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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Les systèmes photovoltaïques, l'un des principaux systèmes d'énergie renouvelable (SER), s'intègrent dans les réseaux électriques conventionnels à grande échelle, en remplaçant les générateurs synchrones. Cependant, les systèmes photovoltaïques manquent intrinsèquement d'inertie et ne peuvent fournir aucune puissance de réserve. Par conséquent, le réseau intégré photovoltaïque à grande échelle est confronté à de graves problèmes d'instabilité de fréquence à la suite d'un événement de déclenchement synchrone du générateur. Bien que divers types de systèmes de stockage externes soient utilisés pour améliorer la réponse en fréquence, ils posent des défis économiques importants pour les opérateurs de réseau. Les systèmes photovoltaïques chargés, d'autre part, peuvent aider à améliorer la stabilité de fréquence sans aucun mécanisme de soutien externe. Afin de maintenir la stabilité de fréquence avec un minimum de dépenses, une estimation précise du pourcentage de déchargement des systèmes photovoltaïques est nécessaire. À cette fin, cet article propose une nouvelle méthodologie d'estimation des pourcentages de déchargement appropriés pour les systèmes photovoltaïques en termes de paramètres de réponse en fréquence, en utilisant l'analyse de régression linéaire multiple (MLRA). Des simulations sont effectuées pour différents niveaux de pénétration PV sur le système de test de bus IEEE 39 modifié. En outre, une comparaison approfondie des performances du réseau PV intégré déchargé avec le réseau PV intégré installé du système de stockage d'énergie par batterie (BESS) et du condensateur synchrone (SC) est effectuée. Les résultats appuient la faisabilité de notre méthode, permettant une estimation précise et justifiant le déploiement de systèmes photovoltaïques déchargés connectés au réseau. Les systèmes photovoltaïques déchargés surpassent également d'autres mécanismes de soutien en termes de performance. De plus, ils fournissent des informations sur la façon dont le pourcentage de déchargement requis diminue avec l'augmentation de la pénétration du photovoltaïque. Ce document peut être utilisé comme guide pour les concepteurs de réseaux afin de s'assurer que les systèmes photovoltaïques sont correctement déchargés pour maintenir la stabilité de fréquence dans les réseaux intégrés photovoltaïques à grande échelle. Los sistemas fotovoltaicos, uno de los principales sistemas de energía renovable (FER), se están integrando en las redes eléctricas convencionales a gran escala, sustituyendo a los generadores síncronos. Sin embargo, los sistemas fotovoltaicos carecen de inercia inherentemente y no pueden proporcionar ninguna potencia de reserva. En consecuencia, la red integrada fotovoltaica a gran escala se enfrenta a graves problemas de inestabilidad de frecuencia después de un evento de disparo síncrono del generador. Aunque se utilizan varios tipos de sistemas de almacenamiento externo para mejorar la respuesta de frecuencia, plantean desafíos económicos sustanciales para los operadores de la red. Los sistemas fotovoltaicos recargados, por otro lado, pueden ayudar a mejorar la estabilidad de la frecuencia sin ningún mecanismo de soporte externo. Para mantener la estabilidad de la frecuencia con un gasto mínimo, se requiere una estimación precisa del porcentaje de descarga de los sistemas fotovoltaicos. Con este fin, este documento propone una metodología novedosa para estimar los porcentajes de descarga apropiados para los sistemas fotovoltaicos en términos de parámetros de respuesta de frecuencia, utilizando el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple (MLRA). Se realizan simulaciones para diferentes niveles de penetración fotovoltaica en el sistema de prueba de bus IEEE 39 modificado. Además, se realiza una comparación exhaustiva del rendimiento de la red integrada fotovoltaica descargada con el sistema de almacenamiento de energía de la batería (BESS) y la red integrada fotovoltaica instalada por condensador síncrono (SC). Los hallazgos respaldan la viabilidad de nuestro método, lo que permite una estimación precisa y justifica el despliegue de sistemas fotovoltaicos descargados conectados a la red. Los sistemas fotovoltaicos Deloaded también superan a otros mecanismos de soporte en términos de rendimiento. Además, proporcionan información sobre cómo el porcentaje de descarga requerido disminuye con el aumento de la penetración fotovoltaica. Este documento se puede utilizar como una guía para los diseñadores de redes para garantizar que los sistemas fotovoltaicos se descarguen adecuadamente para mantener la estabilidad de la frecuencia en las redes integradas fotovoltaicas a gran escala. Photovoltaic systems, one of the major renewable energy systems (RESs), are getting integrated into conventional power grids in large-scale, substituting synchronous generators. However, PV systems lack inertia inherently and cannot provide any reserve power. Consequently, large-scale PV integrated grid faces severe frequency instability problems following a synchronous generator tripping event. Although various kinds of external storage systems are utilized to improve frequency response, they pose substantial economic challenges for grid operators. Deloaded PV systems, on the other hand, can assist in enhancing frequency stability without any external supporting mechanisms. In order to maintain frequency stability with minimal expenditure, an accurate estimation of the deloading percentage of PV systems is required. To this end, this paper proposes a novel methodology of estimating appropriate deloading percentages for PV systems in terms of frequency response parameters, using multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA). Simulations are conducted for different PV penetration levels on modified IEEE 39 bus test system. Additionally, a thorough performance comparison of deloaded PV integrated grid with both battery energy storage system (BESS) and synchronous condenser (SC) installed PV integrated grid is conducted. The findings support the feasibility of our method, allowing for accurate estimation and justifying the deployment of grid-connected deloaded PV systems. Deloaded PV systems also outperform other supporting mechanisms in terms of performance. Moreover, they provide insights on how the required deloading percentage decreases with increasing PV penetration. This paper can be used as a guide for grid designers to ensure that PV systems are properly deloaded to maintain frequency stability in large-scale PV integrated grids. يتم دمج الأنظمة الكهروضوئية، وهي واحدة من أنظمة الطاقة المتجددة الرئيسية (RESs)، في شبكات الطاقة التقليدية على نطاق واسع، لتحل محل المولدات المتزامنة. ومع ذلك، تفتقر الأنظمة الكهروضوئية إلى الجمود بطبيعتها ولا يمكنها توفير أي طاقة احتياطية. وبالتالي، تواجه الشبكة المتكاملة الكهروضوئية واسعة النطاق مشاكل شديدة في عدم استقرار التردد بعد حدث تعثر المولد المتزامن. على الرغم من استخدام أنواع مختلفة من أنظمة التخزين الخارجية لتحسين استجابة التردد، إلا أنها تشكل تحديات اقتصادية كبيرة لمشغلي الشبكات. من ناحية أخرى، يمكن أن تساعد الأنظمة الكهروضوئية المحملة في تعزيز استقرار التردد دون أي آليات دعم خارجية. من أجل الحفاظ على استقرار التردد مع الحد الأدنى من النفقات، يلزم إجراء تقدير دقيق لنسبة التفريغ للأنظمة الكهروضوئية. ولتحقيق هذه الغاية، تقترح هذه الورقة منهجية جديدة لتقدير نسب التفريغ المناسبة للأنظمة الكهروضوئية من حيث معلمات استجابة التردد، باستخدام تحليل الانحدار الخطي المتعدد (MLRA). يتم إجراء عمليات المحاكاة لمستويات الاختراق الكهروضوئية المختلفة على نظام اختبار ناقل IEEE 39 المعدل. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم إجراء مقارنة أداء شاملة للشبكة المتكاملة الكهروضوئية المحملة مع كل من نظام تخزين طاقة البطارية (BESS) والشبكة المتكاملة الكهروضوئية المثبتة على المكثف المتزامن (SC). تدعم النتائج جدوى طريقتنا، مما يسمح بالتقدير الدقيق وتبرير نشر الأنظمة الكهروضوئية المتصلة بالشبكة. كما تتفوق الأنظمة الكهروضوئية المحملة على آليات الدعم الأخرى من حيث الأداء. علاوة على ذلك، فإنها توفر رؤى حول كيفية انخفاض نسبة التفريغ المطلوبة مع زيادة اختراق الخلايا الكهروضوئية. يمكن استخدام هذه الورقة كدليل لمصممي الشبكات لضمان إزالة الأنظمة الكهروضوئية بشكل صحيح للحفاظ على استقرار التردد في الشبكات الكهروضوئية المتكاملة واسعة النطاق.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Reportsarrow_drop_down
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    Energy Reports
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Energy Reports
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    Energy Reports
    Article . 2022
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      Energy Reports
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Energy Reports
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      Energy Reports
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: DOAJ
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ea...
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    Authors: Ruifeng Yan; Nahid-Al -Masood; Tapan Kumar Saha; Feifei Bai; +1 Authors

    Over the last decade, many power systems have significantly changed with the proliferation of renewable generation sources, such as wind and solar photovoltaic. Due to their variability and nonsynchronous nature, new challenges and complexities have emerged regarding operational security of modern power systems. The 2016 South Australia (SA) blackout was the first known blackout due to such a high renewable situation. An official report has recently been published to review the causes and provide the corresponding recommendations for improvement of network operation, control, and security. However, there are still a number of critical issues and debates which remain unsolved, such as network bottleneck identification, overvoltage explanation, pole slip concern, frequency dip mystery, and frequency/voltage instability debate. In this paper, based on the reconstruction of the event, these unsettled issues are prudently analyzed to unveil their root causes. In addition, an innovative scheme is proposed to prevent the blackout by identifying the network separation at an early stage. This research will not only further advance the understanding of the 2016 SA blackout, but also will provide valuable guidelines for the management of future renewable-rich networks.

