charging systems, sector coupling, hydrogen technologies, and multi-carrier energy systems (MESs) to deal with electrical, thermal, and cooling demands. In this regard, this review article is intended to exhibit an appropriate reference for comprehensive research trends in HC estimation and optimization based on ADNs. Additionally, it involves and covers most current research HC topics in detail compared to other published review articles. Moreover, the authors deliberate the recent approaches for evaluating and improving the HC, especially concerning data-driven methods, with the aid of various software for simulating real systems. Moreover, modern research trends and main factors of MPS operations are deliberated with current energy market developments. Also, prominent challenges, current status, and future aspects are discussed.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
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      IEEE Access
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hossam H. H. Mousa; Karar Mahmoud; Matti Lehtonen;

    Recently, several types of distributed energy resources (DERs) have been developed to reduce the environmental impact and support the global demand for electrical energy. However, the continuous penetration of the DERs into modern power systems (MPSs) may cause several adverse impacts in terms of operation performance indices (PIs) and power quality issues, especially in low-voltage distribution systems (LVDSs). To cope with these serious impacts and achieve optimal control, the hosting capacity (HC) of DERs must be accurately estimated and optimally optimized. However, it requires an extensive communication infrastructure, which is hardly offered without clear financial benefits. In this regard, this article investigates the historical developments of HC definitions as well as the recent developments in terms of operational performance indices, and estimation methods for active distribution networks (ADNs) with the high-penetration level existence of the DERs, energy storage systems (ESSs), electric vehicle (EV) charging systems, sector coupling, hydrogen technologies, and multi-carrier energy systems (MESs) to deal with electrical, thermal, and cooling demands. In this regard, this review article is intended to exhibit an appropriate reference for comprehensive research trends in HC estimation and optimization based on ADNs. Additionally, it involves and covers most current research HC topics in detail compared to other published review articles. Moreover, the authors deliberate the recent approaches for evaluating and improving the HC, especially concerning data-driven methods, with the aid of various software for simulating real systems. Moreover, modern research trends and main factors of MPS operations are deliberated with current energy market developments. Also, prominent challenges, current status, and future aspects are discussed.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
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    Aaltodoc Publication Archive
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Eman Mostafa; Mohamed Abdel-Nasser; Karar Mahmoud;

    This paper presents applying the grey wolf optimization (GWO) to find an optimal solution for the combined economic and emission dispatch problem which aims to minimize the generation costs and keeping emission reduction. Six mutation operators are applied to the GWO to enhance its performance. The effect of a weight factor between generation cost and emission is also studied in this paper. A test system that consists of 10 units is simulated, the results show the effect of applying the mutation operators to the GWO.

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  • Authors: Eman Mostafa; Mohamed Abdel-Nasser; Karar Mahmoud;

    This paper presents applying the grey wolf optimization (GWO) to find an optimal solution for the combined economic and emission dispatch problem which aims to minimize the generation costs and keeping emission reduction. Six mutation operators are applied to the GWO to enhance its performance. The effect of a weight factor between generation cost and emission is also studied in this paper. A test system that consists of 10 units is simulated, the results show the effect of applying the mutation operators to the GWO.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Matti Lehtonen; Karar Mahmoud; +4 Authors

    Abstract Worldwide, electrostatic precipitators (ESP) have been extensively utilized to separate fine particles for diverse large-scale industrial applications. In this regard, this paper presents a novel approach for modeling the dust-loaded ESP on the fine computational domain where the need for a fast solver arises. Unlike the previously published numerical techniques, the finite difference method (FDM) integrated with a full multi-grid method (FMG), labeled FDM-FMG, is developed to resolve Poisson and continuity equations on one fine computational domain. For clean and dust-loaded ESP, the proposed FMG is checked versus successive over-relaxation (SOR) on fine domains where the proposed one is greatly transcendent in terms of convergence characteristics and hence the computational performance (CPU time). For the first time, two major issues are highlighted and solved: the first concerning issue is the chosen ion mobility as an important factor in the simulation results and the second one is choosing an optimal computational grid for dust loaded precipitators that grantees both low truncation and roundoff errors, results in well-matched with experimental measurements nominated in the previous publishing. The novel idea of working on various grid sizes and tracking the optimal ones gives the FDM-FMG an advantage of predicting a precise picture for the electrical situations in industrial ESP over the other numerical techniques. After all, the impact of changing the spacing between the different wires and the height of the ionized wires on the distributions of current, ion, and particle charge densities on the ground are deeply simulated and presented in dust-loaded ESP. The proposed FDM-FMG can be a promising tool for the designers and manufacturers of precipitators, thanks to its superior computational performance.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Electric Power Syste...arrow_drop_down
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    Electric Power Systems Research
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Electric Power Systems Research
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      Electric Power Systems Research
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Matti Lehtonen; Karar Mahmoud; +4 Authors