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    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: IEEE Copyright
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      IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Wayes Tushar; Tapan Kumar Saha; Chau Yuen; Thomas Morstyn; +3 Authors

    This paper proposes a peer-to-peer energy trading scheme that can help the centralized power system to reduce the total electricity demand of its customers at the peak hour. To do so, a cooperative Stackelberg game is formulated, in which the centralized power system acts as the leader that needs to decide on a price at the peak demand period to incentivize prosumers to not seeking any energy from it. The prosumers, on the other hand, act as followers and respond to the leader's decision by forming suitable coalitions with neighboring prosumers in order to participate in P2P energy trading to meet their energy demand. The properties of the proposed Stackelberg game are studied. It is shown that the game has a unique and stable Stackelberg equilibrium, as a result of the stability of prosumers' coalitions. At the equilibrium, the leader chooses its strategy using a derived closed-form expression, while the prosumers choose their equilibrium coalition structure. An algorithm is proposed that enables the centralized power system and the prosumers to reach the equilibrium solution. Numerical case studies demonstrate the beneficial properties of the proposed scheme. 10 pages, accepted for publication

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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2019
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      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2019
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    Authors: Md. Nahid Haque Shazon; null Nahid-Al-Masood; Hasin Mussayab Ahmed; Shohana Rahman Deeba; +1 Authors

    L'utilisation des systèmes de stockage d'énergie (SSE) pour améliorer la réponse en fréquence d'un système d'énergie à faible inertie est étudiée dans cet article. Une pénétration importante de l'énergie éolienne provoque le remplacement des générateurs synchrones conventionnels dans plusieurs systèmes d'énergie. Les éoliennes à vitesse variable ne contribuent traditionnellement pas à la régulation de la fréquence sans stratégie de contrôle supplémentaire. En conséquence, un réseau électrique dominé par le vent peut avoir une inertie inadéquate et une réserve réactive du régulateur. Dans une telle situation, une grande éventualité peut donner un taux de changement de fréquence (ROCOF) et une déviation de fréquence indésirables. Pour surmonter ce problème, Le déploiement du SSE, à savoir le stockage d'énergie magnétique supraconducteur (PME) et le système de stockage d'énergie par batterie (SSEB), peut être une solution intéressante. Étant donné que ces dispositifs sont coûteux, leur dimensionnement approprié et leur approche opérationnelle sont cruciaux. Par conséquent, dans ce document, des expressions analytiques sont dérivées pour trouver les cotes minimales des PME et du BESS. À cette fin, l'écart de fréquence du système, le ROCOF, la réponse inertielle et la réponse du régulateur sont pris en compte. De plus, une stratégie opérationnelle coordonnée est proposée pour conserver l'adéquation de la réponse en fréquence et minimiser la perte de charge sous fréquence lorsque LES PME sont déclenchées lorsque le ROCOF du système dépasse une certaine limite et que le BESS est activé en raison du dépassement d'un seuil prédéfini par la fréquence du système. La performance de la stratégie proposée est explorée dans un réseau à faible inertie sous une pénétration importante du vent, compte tenu de plusieurs niveaux de pénétration du vent différents. De plus, les résultats sont validés par rapport à deux approches existantes. Les résultats de la simulation révèlent que la méthodologie proposée améliore considérablement la réponse en fréquence dans diverses conditions de fonctionnement. La utilización de sistemas de almacenamiento de energía (ESS) para mejorar la respuesta de frecuencia de un sistema de energía de baja inercia se investiga en este artículo. La penetración sustancial de la energía eólica está causando el reemplazo de generadores síncronos convencionales en varios sistemas de energía. Las máquinas eólicas de velocidad variable tradicionalmente no contribuyen a la regulación de frecuencia sin una estrategia de control adicional. Como resultado, una red eléctrica dominada por el viento puede tener una inercia inadecuada y una reserva de respuesta del gobernador. En tal situación, una gran contingencia puede producir una tasa de cambio de frecuencia (ROCOF) y una desviación de frecuencia indeseables. Para superar este problema, el despliegue de ESS, a saber, el almacenamiento de energía magnética superconductora (SME) y el sistema de almacenamiento de energía de batería (BESS) puede ser una solución que valga la pena. Dado que estos dispositivos son costosos, su tamaño adecuado y su enfoque operativo son cruciales. Por lo tanto, en este documento, se derivan expresiones analíticas para encontrar las calificaciones mínimas de SME y BESS. Para ello, se tienen en cuenta la desviación de frecuencia del sistema, el ROCOF, la respuesta inercial y la respuesta del gobernador. También, se propone una estrategia operativa coordinada para mantener la adecuación de la respuesta de frecuencia y minimizar el desprendimiento de carga de frecuencia cuando se desencadena SME cuando el sistema ROCOF supera un cierto límite y BESS se activa debido a que la frecuencia del sistema supera un umbral preestablecido. El rendimiento de la estrategia propuesta se explora en una red de baja inercia bajo una penetración de viento sustancial considerando varios niveles de penetración de viento diferentes. Además, los resultados se validan contra dos enfoques existentes. Los resultados de la simulación revelan que la metodología propuesta mejora considerablemente la respuesta de frecuencia en diversas condiciones de operación. The utilization of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) for improving the frequency response of a low inertia power system is investigated in this article.Substantial wind power penetration is causing the replacement of conventional synchronous generators in several power systems.Variable speed wind machines traditionally do not contribute to frequency regulation without additional control strategy.As a result, a wind dominated power grid may have inadequate inertia and governor responsive reserve.In such situation, a large contingency may yield undesirable Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) and frequency deviation.To overcome this problem, deployment of ESS, namely, Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) can be a worthwhile solution.Since these devices are costly, their appropriate sizing and operational approach are crucial.Therefore, in this paper, analytical expressions are derived to find the minimum ratings of SMES and BESS.To this end, system frequency deviation, ROCOF, inertial response and governor response are taken into account.Also, a coordinated operational strategy is proposed to retain frequency response adequacy and minimize under frequency load shedding where SMES is triggered when system ROCOF supersedes a certain limit and BESS is activated due to system frequency surpassing a preset threshold.The performance of the proposed strategy is explored in a low inertia network under substantial wind penetration considering several different wind penetration levels.Also, the results are validated against two existing approaches.Simulation results reveal that the proposed methodology considerably enhances the frequency response in various operating conditions. يتم التحقيق في استخدام أنظمة تخزين الطاقة (ESS) لتحسين استجابة التردد لنظام طاقة منخفض القصور الذاتي في هذه المقالة. يتسبب اختراق طاقة الرياح الكبير في استبدال المولدات المتزامنة التقليدية في العديد من أنظمة الطاقة. لا تساهم آلات الرياح ذات السرعة المتغيرة تقليديًا في تنظيم التردد دون استراتيجية تحكم إضافية. ونتيجة لذلك، قد يكون لشبكة الطاقة التي تهيمن عليها الرياح قصور ذاتي غير كافٍ واحتياطي استجابة الحاكم. في مثل هذه الحالة، قد تسفر الطوارئ الكبيرة عن معدل غير مرغوب فيه لتغيير التردد (ROCOF) وانحراف التردد. للتغلب على هذه المشكلة، يمكن أن يكون نشر ESS، أي تخزين الطاقة المغناطيسية فائق التوصيل (SMES) ونظام تخزين طاقة البطارية (BESS) حلاً جديرًا بالاهتمام. نظرًا لأن هذه الأجهزة مكلفة، فإن حجمها المناسب ونهجها التشغيلي أمران حاسمان. لذلك، في هذه الورقة، يتم اشتقاق التعبيرات التحليلية للعثور على الحد الأدنى من تقييمات الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة و BESS. ولهذه الغاية، يتم أخذ انحراف تردد النظام و ROCOF والاستجابة بالقصور الذاتي واستجابة المحافظ في الاعتبار. كما يتم اقتراح استراتيجية تشغيلية منسقة للحفاظ على كفاية استجابة التردد وتقليل انخفاض حمل التردد حيث يتم تشغيل الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة عندما يحل ROCOF للنظام محل حد معين ويتم تنشيط BESS بسبب تجاوز تردد النظام لعتبة محددة مسبقًا. يتم استكشاف أداء الاستراتيجية المقترحة في شبكة منخفضة القصور الذاتي تحت اختراق كبير للرياح مع الأخذ في الاعتبار عدة مستويات مختلفة لاختراق الرياح. أيضًا، يتم التحقق من صحة النتائج مقابل نهجين موجودين. تكشف نتائج المحاكاة أن المنهجية المقترحة تعزز بشكل كبير استجابة التردد في ظروف التشغيل المختلفة.

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    Authors: null Nahid-Al-Masood; Md. Nahid Haque Shazon; Shohana Rahman Deeba; Seema Rani Modak;