    Abstract Worldwide, electrostatic precipitators (ESP) have been extensively utilized to separate fine particles for diverse large-scale industrial applications. In this regard, this paper presents a novel approach for modeling the dust-loaded ESP on the fine computational domain where the need for a fast solver arises. Unlike the previously published numerical techniques, the finite difference method (FDM) integrated with a full multi-grid method (FMG), labeled FDM-FMG, is developed to resolve Poisson and continuity equations on one fine computational domain. For clean and dust-loaded ESP, the proposed FMG is checked versus successive over-relaxation (SOR) on fine domains where the proposed one is greatly transcendent in terms of convergence characteristics and hence the computational performance (CPU time). For the first time, two major issues are highlighted and solved: the first concerning issue is the chosen ion mobility as an important factor in the simulation results and the second one is choosing an optimal computational grid for dust loaded precipitators that grantees both low truncation and roundoff errors, results in well-matched with experimental measurements nominated in the previous publishing. The novel idea of working on various grid sizes and tracking the optimal ones gives the FDM-FMG an advantage of predicting a precise picture for the electrical situations in industrial ESP over the other numerical techniques. After all, the impact of changing the spacing between the different wires and the height of the ionized wires on the distributions of current, ion, and particle charge densities on the ground are deeply simulated and presented in dust-loaded ESP. The proposed FDM-FMG can be a promising tool for the designers and manufacturers of precipitators, thanks to its superior computational performance.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Electric Power Syste...arrow_drop_down
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    Electric Power Systems Research
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  • Authors: Karar Mahmoud; Salah Kamel; FatmaAlzahra Mohamed; Mohamed Abdel-Nasser;

    Economic dispatch aims to determine the optimal generated power from the generation units to meet the required load at the lowest fuel cost. In this paper, a stochastic whale optimization (SWO) method is proposed to solve the economic dispatch problem. Whale optimization algorithm is enhanced using mutation and crossover operators. To test the proposed method two systems (3 and 10 generating units) are tested. We compare the proposed SWO algorithm with whale optimization algorithm, artificial bee colony algorithm, dragonfly algorithm, ant lion algorithm, gray wolf optimization, and whale optimization algorithm with mutation only. The obtained results demonstrate the high efficiency of the proposed method compared with the other methods.

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  • Authors: Karar Mahmoud; Salah Kamel; FatmaAlzahra Mohamed; Mohamed Abdel-Nasser;

    Economic dispatch aims to determine the optimal generated power from the generation units to meet the required load at the lowest fuel cost. In this paper, a stochastic whale optimization (SWO) method is proposed to solve the economic dispatch problem. Whale optimization algorithm is enhanced using mutation and crossover operators. To test the proposed method two systems (3 and 10 generating units) are tested. We compare the proposed SWO algorithm with whale optimization algorithm, artificial bee colony algorithm, dragonfly algorithm, ant lion algorithm, gray wolf optimization, and whale optimization algorithm with mutation only. The obtained results demonstrate the high efficiency of the proposed method compared with the other methods.

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    Authors: Elsisi, Mahmoud; Tran, Minh-Quang; Mahmoud, Karar; Mansour, Diaa-Eldin A.; +3 Authors

    Récemment, l'Internet des objets (IoT) a joué un rôle important dans la croissance et le développement des centrales électriques numérisées tout en offrant des opportunités ambitieuses, en particulier la surveillance en temps réel et la cybersécurité. À cet égard, cet article présente une nouvelle architecture IoT pour la surveillance en ligne de l'état de l'appareillage de commutation à isolation gazeuse (SIG) au lieu des méthodes d'observation traditionnelles. L'architecture IoT proposée est dérivée du concept du système cyber-physique (CPS) dans l'Industrie 4.0. Cependant, les cyber-attaques et la classification des défauts d'isolation SIG représentent les principaux défis contre la mise en œuvre de la topologie IoT pour la surveillance et le suivi en ligne de l'état SIG. À cette fin, des techniques avancées d'apprentissage automatique sont utilisées pour détecter les cyberattaques afin de mener le paradigme et la vérification. Différents scénarios de test sur divers défauts dans les SIG sont effectués pour démontrer l'efficacité de l'architecture IoT proposée. Les caractéristiques de séquence d'impulsions de décharge partielle sont extraites pour chaque défaut afin de représenter les entrées de l'architecture IoT. Les résultats confirment que l'architecture IoT proposée basée sur la technique d'apprentissage automatique, c'est-à-dire le boost de gradient extrême (XGBoost), peut visualiser tous les défauts du SIG avec différentes alarmes, en plus de montrer efficacement les cyber-attaques sur les réseaux. En outre, les défauts du SIG et les fausses données dues aux cyber-attaques sont reconnus et présentés sur le tableau de bord de la plate-forme IoT proposée avec une grande précision et une visualisation plus claire pour améliorer la prise de décision sur l'état du SIG. Recientemente, el Internet de las cosas (IoT) tiene un papel importante en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las centrales eléctricas digitalizadas, al tiempo que ofrece oportunidades ambiciosas, específicamente el monitoreo en tiempo real y la ciberseguridad. En este sentido, este documento presenta una novedosa arquitectura IoT para el monitoreo en línea del estado de los interruptores aislados por gas (GIS) en lugar de los métodos de observación tradicionales. La arquitectura IoT propuesta se deriva del concepto del sistema ciberfísico (CPS) en la Industria 4.0. Sin embargo, los ciberataques y la clasificación de los defectos de aislamiento GIS representan los principales desafíos contra la implementación de la topología IoT para el monitoreo y seguimiento en línea del estado GIS. Para este propósito, se utilizan técnicas avanzadas de aprendizaje automático para detectar ciberataques para llevar a cabo el paradigma y la verificación. Se realizan diferentes escenarios de prueba sobre diversos defectos en GIS para demostrar la efectividad de la arquitectura IoT propuesta. Las características de la secuencia de pulso de descarga parcial se extraen para cada defecto para representar las entradas para la arquitectura IoT. Los resultados confirman que la arquitectura IoT propuesta basada en la técnica de aprendizaje automático, es decir, el impulso de gradiente extremo (XGBoost), puede visualizar todos los defectos en el SIG con diferentes alarmas, además de mostrar los ciberataques en las redes de manera efectiva. Además, los defectos de los SIG y los datos falsos debidos a los ciberataques se reconocen y presentan en el panel de control de la plataforma IoT propuesta con alta precisión y visualización más aclarada para mejorar la toma de decisiones sobre el estado de los SIG. Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has an important role in the growth and development of digitalized electric power stations while offering ambitious opportunities, specifically real-time monitoring and cybersecurity. In this regard, this paper introduces a novel IoT architecture for the online monitoring of the gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) status instead of the traditional observation methods. The proposed IoT architecture is derived from the concept of the cyber-physic system (CPS) in Industry 4.0. However, the cyber-attacks and the classification of the GIS insulation defects represent the main challenges against the implementation of IoT topology for the online monitoring and tracking of the GIS status. For this purpose, advanced machine learning techniques are utilized to detect cyber-attacks to conduct the paradigm and verification. Different test scenarios on various defects in GIS are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed IoT architecture. Partial discharge pulse sequence features are extracted for each defect to represent the inputs for IoT architecture. The results confirm that the proposed IoT architecture based on the machine learning technique, that is the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), can visualize all defects in the GIS with different alarms, besides showing the cyber-attacks on the networks effectively. Furthermore, the defects of GIS and the fake data due to the cyber-attacks are recognized and presented on the dashboard of the proposed IoT platform with high accuracy and more clarified visualization to enhance the decision-making about the GIS status. في الآونة الأخيرة، لعب إنترنت الأشياء (IoT) دورًا مهمًا في نمو وتطوير محطات الطاقة الكهربائية الرقمية مع توفير فرص طموحة، وتحديدًا المراقبة في الوقت الفعلي والأمن السيبراني. في هذا الصدد، تقدم هذه الورقة بنية جديدة لإنترنت الأشياء للمراقبة عبر الإنترنت لحالة المفاتيح الكهربائية المعزولة بالغاز (GIS) بدلاً من طرق المراقبة التقليدية. تُشتق بنية إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة من مفهوم النظام الفيزيائي السيبراني (CPS) في الصناعة 4.0. ومع ذلك، تمثل الهجمات الإلكترونية وتصنيف عيوب عزل نظم المعلومات الجغرافية التحديات الرئيسية أمام تنفيذ طوبولوجيا إنترنت الأشياء لرصد وتتبع حالة نظم المعلومات الجغرافية عبر الإنترنت. لهذا الغرض، يتم استخدام تقنيات التعلم الآلي المتقدمة للكشف عن الهجمات الإلكترونية لإجراء النموذج والتحقق. يتم إجراء سيناريوهات اختبار مختلفة على العيوب المختلفة في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية لإثبات فعالية بنية إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة. يتم استخراج ميزات تسلسل نبضة التفريغ الجزئي لكل عيب لتمثيل مدخلات بنية إنترنت الأشياء. تؤكد النتائج أن بنية إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة بناءً على تقنية التعلم الآلي، أي تعزيز التدرج الشديد (XGBoost)، يمكنها تصور جميع العيوب في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية بإنذارات مختلفة، إلى جانب إظهار الهجمات الإلكترونية على الشبكات بشكل فعال. علاوة على ذلك، يتم التعرف على عيوب نظم المعلومات الجغرافية والبيانات المزيفة بسبب الهجمات الإلكترونية وعرضها على لوحة معلومات منصة إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة بدقة عالية وتصور أكثر وضوحًا لتعزيز عملية صنع القرار بشأن حالة نظم المعلومات الجغرافية.