    El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es desarrollar una metodología de reducción de carga para mejorar la respuesta de frecuencia de las redes de baja inercia mediante la consecución de una estabilidad de tensión satisfactoria. En los últimos tiempos, la integración de la energía eólica ha aumentado considerablemente en muchas redes eléctricas. En consecuencia, las máquinas síncronas convencionales están siendo reemplazadas desde el envío. A diferencia de las máquinas síncronas tradicionales, los aerogeneradores de velocidad variable no suelen participar en la regulación de frecuencia sin un mecanismo de control complementario. Durante la penetración sustancial del viento, un sistema de energía puede tener un pequeño número de máquinas síncronas en línea. Como resultado, la inercia síncrona y la reserva sensible del regulador se reducen significativamente. En tal situación, un sistema tiene que confiar en el desprendimiento de carga como última línea de defensa para rescatar la frecuencia del sistema después de una gran contingencia. Sin embargo, la estrategia convencional de desprendimiento de carga por subfrecuencia (UFLS) puede conducir a una mayor desviación de frecuencia y una mayor cantidad de corte de carga en ciertos casos. En este documento se presenta una nueva metodología de reducción de carga para superar este desafío. A diferencia de la técnica UFLS convencional, se aplica una mayor proporción de desprendimiento de carga a buses relativamente más débiles en términos de estabilidad de voltaje en el mecanismo propuesto. Con base en el margen de potencia reactiva, que es un índice para especificar la estabilidad del voltaje, se deriva una expresión general para cuantificar la pérdida de carga. Asimismo, se asegura la adaptabilidad de la estrategia propuesta a diversos niveles de carga. Más adelante, se exploran los rendimientos de la estrategia desarrollada en una red de pruebas dominada por el viento de baja inercia. Las simulaciones se ejecutan considerando varios niveles de penetración de energía eólica y para dos contingencias severas: pérdida de interconexión de 550 MW y pérdida de interconexión de 650 MW. Las investigaciones revelan que la metodología de reducción de carga propuesta garantiza una respuesta de frecuencia satisfactoria en todos los casos de simulación. Además, la técnica desarrollada produce menos desviación de frecuencia y corte de carga en comparación con el mecanismo UFLS convencional. Por lo tanto, se encuentra que el esquema de desprendimiento de carga informado es más competente para mantener simultáneamente las estabilidades de frecuencia y voltaje en sistemas de energía dominados por energías renovables. L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est de développer une méthodologie de délestage pour améliorer la réponse en fréquence des grilles à faible inertie en atteignant une stabilité de tension satisfaisante. Ces derniers temps, l'intégration de l'énergie éolienne a considérablement augmenté dans de nombreux réseaux électriques. Par conséquent, les machines synchrones conventionnelles sont remplacées dès l'expédition. Contrairement aux machines synchrones traditionnelles, les aérogénérateurs à vitesse variable ne participent généralement pas à la régulation de fréquence sans mécanisme de commande supplémentaire. Pendant une pénétration importante du vent, un système électrique peut avoir un petit nombre de machines synchrones en ligne. En conséquence, l'inertie synchrone et la réserve réactive du régulateur diminuent considérablement. Dans une telle situation, un système doit compter sur le délestage comme dernière ligne de défense pour sauver la fréquence du système après une grande éventualité. Cependant, la stratégie conventionnelle de délestage de charge sous fréquence (UFLS) peut entraîner une déviation de fréquence plus importante et une réduction de charge plus importante dans certains cas. Une nouvelle méthodologie de délestage est présentée dans cet article pour surmonter ce défi. Contrairement à la technique UFLS conventionnelle, une proportion plus élevée de délestage est appliquée à des bus relativement plus faibles en termes de stabilité de tension dans le mécanisme proposé. Sur la base de la marge de puissance réactive, qui est un indice pour spécifier la stabilité de la tension, une expression générale pour quantifier le délestage est dérivée. En outre, l'adaptabilité de la stratégie proposée à différents niveaux de charge est assurée. Plus tard, les performances de la stratégie développée sont explorées dans un réseau d'essai à faible inertie dominé par le vent. Des simulations sont exécutées en tenant compte de divers niveaux de pénétration de l'énergie éolienne et pour deux éventualités graves - perte d'interconnexion de 550 MW et perte d'interconnexion de 650 MW. Les investigations révèlent que la méthodologie de délestage proposée assure une réponse en fréquence satisfaisante dans tous les cas de simulation. En outre, la technique développée produit moins d'écart de fréquence et de réduction de charge par rapport au mécanisme UFLS conventionnel. Par conséquent, le schéma de délestage signalé s'avère plus compétent pour maintenir simultanément les stabilités de fréquence et de tension dans les systèmes électriques à prédominance renouvelable. The aim of this research work is to develop a load shedding methodology to improve the frequency response of low inertia grids by attaining satisfactory voltage stability. In recent times, wind energy integration has considerably increased in many power grids. Consequently, conventional synchronous machines are being replaced from dispatch. Unlike traditional synchronous machines, variable speed wind turbine generators usually do not take part in frequency regulation without supplementary control mechanism. During substantial wind penetration, a power system may have a small number of online synchronous machines. As a result, synchronous inertia and governor responsive reserve significantly reduce. Under such situation, a system has to rely on load shedding as a last line of defense to rescue the system frequency following a large contingency. However, the conventional Under-Frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) strategy may lead to larger frequency deviation and higher amount of load cut in certain cases. A new load shedding methodology is presented in this paper to overcome this challenge. Unlike conventional UFLS technique, higher proportion of load shedding is applied to relatively weaker buses in terms of voltage stability in the proposed mechanism. Based on reactive power margin, which is an index to specify voltage stability, a general expression to quantify load shedding is derived. Also, the adaptability of the proposed strategy to various load levels is ensured. Later on, performances of the developed strategy are explored in a low inertia wind dominated test network. Simulations are executed considering various penetration levels of wind power and for two severe contingencies - loss of 550 MW interconnection and loss of 650 MW interconnection. Investigations reveal that the proposed load shedding methodology ensures satisfactory frequency response in all simulation cases. Also, the developed technique yields less frequency deviation and load cut compared to the conventional UFLS mechanism. Therefore, the reported load shedding scheme is found to be more competent to concurrently maintain frequency and voltage stabilities in renewable dominated power systems. الهدف من هذا العمل البحثي هو تطوير منهجية التخلص من الحمل لتحسين استجابة التردد لشبكات القصور الذاتي المنخفضة من خلال تحقيق استقرار الجهد المرضي. في الآونة الأخيرة، زاد تكامل طاقة الرياح بشكل كبير في العديد من شبكات الطاقة. وبالتالي، يتم استبدال الآلات المتزامنة التقليدية من الإرسال. على عكس الآلات المتزامنة التقليدية، لا تشارك مولدات توربينات الرياح متغيرة السرعة عادة في تنظيم التردد دون آلية تحكم تكميلية. أثناء اختراق الرياح بشكل كبير، قد يحتوي نظام الطاقة على عدد صغير من الآلات المتزامنة عبر الإنترنت. ونتيجة لذلك، فإن الجمود المتزامن والاحتياطي المستجيب للمحافظين يقلان بشكل كبير. في ظل هذه الحالة، يجب أن يعتمد النظام على التخلص من الحمل كخط دفاع أخير لإنقاذ تردد النظام بعد حدوث طوارئ كبيرة. ومع ذلك، قد تؤدي الاستراتيجية التقليدية لإلقاء الأحمال تحت التردد (UFLS) إلى انحراف أكبر في التردد وكمية أعلى من خفض الحمل في بعض الحالات. يتم تقديم منهجية جديدة لإلقاء الأحمال في هذه الورقة للتغلب على هذا التحدي. على عكس تقنية UFLS التقليدية، يتم تطبيق نسبة أعلى من سفك الحمل على الحافلات الأضعف نسبيًا من حيث استقرار الجهد في الآلية المقترحة. بناءً على هامش القدرة التفاعلية، وهو مؤشر لتحديد استقرار الجهد، يتم اشتقاق تعبير عام لتحديد كمية سفك الحمل. كما يتم ضمان قدرة الاستراتيجية المقترحة على التكيف مع مستويات الحمل المختلفة. في وقت لاحق، يتم استكشاف أداء الاستراتيجية المطورة في شبكة اختبار تهيمن عليها الرياح منخفضة القصور الذاتي. يتم تنفيذ عمليات المحاكاة مع الأخذ في الاعتبار مستويات الاختراق المختلفة لطاقة الرياح وحالتين طارئتين شديدتين - فقدان 550 ميجاوات من التوصيل البيني وفقدان 650 ميجاوات من التوصيل البيني. تكشف التحقيقات أن منهجية التخلص من الأحمال المقترحة تضمن استجابة ترددية مرضية في جميع حالات المحاكاة. كما أن التقنية المطورة تنتج انحرافًا أقل في التردد وخفضًا في الحمل مقارنة بآلية UFLS التقليدية. لذلك، تم العثور على مخطط التخلص من الحمل المبلغ عنه ليكون أكثر كفاءة للحفاظ في وقت واحد على ثبات التردد والجهد في أنظمة الطاقة التي تهيمن عليها الطاقة المتجددة.

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    Authors: Lucas Richard; Nahid‐Al Masood; Tapan Kumar Saha; Wayes Tushar; +1 Authors

    La intensidad del sistema (también conocida como rendimiento en cortocircuito) indica la capacidad de un sistema de alimentación para recuperar una falla. La integración de la energía renovable en las redes eléctricas provoca el reemplazo y la retirada de los generadores síncronos de la flota de generación, lo que tiende a reducir la resistencia del sistema. Como tal, un número predefinido de generadores síncronos se mantienen intencionalmente en línea para garantizar una resistencia adecuada del sistema en algunos sistemas de energía (por ejemplo, Australia Meridional). Resulta en la reducción de la energía eólica, lo que eventualmente introduce preocupaciones financieras. Para mitigar este problema, los condensadores síncronos pueden ser una opción que valga la pena. Estos dispositivos contribuyen al nivel de falla y proporcionan soporte de voltaje para mejorar la resistencia del sistema. Dado que los condensadores síncronos son costosos, la mejor estrategia para su asignación es una consulta importante para investigar. Para abordar esta preocupación, este documento propone un algoritmo de optimización para asignar condensadores síncronos para mejorar la resistencia del sistema en un sistema de energía dominado por el viento teniendo en cuenta la rentabilidad económica a largo plazo de la instalación de condensadores síncronos. Los cálculos de resistencia del sistema se basan en simulaciones dinámicas en el dominio del tiempo con modelos dinámicos que incluyen el límite de saturación de corriente de los convertidores de electrónica de potencia de los parques eólicos. El algoritmo de optimización propuesto proporciona la solución más viable desde el punto de vista técnico y económico para mejorar la resistencia del sistema mediante el uso de condensadores síncronos. La force du système (également connue sous le nom de performance de court-circuit) indique la capacité d'un système d'alimentation à récupérer un défaut. L'intégration des énergies renouvelables dans les réseaux électriques entraîne le remplacement et le retrait des générateurs synchrones du parc de production, ce qui tend à réduire la force du système. En tant que tel, un nombre prédéfini de générateurs synchrones sont intentionnellement maintenus en ligne pour assurer une résistance adéquate du système dans certains systèmes d'alimentation (par exemple, en Australie-Méridionale). Il en résulte une réduction de l'énergie éolienne qui finit par introduire des préoccupations financières. Pour atténuer ce problème, les condenseurs synchrones peuvent être un choix intéressant. Ces dispositifs contribuent au niveau de défaut et fournissent un support de tension pour améliorer la résistance du système. Étant donné que les condenseurs synchrones sont coûteux, la meilleure stratégie pour leur attribution est une question majeure à étudier. Pour répondre à cette préoccupation, cet article propose un algorithme d'optimisation pour allouer des condenseurs synchrones afin d'améliorer la résistance du système dans un système d'énergie éolienne en tenant compte de la rentabilité économique à long terme de l'installation de condenseurs synchrones. Les calculs de résistance du système sont basés sur des simulations dynamiques dans le domaine temporel avec des modèles dynamiques qui incluent la limite de saturation actuelle des convertisseurs d'électronique de puissance des parcs éoliens. L'algorithme d'optimisation proposé fournit la solution la plus techniquement et économiquement viable pour améliorer la résistance du système en utilisant des condensateurs synchrones. System strength (also known as short-circuit performance) indicates the capability of a power system to recover a fault. Renewable energy integration in power grids causes replacement and retirement of synchronous generators from generation fleet, which tends to reduce system strength. As such, a pre-defined number of synchronous generators are intentionally kept online to ensure adequate system strength in some power systems (e.g. South Australia). It results in the curtailment of wind power which eventually introduces financial concerns. To mitigate this issue, synchronous condensers can be a worthwhile choice. These devices contribute to fault level and provide voltage support to enhance system strength. Since synchronous condensers are costly, the best strategy for their allocation is a major query to investigate. To address this concern, this paper proposes an optimisation algorithm to allocate synchronous condensers to enhance system strength in a wind dominated power system by taking into account the long-term economic profitability of synchronous condensers installation. System strength calculations are based on Time Domain Dynamic Simulations with dynamic models which include current saturation limit of power electronics converters of wind farms. The proposed optimisation algorithm provides the most technically as well as economically viable solution to enhance system strength by utilising synchronous condensers. تشير قوة النظام (المعروفة أيضًا باسم أداء الدائرة القصيرة) إلى قدرة نظام الطاقة على استعادة الخطأ. يتسبب تكامل الطاقة المتجددة في شبكات الطاقة في استبدال المولدات المتزامنة وانسحابها من أسطول التوليد، مما يميل إلى تقليل قوة النظام. على هذا النحو، يتم الاحتفاظ عن قصد بعدد محدد مسبقًا من المولدات المتزامنة عبر الإنترنت لضمان قوة النظام الكافية في بعض أنظمة الطاقة (مثل جنوب أستراليا). ويؤدي ذلك إلى تقليص طاقة الرياح مما يؤدي في النهاية إلى مخاوف مالية. للتخفيف من هذه المشكلة، يمكن أن تكون المكثفات المتزامنة خيارًا جديرًا بالاهتمام. تساهم هذه الأجهزة في مستوى الخطأ وتوفر دعمًا للجهد لتعزيز قوة النظام. نظرًا لأن المكثفات المتزامنة مكلفة، فإن أفضل استراتيجية لتخصيصها هي استفسار رئيسي للتحقيق فيه. لمعالجة هذا القلق، تقترح هذه الورقة خوارزمية تحسين لتخصيص مكثفات متزامنة لتعزيز قوة النظام في نظام طاقة تهيمن عليه الرياح من خلال مراعاة الربحية الاقتصادية طويلة الأجل لتركيب المكثفات المتزامنة. تعتمد حسابات قوة النظام على المحاكاة الديناميكية للنطاق الزمني مع النماذج الديناميكية التي تشمل حد التشبع الحالي لمحولات إلكترونيات الطاقة لمزارع الرياح. توفر خوارزمية التحسين المقترحة الحل الأكثر قابلية للتطبيق تقنيًا واقتصاديًا لتعزيز قوة النظام من خلال استخدام المكثفات المتزامنة.

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    Authors: Md. Nahid Haque Shazon; null Nahid-Al-Masood; Atik Jawad;

    Due to the prolific integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) worldwide, power system dynamics have been altered extensively. Conventionally, the rotating mass of the Synchronous Generators (SGs) used to supply the stored kinetic energy following a generation deficit. However, because of widespread installation of RES, these conventional SGs are being displaced. As the RES do not necessarily contribute to system inertia without additional control loops, the inertia of the overall system is becoming insignificant. These low-inertia power systems are much more vulnerable to various disturbances and uncertainties associated with modern power grids. As such, low-inertia grids are suffering from challenges such as higher rate of change of frequency (ROCOF), larger frequency deviation, distributed PV trip, distributed generator trip and so on. To counter these new challenges, hidden inertia emulation, synthetic inertia utilization and emulated inertia from various sources are being suggested in recent literatures. This paper intends to present a detailed discussion on power system frequency control challenges in RES dominated grids. In addition, a comprehensive review of possible countermeasures for frequency control in low-inertia power systems from generation and transmission perspectives and future research scopes are discussed in this paper.

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    Authors: Nahid‐Al Masood; Atik Jawad; Kazi Toukir Ahmed; Sk. Razibul Islam; +1 Authors

    Este documento resuelve el problema de la colocación óptima de los condensadores de derivación en la región norte de la red de transmisión de Bangladesh. Durante un evento de aumento de red como una condición de carga reactiva inductiva muy alta, el perfil de voltaje debilitado de los buses se puede compensar mediante la asignación óptima de los bancos de condensadores. En este sentido, el objetivo de este problema es minimizar los costes asociados con los bancos de condensadores, las pérdidas del sistema de transmisión y la mejora del perfil de tensión al tiempo que se satisfacen diversas limitaciones. Se introduce el método de programación lineal de enteros mixtos para el problema de optimización discreta de la colocación de condensadores en el sistema de transmisión para la minimización de costos y la mejora del perfil de voltaje. En esta formulación propuesta, se tiene en cuenta la magnitud del voltaje dependiente de la sensibilidad para la selección de buses candidatos. También se muestra que el perfil de tensión depende linealmente de la carga reactiva. Por lo tanto, el modelado de carga se realiza con cuidado para obtener una imagen más realista de los resultados generales. La metodología propuesta produce un número entero de condensadores de tamaños particulares que se colocarán en los buses más adecuados. Además, el enfoque propuesto se aplica al sistema de bus IEEE 39 y al sistema de transmisión real de bus 33 de la región norte del sistema de energía de Bangladesh. Además, también se realiza una comparación exhaustiva del rendimiento con un método de colocación de condensadores de última generación existente para su validación. Los resultados de la simulación demuestran que la metodología propuesta es capaz de producir una solución optimizada a la vez que mitiga con éxito el problema de la baja tensión. Además, el enfoque propuesto muestra un perfil de voltaje mejorado de los buses a un tamaño de soporte reactivo reducido que el enfoque existente. Cet article résout le problème du placement optimal des condensateurs shunt dans la région nord du réseau de transport du Bangladesh. Lors d'un événement d'augmentation de réseau comme une condition de charge réactive inductive très élevée, le profil de tension affaibli des bus peut être compensé par une allocation optimale des batteries de condensateurs. À cet égard, l'objectif de ce problème est de minimiser les coûts associés aux batteries de condensateurs, aux pertes du réseau de transport et à l'amélioration du profil de tension tout en satisfaisant diverses contraintes. La méthode de programmation linéaire à nombres entiers mixtes est introduite pour le problème d'optimisation discrète du placement de condensateurs dans le système de transmission pour la minimisation des coûts et l'amélioration du profil de tension. Dans cette formulation proposée, l'amplitude de la tension dépendante de la sensibilité est prise en compte pour la sélection des bus candidats. Il est également montré que le profil de tension dépend linéairement de la charge réactive. Par conséquent, la modélisation de la charge est effectuée avec soin pour obtenir une image plus réaliste des résultats globaux. La méthodologie proposée donne un nombre entier de condensateurs de tailles particulières à placer sur les bus les mieux adaptés. En outre, l'approche proposée est appliquée au système de bus IEEE 39 et au système de transmission réel à 33 bus de la région nord du système électrique du Bangladesh. En outre, une comparaison approfondie des performances avec une méthode de placement de condensateur existante de pointe est également effectuée pour validation. Les résultats de la simulation démontrent que la méthodologie proposée est capable de produire une solution optimisée tout en atténuant avec succès le problème de basse tension. De plus, l'approche proposée montre un profil de tension amélioré des bus à une taille de support réactif réduite par rapport à l'approche existante. This paper solves the problem of optimal placement of shunt capacitors in the northern region of Bangladesh transmission network. During network augmentation event like very high inductive reactive load condition, the weakened voltage profile of the buses can be compensated by optimum allocation of the capacitor banks. In this regard, the aim of this problem is to minimise the costs associated with capacitor banks, transmission system losses and voltage profile improvement whilst satisfying various constraints. Mixed integer linear programming method is introduced for the discrete optimisation problem of placing capacitors in transmission system for cost minimisation and voltage profile improvement. In this proposed formulation, sensitivity dependent voltage magnitude is taken into account for the selection of candidate buses. It is also shown that voltage profile is linearly dependent on reactive load. Therefore, load modelling is done carefully to get a more realistic image of the overall outcomes. The proposed methodology yields integer number of capacitors of particular sizes to be placed on best suited buses. In addition, the proposed approach is applied to IEEE 39 bus system and 33 bus real transmission system of northern region of Bangladesh power system Furthermore, a thorough performance comparison with an existing state-of-the-art capacitor placement method is also performed for validation. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methodology is capable of producing optimised solution while successfully mitigating the low voltage issue. Moreover, the proposed approach shows enhanced voltage profile of the buses at a reduced reactive support size than the existing approach. تحل هذه الورقة مشكلة الوضع الأمثل للمكثفات التحويلية في المنطقة الشمالية من شبكة نقل بنغلاديش. أثناء حدث زيادة الشبكة مثل حالة الحمل التفاعلي الاستقرائي المرتفع للغاية، يمكن تعويض ملف تعريف الجهد الضعيف للحافلات عن طريق التخصيص الأمثل لضفاف المكثفات. في هذا الصدد، فإن الهدف من هذه المشكلة هو تقليل التكاليف المرتبطة ببنوك المكثفات وفقدان نظام النقل وتحسين ملف تعريف الجهد مع تلبية القيود المختلفة. يتم إدخال طريقة البرمجة الخطية المختلطة للأعداد الصحيحة لمشكلة التحسين المنفصلة لوضع المكثفات في نظام النقل لتقليل التكلفة وتحسين ملف تعريف الجهد. في هذه الصيغة المقترحة، يؤخذ حجم الجهد المعتمد على الحساسية في الاعتبار لاختيار الحافلات المرشحة. ويظهر أيضًا أن ملف تعريف الجهد يعتمد خطيًا على الحمل التفاعلي. لذلك، تتم نمذجة الحمل بعناية للحصول على صورة أكثر واقعية للنتائج الإجمالية. تنتج المنهجية المقترحة عددًا صحيحًا من المكثفات ذات أحجام معينة ليتم وضعها في الحافلات الأنسب. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم تطبيق النهج المقترح على نظام ناقل IEEE 39 و 33 نظام نقل حقيقي للحافلات في المنطقة الشمالية من نظام الطاقة في بنغلاديش علاوة على ذلك، يتم أيضًا إجراء مقارنة أداء شاملة مع طريقة وضع المكثفات الحديثة الحالية للتحقق من صحتها. تُظهر نتائج المحاكاة أن المنهجية المقترحة قادرة على إنتاج حل أمثل مع التخفيف بنجاح من مشكلة الجهد المنخفض. علاوة على ذلك، يُظهر النهج المقترح ملف تعريف الجهد المحسن للحافلات بحجم دعم تفاعلي مخفض مقارنة بالنهج الحالي.