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    Authors: Elsisi, Mahmoud; Tran, Minh-Quang; Mahmoud, Karar; Mansour, Diaa-Eldin A.; +3 Authors

    Récemment, l'Internet des objets (IoT) a joué un rôle important dans la croissance et le développement des centrales électriques numérisées tout en offrant des opportunités ambitieuses, en particulier la surveillance en temps réel et la cybersécurité. À cet égard, cet article présente une nouvelle architecture IoT pour la surveillance en ligne de l'état de l'appareillage de commutation à isolation gazeuse (SIG) au lieu des méthodes d'observation traditionnelles. L'architecture IoT proposée est dérivée du concept du système cyber-physique (CPS) dans l'Industrie 4.0. Cependant, les cyber-attaques et la classification des défauts d'isolation SIG représentent les principaux défis contre la mise en œuvre de la topologie IoT pour la surveillance et le suivi en ligne de l'état SIG. À cette fin, des techniques avancées d'apprentissage automatique sont utilisées pour détecter les cyberattaques afin de mener le paradigme et la vérification. Différents scénarios de test sur divers défauts dans les SIG sont effectués pour démontrer l'efficacité de l'architecture IoT proposée. Les caractéristiques de séquence d'impulsions de décharge partielle sont extraites pour chaque défaut afin de représenter les entrées de l'architecture IoT. Les résultats confirment que l'architecture IoT proposée basée sur la technique d'apprentissage automatique, c'est-à-dire le boost de gradient extrême (XGBoost), peut visualiser tous les défauts du SIG avec différentes alarmes, en plus de montrer efficacement les cyber-attaques sur les réseaux. En outre, les défauts du SIG et les fausses données dues aux cyber-attaques sont reconnus et présentés sur le tableau de bord de la plate-forme IoT proposée avec une grande précision et une visualisation plus claire pour améliorer la prise de décision sur l'état du SIG. Recientemente, el Internet de las cosas (IoT) tiene un papel importante en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las centrales eléctricas digitalizadas, al tiempo que ofrece oportunidades ambiciosas, específicamente el monitoreo en tiempo real y la ciberseguridad. En este sentido, este documento presenta una novedosa arquitectura IoT para el monitoreo en línea del estado de los interruptores aislados por gas (GIS) en lugar de los métodos de observación tradicionales. La arquitectura IoT propuesta se deriva del concepto del sistema ciberfísico (CPS) en la Industria 4.0. Sin embargo, los ciberataques y la clasificación de los defectos de aislamiento GIS representan los principales desafíos contra la implementación de la topología IoT para el monitoreo y seguimiento en línea del estado GIS. Para este propósito, se utilizan técnicas avanzadas de aprendizaje automático para detectar ciberataques para llevar a cabo el paradigma y la verificación. Se realizan diferentes escenarios de prueba sobre diversos defectos en GIS para demostrar la efectividad de la arquitectura IoT propuesta. Las características de la secuencia de pulso de descarga parcial se extraen para cada defecto para representar las entradas para la arquitectura IoT. Los resultados confirman que la arquitectura IoT propuesta basada en la técnica de aprendizaje automático, es decir, el impulso de gradiente extremo (XGBoost), puede visualizar todos los defectos en el SIG con diferentes alarmas, además de mostrar los ciberataques en las redes de manera efectiva. Además, los defectos de los SIG y los datos falsos debidos a los ciberataques se reconocen y presentan en el panel de control de la plataforma IoT propuesta con alta precisión y visualización más aclarada para mejorar la toma de decisiones sobre el estado de los SIG. Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has an important role in the growth and development of digitalized electric power stations while offering ambitious opportunities, specifically real-time monitoring and cybersecurity. In this regard, this paper introduces a novel IoT architecture for the online monitoring of the gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) status instead of the traditional observation methods. The proposed IoT architecture is derived from the concept of the cyber-physic system (CPS) in Industry 4.0. However, the cyber-attacks and the classification of the GIS insulation defects represent the main challenges against the implementation of IoT topology for the online monitoring and tracking of the GIS status. For this purpose, advanced machine learning techniques are utilized to detect cyber-attacks to conduct the paradigm and verification. Different test scenarios on various defects in GIS are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed IoT architecture. Partial discharge pulse sequence features are extracted for each defect to represent the inputs for IoT architecture. The results confirm that the proposed IoT architecture based on the machine learning technique, that is the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), can visualize all defects in the GIS with different alarms, besides showing the cyber-attacks on the networks effectively. Furthermore, the defects of GIS and the fake data due to the cyber-attacks are recognized and presented on the dashboard of the proposed IoT platform with high accuracy and more clarified visualization to enhance the decision-making about the GIS status. في الآونة الأخيرة، لعب إنترنت الأشياء (IoT) دورًا مهمًا في نمو وتطوير محطات الطاقة الكهربائية الرقمية مع توفير فرص طموحة، وتحديدًا المراقبة في الوقت الفعلي والأمن السيبراني. في هذا الصدد، تقدم هذه الورقة بنية جديدة لإنترنت الأشياء للمراقبة عبر الإنترنت لحالة المفاتيح الكهربائية المعزولة بالغاز (GIS) بدلاً من طرق المراقبة التقليدية. تُشتق بنية إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة من مفهوم النظام الفيزيائي السيبراني (CPS) في الصناعة 4.0. ومع ذلك، تمثل الهجمات الإلكترونية وتصنيف عيوب عزل نظم المعلومات الجغرافية التحديات الرئيسية أمام تنفيذ طوبولوجيا إنترنت الأشياء لرصد وتتبع حالة نظم المعلومات الجغرافية عبر الإنترنت. لهذا الغرض، يتم استخدام تقنيات التعلم الآلي المتقدمة للكشف عن الهجمات الإلكترونية لإجراء النموذج والتحقق. يتم إجراء سيناريوهات اختبار مختلفة على العيوب المختلفة في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية لإثبات فعالية بنية إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة. يتم استخراج ميزات تسلسل نبضة التفريغ الجزئي لكل عيب لتمثيل مدخلات بنية إنترنت الأشياء. تؤكد النتائج أن بنية إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة بناءً على تقنية التعلم الآلي، أي تعزيز التدرج الشديد (XGBoost)، يمكنها تصور جميع العيوب في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية بإنذارات مختلفة، إلى جانب إظهار الهجمات الإلكترونية على الشبكات بشكل فعال. علاوة على ذلك، يتم التعرف على عيوب نظم المعلومات الجغرافية والبيانات المزيفة بسبب الهجمات الإلكترونية وعرضها على لوحة معلومات منصة إنترنت الأشياء المقترحة بدقة عالية وتصور أكثر وضوحًا لتعزيز عملية صنع القرار بشأن حالة نظم المعلومات الجغرافية.