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    Energy Reports
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    Authors: Iftekharul Islam Emon; Asikur Rahman Jowel; Atik Jawad; null Nahid-Al-Masood;

    The frequency performance of a power grid is effectively maintained through the utilization of inertia and power reserve provided by synchronous generators. The growing concerns surrounding global warming and the greenhouse effect have led to a significant increase in the integration of wind energy into the grid. But the system may face frequency instability following a contingency due to lack of sufficient inertia and headroom of wind generators. Therefore, the grid operator may require shedding some loads to prevent the system from severe frequency excursion. In this paper, we have estimated proper amount of load shedding through the formulation of analytical expression that will keep a highly wind penetrated & Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) integrated system stable. For this purpose, the maximum amount of wind power penetration level (WPPL) is first calculated using a fast analytical approach which utilizes two frequency response performance metrics, frequency nadir and Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF). In scenarios where the wind penetration level exceeds the calculated allowable threshold, it becomes necessary to implement load shedding measures following a contingency event. After installation of BESS, grid frequency response is much enhanced, hence, the required load shedding amount is also different. Therefore, we have derived an analytical expression for a quick measurement of frequency response enhancement attained by BESS. Finally, a frequency nadir-based load shedding scheme, being the goal of this paper, is proposed for a heavily wind penetrated grid with BESS, using the previously derived expression, to retain the grid at its nominal operating condition following a severe contingency. Our proposed scheme incorporates an analytical method to prevent over load shed. We have used DIgSILENT PowerFactory to validate our proposed analytical approaches through dynamic simulation. Results obtained from the proposed approaches nearly resemble the simulated one. Hence, this paper can help generating simplified yet effective models to conduct analysis on a wind integrated grid. This paper can also be regarded as a guide to ensure a wind penetrated resilient grid in view of frequency stability.

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    Authors: Nahid-Al- Masood; Atik Jawad; Satyaki Banik;
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    Sustainable Energy Grids and Networks
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    Les systèmes photovoltaïques, l'un des principaux systèmes d'énergie renouvelable (SER), s'intègrent dans les réseaux électriques conventionnels à grande échelle, en remplaçant les générateurs synchrones. Cependant, les systèmes photovoltaïques manquent intrinsèquement d'inertie et ne peuvent fournir aucune puissance de réserve. Par conséquent, le réseau intégré photovoltaïque à grande échelle est confronté à de graves problèmes d'instabilité de fréquence à la suite d'un événement de déclenchement synchrone du générateur. Bien que divers types de systèmes de stockage externes soient utilisés pour améliorer la réponse en fréquence, ils posent des défis économiques importants pour les opérateurs de réseau. Les systèmes photovoltaïques chargés, d'autre part, peuvent aider à améliorer la stabilité de fréquence sans aucun mécanisme de soutien externe. Afin de maintenir la stabilité de fréquence avec un minimum de dépenses, une estimation précise du pourcentage de déchargement des systèmes photovoltaïques est nécessaire. À cette fin, cet article propose une nouvelle méthodologie d'estimation des pourcentages de déchargement appropriés pour les systèmes photovoltaïques en termes de paramètres de réponse en fréquence, en utilisant l'analyse de régression linéaire multiple (MLRA). Des simulations sont effectuées pour différents niveaux de pénétration PV sur le système de test de bus IEEE 39 modifié. En outre, une comparaison approfondie des performances du réseau PV intégré déchargé avec le réseau PV intégré installé du système de stockage d'énergie par batterie (BESS) et du condensateur synchrone (SC) est effectuée. Les résultats appuient la faisabilité de notre méthode, permettant une estimation précise et justifiant le déploiement de systèmes photovoltaïques déchargés connectés au réseau. Les systèmes photovoltaïques déchargés surpassent également d'autres mécanismes de soutien en termes de performance. De plus, ils fournissent des informations sur la façon dont le pourcentage de déchargement requis diminue avec l'augmentation de la pénétration du photovoltaïque. Ce document peut être utilisé comme guide pour les concepteurs de réseaux afin de s'assurer que les systèmes photovoltaïques sont correctement déchargés pour maintenir la stabilité de fréquence dans les réseaux intégrés photovoltaïques à grande échelle. Los sistemas fotovoltaicos, uno de los principales sistemas de energía renovable (FER), se están integrando en las redes eléctricas convencionales a gran escala, sustituyendo a los generadores síncronos. Sin embargo, los sistemas fotovoltaicos carecen de inercia inherentemente y no pueden proporcionar ninguna potencia de reserva. En consecuencia, la red integrada fotovoltaica a gran escala se enfrenta a graves problemas de inestabilidad de frecuencia después de un evento de disparo síncrono del generador. Aunque se utilizan varios tipos de sistemas de almacenamiento externo para mejorar la respuesta de frecuencia, plantean desafíos económicos sustanciales para los operadores de la red. Los sistemas fotovoltaicos recargados, por otro lado, pueden ayudar a mejorar la estabilidad de la frecuencia sin ningún mecanismo de soporte externo. Para mantener la estabilidad de la frecuencia con un gasto mínimo, se requiere una estimación precisa del porcentaje de descarga de los sistemas fotovoltaicos. Con este fin, este documento propone una metodología novedosa para estimar los porcentajes de descarga apropiados para los sistemas fotovoltaicos en términos de parámetros de respuesta de frecuencia, utilizando el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple (MLRA). Se realizan simulaciones para diferentes niveles de penetración fotovoltaica en el sistema de prueba de bus IEEE 39 modificado. Además, se realiza una comparación exhaustiva del rendimiento de la red integrada fotovoltaica descargada con el sistema de almacenamiento de energía de la batería (BESS) y la red integrada fotovoltaica instalada por condensador síncrono (SC). Los hallazgos respaldan la viabilidad de nuestro método, lo que permite una estimación precisa y justifica el despliegue de sistemas fotovoltaicos descargados conectados a la red. Los sistemas fotovoltaicos Deloaded también superan a otros mecanismos de soporte en términos de rendimiento. Además, proporcionan información sobre cómo el porcentaje de descarga requerido disminuye con el aumento de la penetración fotovoltaica. Este documento se puede utilizar como una guía para los diseñadores de redes para garantizar que los sistemas fotovoltaicos se descarguen adecuadamente para mantener la estabilidad de la frecuencia en las redes integradas fotovoltaicas a gran escala. Photovoltaic systems, one of the major renewable energy systems (RESs), are getting integrated into conventional power grids in large-scale, substituting synchronous generators. However, PV systems lack inertia inherently and cannot provide any reserve power. Consequently, large-scale PV integrated grid faces severe frequency instability problems following a synchronous generator tripping event. Although various kinds of external storage systems are utilized to improve frequency response, they pose substantial economic challenges for grid operators. Deloaded PV systems, on the other hand, can assist in enhancing frequency stability without any external supporting mechanisms. In order to maintain frequency stability with minimal expenditure, an accurate estimation of the deloading percentage of PV systems is required. To this end, this paper proposes a novel methodology of estimating appropriate deloading percentages for PV systems in terms of frequency response parameters, using multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA). Simulations are conducted for different PV penetration levels on modified IEEE 39 bus test system. Additionally, a thorough performance comparison of deloaded PV integrated grid with both battery energy storage system (BESS) and synchronous condenser (SC) installed PV integrated grid is conducted. The findings support the feasibility of our method, allowing for accurate estimation and justifying the deployment of grid-connected deloaded PV systems. Deloaded PV systems also outperform other supporting mechanisms in terms of performance. Moreover, they provide insights on how the required deloading percentage decreases with increasing PV penetration. This paper can be used as a guide for grid designers to ensure that PV systems are properly deloaded to maintain frequency stability in large-scale PV integrated grids. يتم دمج الأنظمة الكهروضوئية، وهي واحدة من أنظمة الطاقة المتجددة الرئيسية (RESs)، في شبكات الطاقة التقليدية على نطاق واسع، لتحل محل المولدات المتزامنة. ومع ذلك، تفتقر الأنظمة الكهروضوئية إلى الجمود بطبيعتها ولا يمكنها توفير أي طاقة احتياطية. وبالتالي، تواجه الشبكة المتكاملة الكهروضوئية واسعة النطاق مشاكل شديدة في عدم استقرار التردد بعد حدث تعثر المولد المتزامن. على الرغم من استخدام أنواع مختلفة من أنظمة التخزين الخارجية لتحسين استجابة التردد، إلا أنها تشكل تحديات اقتصادية كبيرة لمشغلي الشبكات. من ناحية أخرى، يمكن أن تساعد الأنظمة الكهروضوئية المحملة في تعزيز استقرار التردد دون أي آليات دعم خارجية. من أجل الحفاظ على استقرار التردد مع الحد الأدنى من النفقات، يلزم إجراء تقدير دقيق لنسبة التفريغ للأنظمة الكهروضوئية. ولتحقيق هذه الغاية، تقترح هذه الورقة منهجية جديدة لتقدير نسب التفريغ المناسبة للأنظمة الكهروضوئية من حيث معلمات استجابة التردد، باستخدام تحليل الانحدار الخطي المتعدد (MLRA). يتم إجراء عمليات المحاكاة لمستويات الاختراق الكهروضوئية المختلفة على نظام اختبار ناقل IEEE 39 المعدل. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم إجراء مقارنة أداء شاملة للشبكة المتكاملة الكهروضوئية المحملة مع كل من نظام تخزين طاقة البطارية (BESS) والشبكة المتكاملة الكهروضوئية المثبتة على المكثف المتزامن (SC). تدعم النتائج جدوى طريقتنا، مما يسمح بالتقدير الدقيق وتبرير نشر الأنظمة الكهروضوئية المتصلة بالشبكة. كما تتفوق الأنظمة الكهروضوئية المحملة على آليات الدعم الأخرى من حيث الأداء. علاوة على ذلك، فإنها توفر رؤى حول كيفية انخفاض نسبة التفريغ المطلوبة مع زيادة اختراق الخلايا الكهروضوئية. يمكن استخدام هذه الورقة كدليل لمصممي الشبكات لضمان إزالة الأنظمة الكهروضوئية بشكل صحيح للحفاظ على استقرار التردد في الشبكات الكهروضوئية المتكاملة واسعة النطاق.

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    Energy Reports
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      Energy Reports
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    Authors: Ruifeng Yan; Nahid-Al -Masood; Tapan Kumar Saha; Feifei Bai; +1 Authors

    Over the last decade, many power systems have significantly changed with the proliferation of renewable generation sources, such as wind and solar photovoltaic. Due to their variability and nonsynchronous nature, new challenges and complexities have emerged regarding operational security of modern power systems. The 2016 South Australia (SA) blackout was the first known blackout due to such a high renewable situation. An official report has recently been published to review the causes and provide the corresponding recommendations for improvement of network operation, control, and security. However, there are still a number of critical issues and debates which remain unsolved, such as network bottleneck identification, overvoltage explanation, pole slip concern, frequency dip mystery, and frequency/voltage instability debate. In this paper, based on the reconstruction of the event, these unsettled issues are prudently analyzed to unveil their root causes. In addition, an innovative scheme is proposed to prevent the blackout by identifying the network separation at an early stage. This research will not only further advance the understanding of the 2016 SA blackout, but also will provide valuable guidelines for the management of future renewable-rich networks.

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    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
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    Authors: Wayes Tushar; Tapan Kumar Saha; Chau Yuen; Thomas Morstyn; +3 Authors

    This paper proposes a peer-to-peer energy trading scheme that can help the centralized power system to reduce the total electricity demand of its customers at the peak hour. To do so, a cooperative Stackelberg game is formulated, in which the centralized power system acts as the leader that needs to decide on a price at the peak demand period to incentivize prosumers to not seeking any energy from it. The prosumers, on the other hand, act as followers and respond to the leader's decision by forming suitable coalitions with neighboring prosumers in order to participate in P2P energy trading to meet their energy demand. The properties of the proposed Stackelberg game are studied. It is shown that the game has a unique and stable Stackelberg equilibrium, as a result of the stability of prosumers' coalitions. At the equilibrium, the leader chooses its strategy using a derived closed-form expression, while the prosumers choose their equilibrium coalition structure. An algorithm is proposed that enables the centralized power system and the prosumers to reach the equilibrium solution. Numerical case studies demonstrate the beneficial properties of the proposed scheme. 10 pages, accepted for publication

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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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    Authors: Md. Nahid Haque Shazon; null Nahid-Al-Masood; Hasin Mussayab Ahmed; Shohana Rahman Deeba; +1 Authors

    L'utilisation des systèmes de stockage d'énergie (SSE) pour améliorer la réponse en fréquence d'un système d'énergie à faible inertie est étudiée dans cet article. Une pénétration importante de l'énergie éolienne provoque le remplacement des générateurs synchrones conventionnels dans plusieurs systèmes d'énergie. Les éoliennes à vitesse variable ne contribuent traditionnellement pas à la régulation de la fréquence sans stratégie de contrôle supplémentaire. En conséquence, un réseau électrique dominé par le vent peut avoir une inertie inadéquate et une réserve réactive du régulateur. Dans une telle situation, une grande éventualité peut donner un taux de changement de fréquence (ROCOF) et une déviation de fréquence indésirables. Pour surmonter ce problème, Le déploiement du SSE, à savoir le stockage d'énergie magnétique supraconducteur (PME) et le système de stockage d'énergie par batterie (SSEB), peut être une solution intéressante. Étant donné que ces dispositifs sont coûteux, leur dimensionnement approprié et leur approche opérationnelle sont cruciaux. Par conséquent, dans ce document, des expressions analytiques sont dérivées pour trouver les cotes minimales des PME et du BESS. À cette fin, l'écart de fréquence du système, le ROCOF, la réponse inertielle et la réponse du régulateur sont pris en compte. De plus, une stratégie opérationnelle coordonnée est proposée pour conserver l'adéquation de la réponse en fréquence et minimiser la perte de charge sous fréquence lorsque LES PME sont déclenchées lorsque le ROCOF du système dépasse une certaine limite et que le BESS est activé en raison du dépassement d'un seuil prédéfini par la fréquence du système. La performance de la stratégie proposée est explorée dans un réseau à faible inertie sous une pénétration importante du vent, compte tenu de plusieurs niveaux de pénétration du vent différents. De plus, les résultats sont validés par rapport à deux approches existantes. Les résultats de la simulation révèlent que la méthodologie proposée améliore considérablement la réponse en fréquence dans diverses conditions de fonctionnement. La utilización de sistemas de almacenamiento de energía (ESS) para mejorar la respuesta de frecuencia de un sistema de energía de baja inercia se investiga en este artículo. La penetración sustancial de la energía eólica está causando el reemplazo de generadores síncronos convencionales en varios sistemas de energía. Las máquinas eólicas de velocidad variable tradicionalmente no contribuyen a la regulación de frecuencia sin una estrategia de control adicional. Como resultado, una red eléctrica dominada por el viento puede tener una inercia inadecuada y una reserva de respuesta del gobernador. En tal situación, una gran contingencia puede producir una tasa de cambio de frecuencia (ROCOF) y una desviación de frecuencia indeseables. Para superar este problema, el despliegue de ESS, a saber, el almacenamiento de energía magnética superconductora (SME) y el sistema de almacenamiento de energía de batería (BESS) puede ser una solución que valga la pena. Dado que estos dispositivos son costosos, su tamaño adecuado y su enfoque operativo son cruciales. Por lo tanto, en este documento, se derivan expresiones analíticas para encontrar las calificaciones mínimas de SME y BESS. Para ello, se tienen en cuenta la desviación de frecuencia del sistema, el ROCOF, la respuesta inercial y la respuesta del gobernador. También, se propone una estrategia operativa coordinada para mantener la adecuación de la respuesta de frecuencia y minimizar el desprendimiento de carga de frecuencia cuando se desencadena SME cuando el sistema ROCOF supera un cierto límite y BESS se activa debido a que la frecuencia del sistema supera un umbral preestablecido. El rendimiento de la estrategia propuesta se explora en una red de baja inercia bajo una penetración de viento sustancial considerando varios niveles de penetración de viento diferentes. Además, los resultados se validan contra dos enfoques existentes. Los resultados de la simulación revelan que la metodología propuesta mejora considerablemente la respuesta de frecuencia en diversas condiciones de operación. The utilization of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) for improving the frequency response of a low inertia power system is investigated in this article.Substantial wind power penetration is causing the replacement of conventional synchronous generators in several power systems.Variable speed wind machines traditionally do not contribute to frequency regulation without additional control strategy.As a result, a wind dominated power grid may have inadequate inertia and governor responsive reserve.In such situation, a large contingency may yield undesirable Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) and frequency deviation.To overcome this problem, deployment of ESS, namely, Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) can be a worthwhile solution.Since these devices are costly, their appropriate sizing and operational approach are crucial.Therefore, in this paper, analytical expressions are derived to find the minimum ratings of SMES and BESS.To this end, system frequency deviation, ROCOF, inertial response and governor response are taken into account.Also, a coordinated operational strategy is proposed to retain frequency response adequacy and minimize under frequency load shedding where SMES is triggered when system ROCOF supersedes a certain limit and BESS is activated due to system frequency surpassing a preset threshold.The performance of the proposed strategy is explored in a low inertia network under substantial wind penetration considering several different wind penetration levels.Also, the results are validated against two existing approaches.Simulation results reveal that the proposed methodology considerably enhances the frequency response in various operating conditions. يتم التحقيق في استخدام أنظمة تخزين الطاقة (ESS) لتحسين استجابة التردد لنظام طاقة منخفض القصور الذاتي في هذه المقالة. يتسبب اختراق طاقة الرياح الكبير في استبدال المولدات المتزامنة التقليدية في العديد من أنظمة الطاقة. لا تساهم آلات الرياح ذات السرعة المتغيرة تقليديًا في تنظيم التردد دون استراتيجية تحكم إضافية. ونتيجة لذلك، قد يكون لشبكة الطاقة التي تهيمن عليها الرياح قصور ذاتي غير كافٍ واحتياطي استجابة الحاكم. في مثل هذه الحالة، قد تسفر الطوارئ الكبيرة عن معدل غير مرغوب فيه لتغيير التردد (ROCOF) وانحراف التردد. للتغلب على هذه المشكلة، يمكن أن يكون نشر ESS، أي تخزين الطاقة المغناطيسية فائق التوصيل (SMES) ونظام تخزين طاقة البطارية (BESS) حلاً جديرًا بالاهتمام. نظرًا لأن هذه الأجهزة مكلفة، فإن حجمها المناسب ونهجها التشغيلي أمران حاسمان. لذلك، في هذه الورقة، يتم اشتقاق التعبيرات التحليلية للعثور على الحد الأدنى من تقييمات الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة و BESS. ولهذه الغاية، يتم أخذ انحراف تردد النظام و ROCOF والاستجابة بالقصور الذاتي واستجابة المحافظ في الاعتبار. كما يتم اقتراح استراتيجية تشغيلية منسقة للحفاظ على كفاية استجابة التردد وتقليل انخفاض حمل التردد حيث يتم تشغيل الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة عندما يحل ROCOF للنظام محل حد معين ويتم تنشيط BESS بسبب تجاوز تردد النظام لعتبة محددة مسبقًا. يتم استكشاف أداء الاستراتيجية المقترحة في شبكة منخفضة القصور الذاتي تحت اختراق كبير للرياح مع الأخذ في الاعتبار عدة مستويات مختلفة لاختراق الرياح. أيضًا، يتم التحقق من صحة النتائج مقابل نهجين موجودين. تكشف نتائج المحاكاة أن المنهجية المقترحة تعزز بشكل كبير استجابة التردد في ظروف التشغيل المختلفة.

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    Authors: null Nahid-Al-Masood; Md. Nahid Haque Shazon; Shohana Rahman Deeba; Seema Rani Modak;