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    Authors: Astero, Poria; Peltoniemi, Pasi; Lehtonen; Matti; +1 Authors

    Poussée par des aspects environnementaux et économiques, la prolifération des sources d'énergie renouvelables (SER) a été étendue dans les systèmes électriques du monde entier. À cet égard, la production intermittente de ces SER (par exemple, les parcs photovoltaïques et éoliens) peut causer plusieurs problèmes opérationnels et de stabilité dans ces systèmes électriques à faible inertie. Pour gérer ces problèmes, un grand intérêt dans la littérature a été dirigé vers le développement de schémas de contrôle des convertisseurs de source de tension (VSC) réalisables formant un réseau qui ont des fonctions de régulation de tension/fréquence. Par conséquent, un examen complet est présenté dans ce document pour ces schémas de contrôle VSC de formation de grille prometteurs qui seront l'épine dorsale des systèmes d'alimentation durables dominés par les convertisseurs. Spécifiquement, les structures de contrôle, les fonctionnalités de support de réseau intelligent, les problèmes de stabilité et les atténuations de courant de défaut sont comparés en tenant compte des schémas de contrôle VSC de formation de grille existants. De plus, les applications de VSC de formation de grille ainsi que leurs avantages et inconvénients sont étudiés pour les systèmes d'alimentation isolés et en vrac. Les aspects d'évaluation sont également explorés pour évaluer la performance des schémas de contrôle VSC existants dans le réseau. Enfin, les défis actuels auxquels sont confrontés VSC dans les applications à venir et les lacunes existantes sont mis en évidence tout en correspondant des perspectives pour de futures études de recherche sont définies pour des systèmes électriques stables et durables à faible inertie. Impulsado por aspectos ambientales y económicos, la proliferación de fuentes de energía renovables (FER) se ha expandido en los sistemas de energía en todo el mundo. En este sentido, la generación intermitente de dichas FER (por ejemplo, parques fotovoltaicos y eólicos) puede causar varios problemas operativos y de estabilidad en dichos sistemas de energía de baja inercia. Para manejar estos problemas, se ha dirigido un gran interés en la literatura para desarrollar esquemas de control de convertidores de fuente de tensión (VSC) formadores de red viables que tengan funciones reguladoras de tensión/frecuencia. En consecuencia, se presenta una revisión inclusiva en este documento para estos prometedores esquemas de control de VSC formadores de red que serán la columna vertebral de los sistemas de energía sostenibles dominados por convertidores. Específicamente, las estructuras de control, las funcionalidades de soporte de red inteligente, los problemas de estabilidad y las mitigaciones de corriente de falla se comparan considerando los esquemas de control de VSC formadores de red existentes. Además, las aplicaciones de VSC formadores de red junto con sus beneficios e inconvenientes se investigan para los sistemas de energía aislados y a granel. Los aspectos de evaluación también se exploran para evaluar el rendimiento de los esquemas de control de VSC existentes en la red. Finalmente, los desafíos actuales que enfrenta VSC en las próximas aplicaciones y las brechas existentes se resaltan mientras corresponden se definen perspectivas para futuros estudios de investigación para sistemas de energía de baja inercia sostenibles y estables. Driven by environmental and economic aspects, the proliferation of renewable energy sources (RES) has been expanded in power systems worldwide.In this regard, the intermittent generation of such RESs (e.g., photovoltaic and wind farms) can cause several operational and stability problems in such lowinertia power systems.To handle these issues, great interest in the literature has been directed to develop feasible grid-forming voltage source converters (VSC) control schemes that have voltage/frequency regulatory functions.Accordingly, an inclusive review is presented in this paper for these promising gridforming VSC control schemes which will be the backbone of sustainable converter-dominated power systems.Specifically, control structures, smart grid-support functionalities, stability issues, and fault current mitigations are compared considering the existing grid-forming VSC control schemes.Besides, the applications of grid-forming VSC along with their benefits and drawbacks are investigated for both isolated and bulk power systems.The evaluation aspects are also explored for assessing the performance of the existing VSC control schemes in the grid.Finally, the current challenges that face VSC in forthcoming applications and existing gaps are highlighted while corresponding perspectives for future research studies are defined for stable sustainable low-inertia power systems. مدفوعًا بالجوانب البيئية والاقتصادية، تم توسيع انتشار مصادر الطاقة المتجددة (RES) في أنظمة الطاقة في جميع أنحاء العالم. في هذا الصدد، يمكن أن يتسبب التوليد المتقطع لهذه المصادر (على سبيل المثال، مزارع الطاقة الكهروضوئية والرياح) في العديد من مشاكل التشغيل والاستقرار في أنظمة الطاقة منخفضة القصور الذاتي هذه. للتعامل مع هذه المشكلات، تم توجيه اهتمام كبير بالأدبيات لتطوير مخططات تحكم في محولات مصدر الجهد لتشكيل الشبكة (VSC) ذات وظائف تنظيمية للجهد/التردد. وفقًا لذلك، يتم تقديم مراجعة شاملة في هذه الورقة لمخططات التحكم VSC الواعدة لتشكيل الشبكة والتي ستكون العمود الفقري لأنظمة الطاقة التي يهيمن عليها المحول المستدام. على وجه التحديد، تتم مقارنة هياكل التحكم ووظائف دعم الشبكة الذكية وقضايا الاستقرار والتخفيف من تيار الأعطال مع الأخذ في الاعتبار مخططات التحكم VSC الحالية لتشكيل الشبكة. إلى جانب ذلك، يتم التحقيق في تطبيقات VSC لتشكيل الشبكة إلى جانب فوائدها وعيوبها لكل من أنظمة الطاقة المعزولة والسائبة. كما يتم استكشاف جوانب التقييم لتقييم أداء مخططات التحكم VSC الحالية في الشبكة. أخيرًا، يتم تسليط الضوء على التحديات الحالية التي تواجه VSC في التطبيقات القادمة والفجوات الحالية أثناء المقابلة يتم تعريف وجهات نظر الدراسات البحثية المستقبلية لأنظمة طاقة منخفضة القصور الذاتي مستقرة ومستدامة.