    El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es desarrollar una metodología de reducción de carga para mejorar la respuesta de frecuencia de las redes de baja inercia mediante la consecución de una estabilidad de tensión satisfactoria. En los últimos tiempos, la integración de la energía eólica ha aumentado considerablemente en muchas redes eléctricas. En consecuencia, las máquinas síncronas convencionales están siendo reemplazadas desde el envío. A diferencia de las máquinas síncronas tradicionales, los aerogeneradores de velocidad variable no suelen participar en la regulación de frecuencia sin un mecanismo de control complementario. Durante la penetración sustancial del viento, un sistema de energía puede tener un pequeño número de máquinas síncronas en línea. Como resultado, la inercia síncrona y la reserva sensible del regulador se reducen significativamente. En tal situación, un sistema tiene que confiar en el desprendimiento de carga como última línea de defensa para rescatar la frecuencia del sistema después de una gran contingencia. Sin embargo, la estrategia convencional de desprendimiento de carga por subfrecuencia (UFLS) puede conducir a una mayor desviación de frecuencia y una mayor cantidad de corte de carga en ciertos casos. En este documento se presenta una nueva metodología de reducción de carga para superar este desafío. A diferencia de la técnica UFLS convencional, se aplica una mayor proporción de desprendimiento de carga a buses relativamente más débiles en términos de estabilidad de voltaje en el mecanismo propuesto. Con base en el margen de potencia reactiva, que es un índice para especificar la estabilidad del voltaje, se deriva una expresión general para cuantificar la pérdida de carga. Asimismo, se asegura la adaptabilidad de la estrategia propuesta a diversos niveles de carga. Más adelante, se exploran los rendimientos de la estrategia desarrollada en una red de pruebas dominada por el viento de baja inercia. Las simulaciones se ejecutan considerando varios niveles de penetración de energía eólica y para dos contingencias severas: pérdida de interconexión de 550 MW y pérdida de interconexión de 650 MW. Las investigaciones revelan que la metodología de reducción de carga propuesta garantiza una respuesta de frecuencia satisfactoria en todos los casos de simulación. Además, la técnica desarrollada produce menos desviación de frecuencia y corte de carga en comparación con el mecanismo UFLS convencional. Por lo tanto, se encuentra que el esquema de desprendimiento de carga informado es más competente para mantener simultáneamente las estabilidades de frecuencia y voltaje en sistemas de energía dominados por energías renovables. L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est de développer une méthodologie de délestage pour améliorer la réponse en fréquence des grilles à faible inertie en atteignant une stabilité de tension satisfaisante. Ces derniers temps, l'intégration de l'énergie éolienne a considérablement augmenté dans de nombreux réseaux électriques. Par conséquent, les machines synchrones conventionnelles sont remplacées dès l'expédition. Contrairement aux machines synchrones traditionnelles, les aérogénérateurs à vitesse variable ne participent généralement pas à la régulation de fréquence sans mécanisme de commande supplémentaire. Pendant une pénétration importante du vent, un système électrique peut avoir un petit nombre de machines synchrones en ligne. En conséquence, l'inertie synchrone et la réserve réactive du régulateur diminuent considérablement. Dans une telle situation, un système doit compter sur le délestage comme dernière ligne de défense pour sauver la fréquence du système après une grande éventualité. Cependant, la stratégie conventionnelle de délestage de charge sous fréquence (UFLS) peut entraîner une déviation de fréquence plus importante et une réduction de charge plus importante dans certains cas. Une nouvelle méthodologie de délestage est présentée dans cet article pour surmonter ce défi. Contrairement à la technique UFLS conventionnelle, une proportion plus élevée de délestage est appliquée à des bus relativement plus faibles en termes de stabilité de tension dans le mécanisme proposé. Sur la base de la marge de puissance réactive, qui est un indice pour spécifier la stabilité de la tension, une expression générale pour quantifier le délestage est dérivée. En outre, l'adaptabilité de la stratégie proposée à différents niveaux de charge est assurée. Plus tard, les performances de la stratégie développée sont explorées dans un réseau d'essai à faible inertie dominé par le vent. Des simulations sont exécutées en tenant compte de divers niveaux de pénétration de l'énergie éolienne et pour deux éventualités graves - perte d'interconnexion de 550 MW et perte d'interconnexion de 650 MW. Les investigations révèlent que la méthodologie de délestage proposée assure une réponse en fréquence satisfaisante dans tous les cas de simulation. En outre, la technique développée produit moins d'écart de fréquence et de réduction de charge par rapport au mécanisme UFLS conventionnel. Par conséquent, le schéma de délestage signalé s'avère plus compétent pour maintenir simultanément les stabilités de fréquence et de tension dans les systèmes électriques à prédominance renouvelable. The aim of this research work is to develop a load shedding methodology to improve the frequency response of low inertia grids by attaining satisfactory voltage stability. In recent times, wind energy integration has considerably increased in many power grids. Consequently, conventional synchronous machines are being replaced from dispatch. Unlike traditional synchronous machines, variable speed wind turbine generators usually do not take part in frequency regulation without supplementary control mechanism. During substantial wind penetration, a power system may have a small number of online synchronous machines. As a result, synchronous inertia and governor responsive reserve significantly reduce. Under such situation, a system has to rely on load shedding as a last line of defense to rescue the system frequency following a large contingency. However, the conventional Under-Frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) strategy may lead to larger frequency deviation and higher amount of load cut in certain cases. A new load shedding methodology is presented in this paper to overcome this challenge. Unlike conventional UFLS technique, higher proportion of load shedding is applied to relatively weaker buses in terms of voltage stability in the proposed mechanism. Based on reactive power margin, which is an index to specify voltage stability, a general expression to quantify load shedding is derived. Also, the adaptability of the proposed strategy to various load levels is ensured. Later on, performances of the developed strategy are explored in a low inertia wind dominated test network. Simulations are executed considering various penetration levels of wind power and for two severe contingencies - loss of 550 MW interconnection and loss of 650 MW interconnection. Investigations reveal that the proposed load shedding methodology ensures satisfactory frequency response in all simulation cases. Also, the developed technique yields less frequency deviation and load cut compared to the conventional UFLS mechanism. Therefore, the reported load shedding scheme is found to be more competent to concurrently maintain frequency and voltage stabilities in renewable dominated power systems. الهدف من هذا العمل البحثي هو تطوير منهجية التخلص من الحمل لتحسين استجابة التردد لشبكات القصور الذاتي المنخفضة من خلال تحقيق استقرار الجهد المرضي. في الآونة الأخيرة، زاد تكامل طاقة الرياح بشكل كبير في العديد من شبكات الطاقة. وبالتالي، يتم استبدال الآلات المتزامنة التقليدية من الإرسال. على عكس الآلات المتزامنة التقليدية، لا تشارك مولدات توربينات الرياح متغيرة السرعة عادة في تنظيم التردد دون آلية تحكم تكميلية. أثناء اختراق الرياح بشكل كبير، قد يحتوي نظام الطاقة على عدد صغير من الآلات المتزامنة عبر الإنترنت. ونتيجة لذلك، فإن الجمود المتزامن والاحتياطي المستجيب للمحافظين يقلان بشكل كبير. في ظل هذه الحالة، يجب أن يعتمد النظام على التخلص من الحمل كخط دفاع أخير لإنقاذ تردد النظام بعد حدوث طوارئ كبيرة. ومع ذلك، قد تؤدي الاستراتيجية التقليدية لإلقاء الأحمال تحت التردد (UFLS) إلى انحراف أكبر في التردد وكمية أعلى من خفض الحمل في بعض الحالات. يتم تقديم منهجية جديدة لإلقاء الأحمال في هذه الورقة للتغلب على هذا التحدي. على عكس تقنية UFLS التقليدية، يتم تطبيق نسبة أعلى من سفك الحمل على الحافلات الأضعف نسبيًا من حيث استقرار الجهد في الآلية المقترحة. بناءً على هامش القدرة التفاعلية، وهو مؤشر لتحديد استقرار الجهد، يتم اشتقاق تعبير عام لتحديد كمية سفك الحمل. كما يتم ضمان قدرة الاستراتيجية المقترحة على التكيف مع مستويات الحمل المختلفة. في وقت لاحق، يتم استكشاف أداء الاستراتيجية المطورة في شبكة اختبار تهيمن عليها الرياح منخفضة القصور الذاتي. يتم تنفيذ عمليات المحاكاة مع الأخذ في الاعتبار مستويات الاختراق المختلفة لطاقة الرياح وحالتين طارئتين شديدتين - فقدان 550 ميجاوات من التوصيل البيني وفقدان 650 ميجاوات من التوصيل البيني. تكشف التحقيقات أن منهجية التخلص من الأحمال المقترحة تضمن استجابة ترددية مرضية في جميع حالات المحاكاة. كما أن التقنية المطورة تنتج انحرافًا أقل في التردد وخفضًا في الحمل مقارنة بآلية UFLS التقليدية. لذلك، تم العثور على مخطط التخلص من الحمل المبلغ عنه ليكون أكثر كفاءة للحفاظ في وقت واحد على ثبات التردد والجهد في أنظمة الطاقة التي تهيمن عليها الطاقة المتجددة.

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    Authors: Lucas Richard; Nahid‐Al Masood; Tapan Kumar Saha; Wayes Tushar; +1 Authors