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    Authors: Astero, Poria; Peltoniemi, Pasi; Lehtonen; Matti; +1 Authors

    Poussée par des aspects environnementaux et économiques, la prolifération des sources d'énergie renouvelables (SER) a été étendue dans les systèmes électriques du monde entier. À cet égard, la production intermittente de ces SER (par exemple, les parcs photovoltaïques et éoliens) peut causer plusieurs problèmes opérationnels et de stabilité dans ces systèmes électriques à faible inertie. Pour gérer ces problèmes, un grand intérêt dans la littérature a été dirigé vers le développement de schémas de contrôle des convertisseurs de source de tension (VSC) réalisables formant un réseau qui ont des fonctions de régulation de tension/fréquence. Par conséquent, un examen complet est présenté dans ce document pour ces schémas de contrôle VSC de formation de grille prometteurs qui seront l'épine dorsale des systèmes d'alimentation durables dominés par les convertisseurs. Spécifiquement, les structures de contrôle, les fonctionnalités de support de réseau intelligent, les problèmes de stabilité et les atténuations de courant de défaut sont comparés en tenant compte des schémas de contrôle VSC de formation de grille existants. De plus, les applications de VSC de formation de grille ainsi que leurs avantages et inconvénients sont étudiés pour les systèmes d'alimentation isolés et en vrac. Les aspects d'évaluation sont également explorés pour évaluer la performance des schémas de contrôle VSC existants dans le réseau. Enfin, les défis actuels auxquels sont confrontés VSC dans les applications à venir et les lacunes existantes sont mis en évidence tout en correspondant des perspectives pour de futures études de recherche sont définies pour des systèmes électriques stables et durables à faible inertie. Impulsado por aspectos ambientales y económicos, la proliferación de fuentes de energía renovables (FER) se ha expandido en los sistemas de energía en todo el mundo. En este sentido, la generación intermitente de dichas FER (por ejemplo, parques fotovoltaicos y eólicos) puede causar varios problemas operativos y de estabilidad en dichos sistemas de energía de baja inercia. Para manejar estos problemas, se ha dirigido un gran interés en la literatura para desarrollar esquemas de control de convertidores de fuente de tensión (VSC) formadores de red viables que tengan funciones reguladoras de tensión/frecuencia. En consecuencia, se presenta una revisión inclusiva en este documento para estos prometedores esquemas de control de VSC formadores de red que serán la columna vertebral de los sistemas de energía sostenibles dominados por convertidores. Específicamente, las estructuras de control, las funcionalidades de soporte de red inteligente, los problemas de estabilidad y las mitigaciones de corriente de falla se comparan considerando los esquemas de control de VSC formadores de red existentes. Además, las aplicaciones de VSC formadores de red junto con sus beneficios e inconvenientes se investigan para los sistemas de energía aislados y a granel. Los aspectos de evaluación también se exploran para evaluar el rendimiento de los esquemas de control de VSC existentes en la red. Finalmente, los desafíos actuales que enfrenta VSC en las próximas aplicaciones y las brechas existentes se resaltan mientras corresponden se definen perspectivas para futuros estudios de investigación para sistemas de energía de baja inercia sostenibles y estables. Driven by environmental and economic aspects, the proliferation of renewable energy sources (RES) has been expanded in power systems worldwide.In this regard, the intermittent generation of such RESs (e.g., photovoltaic and wind farms) can cause several operational and stability problems in such lowinertia power systems.To handle these issues, great interest in the literature has been directed to develop feasible grid-forming voltage source converters (VSC) control schemes that have voltage/frequency regulatory functions.Accordingly, an inclusive review is presented in this paper for these promising gridforming VSC control schemes which will be the backbone of sustainable converter-dominated power systems.Specifically, control structures, smart grid-support functionalities, stability issues, and fault current mitigations are compared considering the existing grid-forming VSC control schemes.Besides, the applications of grid-forming VSC along with their benefits and drawbacks are investigated for both isolated and bulk power systems.The evaluation aspects are also explored for assessing the performance of the existing VSC control schemes in the grid.Finally, the current challenges that face VSC in forthcoming applications and existing gaps are highlighted while corresponding perspectives for future research studies are defined for stable sustainable low-inertia power systems. مدفوعًا بالجوانب البيئية والاقتصادية، تم توسيع انتشار مصادر الطاقة المتجددة (RES) في أنظمة الطاقة في جميع أنحاء العالم. في هذا الصدد، يمكن أن يتسبب التوليد المتقطع لهذه المصادر (على سبيل المثال، مزارع الطاقة الكهروضوئية والرياح) في العديد من مشاكل التشغيل والاستقرار في أنظمة الطاقة منخفضة القصور الذاتي هذه. للتعامل مع هذه المشكلات، تم توجيه اهتمام كبير بالأدبيات لتطوير مخططات تحكم في محولات مصدر الجهد لتشكيل الشبكة (VSC) ذات وظائف تنظيمية للجهد/التردد. وفقًا لذلك، يتم تقديم مراجعة شاملة في هذه الورقة لمخططات التحكم VSC الواعدة لتشكيل الشبكة والتي ستكون العمود الفقري لأنظمة الطاقة التي يهيمن عليها المحول المستدام. على وجه التحديد، تتم مقارنة هياكل التحكم ووظائف دعم الشبكة الذكية وقضايا الاستقرار والتخفيف من تيار الأعطال مع الأخذ في الاعتبار مخططات التحكم VSC الحالية لتشكيل الشبكة. إلى جانب ذلك، يتم التحقيق في تطبيقات VSC لتشكيل الشبكة إلى جانب فوائدها وعيوبها لكل من أنظمة الطاقة المعزولة والسائبة. كما يتم استكشاف جوانب التقييم لتقييم أداء مخططات التحكم VSC الحالية في الشبكة. أخيرًا، يتم تسليط الضوء على التحديات الحالية التي تواجه VSC في التطبيقات القادمة والفجوات الحالية أثناء المقابلة يتم تعريف وجهات نظر الدراسات البحثية المستقبلية لأنظمة طاقة منخفضة القصور الذاتي مستقرة ومستدامة.

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    Authors: Karar Mahmoud; Josep M. Guerrero; Mohamed Abdel‐Nasser; Naoto Yorino;

    Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the deployment of diverse types of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES), leading to significant energy supply variability. It should be emphasized that the characteristics of RES can provide several obstacles to integrating large-scale renewables in transmission systems (TS) and a significant number of dispersed renewables in distribution networks. Besides, electricity demand also has a considerably fluctuating nature, which is expected to be more challenging with the continued electrification of energy demand for heating and transport, besides the power-to-gas coupling. Accordingly, this is a global trend towards coupling energy sectors to provide more flexibility and regularity options.In this context, reliable forecasting is an essential tool for system operators to ensure the safe and optimal operation of the energy sectors. This ambitious target can be achieved by improving the dependability and precision of forecasting methodologies required while considering data uncertainty. In this regard, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning have shown powerful prediction capabilities. This Special Issue intends to cover the most recent advances in the forecasting task in energy sectors (generation, demand, energy prices etc.) through the empowerment of AI.

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    Authors: Karar Mahmoud; Josep M. Guerrero; Mohamed Abdel‐Nasser; Naoto Yorino;

    Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the deployment of diverse types of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES), leading to significant energy supply variability. It should be emphasized that the characteristics of RES can provide several obstacles to integrating large-scale renewables in transmission systems (TS) and a significant number of dispersed renewables in distribution networks. Besides, electricity demand also has a considerably fluctuating nature, which is expected to be more challenging with the continued electrification of energy demand for heating and transport, besides the power-to-gas coupling. Accordingly, this is a global trend towards coupling energy sectors to provide more flexibility and regularity options.In this context, reliable forecasting is an essential tool for system operators to ensure the safe and optimal operation of the energy sectors. This ambitious target can be achieved by improving the dependability and precision of forecasting methodologies required while considering data uncertainty. In this regard, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning have shown powerful prediction capabilities. This Special Issue intends to cover the most recent advances in the forecasting task in energy sectors (generation, demand, energy prices etc.) through the empowerment of AI.

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    Authors: Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Karar Mahmoud; Karar Mahmoud; +2 Authors

    This paper addresses the improvement of tracking of the maximum power point upon the variations of the environmental conditions and hence improving photovoltaic efficiency. Rather than the traditional methods of maximum power point tracking, artificial intelligence is utilized to design a high-performance maximum power point tracking control system. In this paper, two artificial intelligence-based maximum power point tracking systems are proposed for grid-connected photovoltaic units. The first design is based on an optimized fuzzy logic control using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for the maximum power point tracking system. In turn, the second design depends on the genetic algorithm-based artificial neural network. Each of the two artificial intelligence-based systems has its privileged response according to the solar radiation and temperature levels. Then, a novel combination of the two designs is introduced to maximize the efficiency of the maximum power point tracking system. The novelty of this paper is to employ the metaheuristic optimization technique with the well-known artificial intelligence techniques to provide a better tracking system to be used to harvest the maximum possible power from photovoltaic (PV) arrays. To affirm the efficiency of the proposed tracking systems, their simulation results are compared with some conventional tracking methods from the literature under different conditions. The findings emphasize their superiority in terms of tracking speed and output DC power, which also improve photovoltaic system efficiency.

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    Authors: Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Mohamed M. F. Darwish; Karar Mahmoud; Karar Mahmoud; +2 Authors

    This paper addresses the improvement of tracking of the maximum power point upon the variations of the environmental conditions and hence improving photovoltaic efficiency. Rather than the traditional methods of maximum power point tracking, artificial intelligence is utilized to design a high-performance maximum power point tracking control system. In this paper, two artificial intelligence-based maximum power point tracking systems are proposed for grid-connected photovoltaic units. The first design is based on an optimized fuzzy logic control using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for the maximum power point tracking system. In turn, the second design depends on the genetic algorithm-based artificial neural network. Each of the two artificial intelligence-based systems has its privileged response according to the solar radiation and temperature levels. Then, a novel combination of the two designs is introduced to maximize the efficiency of the maximum power point tracking system. The novelty of this paper is to employ the metaheuristic optimization technique with the well-known artificial intelligence techniques to provide a better tracking system to be used to harvest the maximum possible power from photovoltaic (PV) arrays. To affirm the efficiency of the proposed tracking systems, their simulation results are compared with some conventional tracking methods from the literature under different conditions. The findings emphasize their superiority in terms of tracking speed and output DC power, which also improve photovoltaic system efficiency.

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    Authors: Karar Mahmoud; Naoto Yorino;

    This paper proposes an efficient method for allocating multiple distributed generation (DG) technologies in distribution systems. The optimal DG sizes, DG locations, and the best combination between different DG technologies are determined. The objective function is to minimize losses in distribution systems. The proposed method is generic since it can solve the optimization problem with different combinations of DG technologies. A direct and fast solution of the DG allocation problem can be obtained using the proposed method without requiring iterative processes. The IEEE 33-bus distribution system is employed to test the proposed method. Different combinations of DG units are studied and optimally allocated. The results show that the proposed method can handle the optimal solution accurately. It is also demonstrated that determining the optimal combination of different DG technologies can contribute positively on loss minimization in distribution systems.

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    Authors: Karar Mahmoud; Naoto Yorino;

    This paper proposes an efficient method for allocating multiple distributed generation (DG) technologies in distribution systems. The optimal DG sizes, DG locations, and the best combination between different DG technologies are determined. The objective function is to minimize losses in distribution systems. The proposed method is generic since it can solve the optimization problem with different combinations of DG technologies. A direct and fast solution of the DG allocation problem can be obtained using the proposed method without requiring iterative processes. The IEEE 33-bus distribution system is employed to test the proposed method. Different combinations of DG units are studied and optimally allocated. The results show that the proposed method can handle the optimal solution accurately. It is also demonstrated that determining the optimal combination of different DG technologies can contribute positively on loss minimization in distribution systems.

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    Authors: Abdelfatah Ali; Mostafa F. Shaaban; Karar Mahmoud;
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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