    La intensidad del sistema (también conocida como rendimiento en cortocircuito) indica la capacidad de un sistema de alimentación para recuperar una falla. La integración de la energía renovable en las redes eléctricas provoca el reemplazo y la retirada de los generadores síncronos de la flota de generación, lo que tiende a reducir la resistencia del sistema. Como tal, un número predefinido de generadores síncronos se mantienen intencionalmente en línea para garantizar una resistencia adecuada del sistema en algunos sistemas de energía (por ejemplo, Australia Meridional). Resulta en la reducción de la energía eólica, lo que eventualmente introduce preocupaciones financieras. Para mitigar este problema, los condensadores síncronos pueden ser una opción que valga la pena. Estos dispositivos contribuyen al nivel de falla y proporcionan soporte de voltaje para mejorar la resistencia del sistema. Dado que los condensadores síncronos son costosos, la mejor estrategia para su asignación es una consulta importante para investigar. Para abordar esta preocupación, este documento propone un algoritmo de optimización para asignar condensadores síncronos para mejorar la resistencia del sistema en un sistema de energía dominado por el viento teniendo en cuenta la rentabilidad económica a largo plazo de la instalación de condensadores síncronos. Los cálculos de resistencia del sistema se basan en simulaciones dinámicas en el dominio del tiempo con modelos dinámicos que incluyen el límite de saturación de corriente de los convertidores de electrónica de potencia de los parques eólicos. El algoritmo de optimización propuesto proporciona la solución más viable desde el punto de vista técnico y económico para mejorar la resistencia del sistema mediante el uso de condensadores síncronos. La force du système (également connue sous le nom de performance de court-circuit) indique la capacité d'un système d'alimentation à récupérer un défaut. L'intégration des énergies renouvelables dans les réseaux électriques entraîne le remplacement et le retrait des générateurs synchrones du parc de production, ce qui tend à réduire la force du système. En tant que tel, un nombre prédéfini de générateurs synchrones sont intentionnellement maintenus en ligne pour assurer une résistance adéquate du système dans certains systèmes d'alimentation (par exemple, en Australie-Méridionale). Il en résulte une réduction de l'énergie éolienne qui finit par introduire des préoccupations financières. Pour atténuer ce problème, les condenseurs synchrones peuvent être un choix intéressant. Ces dispositifs contribuent au niveau de défaut et fournissent un support de tension pour améliorer la résistance du système. Étant donné que les condenseurs synchrones sont coûteux, la meilleure stratégie pour leur attribution est une question majeure à étudier. Pour répondre à cette préoccupation, cet article propose un algorithme d'optimisation pour allouer des condenseurs synchrones afin d'améliorer la résistance du système dans un système d'énergie éolienne en tenant compte de la rentabilité économique à long terme de l'installation de condenseurs synchrones. Les calculs de résistance du système sont basés sur des simulations dynamiques dans le domaine temporel avec des modèles dynamiques qui incluent la limite de saturation actuelle des convertisseurs d'électronique de puissance des parcs éoliens. L'algorithme d'optimisation proposé fournit la solution la plus techniquement et économiquement viable pour améliorer la résistance du système en utilisant des condensateurs synchrones. System strength (also known as short-circuit performance) indicates the capability of a power system to recover a fault. Renewable energy integration in power grids causes replacement and retirement of synchronous generators from generation fleet, which tends to reduce system strength. As such, a pre-defined number of synchronous generators are intentionally kept online to ensure adequate system strength in some power systems (e.g. South Australia). It results in the curtailment of wind power which eventually introduces financial concerns. To mitigate this issue, synchronous condensers can be a worthwhile choice. These devices contribute to fault level and provide voltage support to enhance system strength. Since synchronous condensers are costly, the best strategy for their allocation is a major query to investigate. To address this concern, this paper proposes an optimisation algorithm to allocate synchronous condensers to enhance system strength in a wind dominated power system by taking into account the long-term economic profitability of synchronous condensers installation. System strength calculations are based on Time Domain Dynamic Simulations with dynamic models which include current saturation limit of power electronics converters of wind farms. The proposed optimisation algorithm provides the most technically as well as economically viable solution to enhance system strength by utilising synchronous condensers. تشير قوة النظام (المعروفة أيضًا باسم أداء الدائرة القصيرة) إلى قدرة نظام الطاقة على استعادة الخطأ. يتسبب تكامل الطاقة المتجددة في شبكات الطاقة في استبدال المولدات المتزامنة وانسحابها من أسطول التوليد، مما يميل إلى تقليل قوة النظام. على هذا النحو، يتم الاحتفاظ عن قصد بعدد محدد مسبقًا من المولدات المتزامنة عبر الإنترنت لضمان قوة النظام الكافية في بعض أنظمة الطاقة (مثل جنوب أستراليا). ويؤدي ذلك إلى تقليص طاقة الرياح مما يؤدي في النهاية إلى مخاوف مالية. للتخفيف من هذه المشكلة، يمكن أن تكون المكثفات المتزامنة خيارًا جديرًا بالاهتمام. تساهم هذه الأجهزة في مستوى الخطأ وتوفر دعمًا للجهد لتعزيز قوة النظام. نظرًا لأن المكثفات المتزامنة مكلفة، فإن أفضل استراتيجية لتخصيصها هي استفسار رئيسي للتحقيق فيه. لمعالجة هذا القلق، تقترح هذه الورقة خوارزمية تحسين لتخصيص مكثفات متزامنة لتعزيز قوة النظام في نظام طاقة تهيمن عليه الرياح من خلال مراعاة الربحية الاقتصادية طويلة الأجل لتركيب المكثفات المتزامنة. تعتمد حسابات قوة النظام على المحاكاة الديناميكية للنطاق الزمني مع النماذج الديناميكية التي تشمل حد التشبع الحالي لمحولات إلكترونيات الطاقة لمزارع الرياح. توفر خوارزمية التحسين المقترحة الحل الأكثر قابلية للتطبيق تقنيًا واقتصاديًا لتعزيز قوة النظام من خلال استخدام المكثفات المتزامنة.

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    Authors: Md. Nahid Haque Shazon; null Nahid-Al-Masood; Atik Jawad;

    Due to the prolific integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) worldwide, power system dynamics have been altered extensively. Conventionally, the rotating mass of the Synchronous Generators (SGs) used to supply the stored kinetic energy following a generation deficit. However, because of widespread installation of RES, these conventional SGs are being displaced. As the RES do not necessarily contribute to system inertia without additional control loops, the inertia of the overall system is becoming insignificant. These low-inertia power systems are much more vulnerable to various disturbances and uncertainties associated with modern power grids. As such, low-inertia grids are suffering from challenges such as higher rate of change of frequency (ROCOF), larger frequency deviation, distributed PV trip, distributed generator trip and so on. To counter these new challenges, hidden inertia emulation, synthetic inertia utilization and emulated inertia from various sources are being suggested in recent literatures. This paper intends to present a detailed discussion on power system frequency control challenges in RES dominated grids. In addition, a comprehensive review of possible countermeasures for frequency control in low-inertia power systems from generation and transmission perspectives and future research scopes are discussed in this paper.

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    Authors: Nahid‐Al Masood; Atik Jawad; Kazi Toukir Ahmed; Sk. Razibul Islam; +1 Authors

    Este documento resuelve el problema de la colocación óptima de los condensadores de derivación en la región norte de la red de transmisión de Bangladesh. Durante un evento de aumento de red como una condición de carga reactiva inductiva muy alta, el perfil de voltaje debilitado de los buses se puede compensar mediante la asignación óptima de los bancos de condensadores. En este sentido, el objetivo de este problema es minimizar los costes asociados con los bancos de condensadores, las pérdidas del sistema de transmisión y la mejora del perfil de tensión al tiempo que se satisfacen diversas limitaciones. Se introduce el método de programación lineal de enteros mixtos para el problema de optimización discreta de la colocación de condensadores en el sistema de transmisión para la minimización de costos y la mejora del perfil de voltaje. En esta formulación propuesta, se tiene en cuenta la magnitud del voltaje dependiente de la sensibilidad para la selección de buses candidatos. También se muestra que el perfil de tensión depende linealmente de la carga reactiva. Por lo tanto, el modelado de carga se realiza con cuidado para obtener una imagen más realista de los resultados generales. La metodología propuesta produce un número entero de condensadores de tamaños particulares que se colocarán en los buses más adecuados. Además, el enfoque propuesto se aplica al sistema de bus IEEE 39 y al sistema de transmisión real de bus 33 de la región norte del sistema de energía de Bangladesh. Además, también se realiza una comparación exhaustiva del rendimiento con un método de colocación de condensadores de última generación existente para su validación. Los resultados de la simulación demuestran que la metodología propuesta es capaz de producir una solución optimizada a la vez que mitiga con éxito el problema de la baja tensión. Además, el enfoque propuesto muestra un perfil de voltaje mejorado de los buses a un tamaño de soporte reactivo reducido que el enfoque existente. Cet article résout le problème du placement optimal des condensateurs shunt dans la région nord du réseau de transport du Bangladesh. Lors d'un événement d'augmentation de réseau comme une condition de charge réactive inductive très élevée, le profil de tension affaibli des bus peut être compensé par une allocation optimale des batteries de condensateurs. À cet égard, l'objectif de ce problème est de minimiser les coûts associés aux batteries de condensateurs, aux pertes du réseau de transport et à l'amélioration du profil de tension tout en satisfaisant diverses contraintes. La méthode de programmation linéaire à nombres entiers mixtes est introduite pour le problème d'optimisation discrète du placement de condensateurs dans le système de transmission pour la minimisation des coûts et l'amélioration du profil de tension. Dans cette formulation proposée, l'amplitude de la tension dépendante de la sensibilité est prise en compte pour la sélection des bus candidats. Il est également montré que le profil de tension dépend linéairement de la charge réactive. Par conséquent, la modélisation de la charge est effectuée avec soin pour obtenir une image plus réaliste des résultats globaux. La méthodologie proposée donne un nombre entier de condensateurs de tailles particulières à placer sur les bus les mieux adaptés. En outre, l'approche proposée est appliquée au système de bus IEEE 39 et au système de transmission réel à 33 bus de la région nord du système électrique du Bangladesh. En outre, une comparaison approfondie des performances avec une méthode de placement de condensateur existante de pointe est également effectuée pour validation. Les résultats de la simulation démontrent que la méthodologie proposée est capable de produire une solution optimisée tout en atténuant avec succès le problème de basse tension. De plus, l'approche proposée montre un profil de tension amélioré des bus à une taille de support réactif réduite par rapport à l'approche existante. This paper solves the problem of optimal placement of shunt capacitors in the northern region of Bangladesh transmission network. During network augmentation event like very high inductive reactive load condition, the weakened voltage profile of the buses can be compensated by optimum allocation of the capacitor banks. In this regard, the aim of this problem is to minimise the costs associated with capacitor banks, transmission system losses and voltage profile improvement whilst satisfying various constraints. Mixed integer linear programming method is introduced for the discrete optimisation problem of placing capacitors in transmission system for cost minimisation and voltage profile improvement. In this proposed formulation, sensitivity dependent voltage magnitude is taken into account for the selection of candidate buses. It is also shown that voltage profile is linearly dependent on reactive load. Therefore, load modelling is done carefully to get a more realistic image of the overall outcomes. The proposed methodology yields integer number of capacitors of particular sizes to be placed on best suited buses. In addition, the proposed approach is applied to IEEE 39 bus system and 33 bus real transmission system of northern region of Bangladesh power system Furthermore, a thorough performance comparison with an existing state-of-the-art capacitor placement method is also performed for validation. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methodology is capable of producing optimised solution while successfully mitigating the low voltage issue. Moreover, the proposed approach shows enhanced voltage profile of the buses at a reduced reactive support size than the existing approach. تحل هذه الورقة مشكلة الوضع الأمثل للمكثفات التحويلية في المنطقة الشمالية من شبكة نقل بنغلاديش. أثناء حدث زيادة الشبكة مثل حالة الحمل التفاعلي الاستقرائي المرتفع للغاية، يمكن تعويض ملف تعريف الجهد الضعيف للحافلات عن طريق التخصيص الأمثل لضفاف المكثفات. في هذا الصدد، فإن الهدف من هذه المشكلة هو تقليل التكاليف المرتبطة ببنوك المكثفات وفقدان نظام النقل وتحسين ملف تعريف الجهد مع تلبية القيود المختلفة. يتم إدخال طريقة البرمجة الخطية المختلطة للأعداد الصحيحة لمشكلة التحسين المنفصلة لوضع المكثفات في نظام النقل لتقليل التكلفة وتحسين ملف تعريف الجهد. في هذه الصيغة المقترحة، يؤخذ حجم الجهد المعتمد على الحساسية في الاعتبار لاختيار الحافلات المرشحة. ويظهر أيضًا أن ملف تعريف الجهد يعتمد خطيًا على الحمل التفاعلي. لذلك، تتم نمذجة الحمل بعناية للحصول على صورة أكثر واقعية للنتائج الإجمالية. تنتج المنهجية المقترحة عددًا صحيحًا من المكثفات ذات أحجام معينة ليتم وضعها في الحافلات الأنسب. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم تطبيق النهج المقترح على نظام ناقل IEEE 39 و 33 نظام نقل حقيقي للحافلات في المنطقة الشمالية من نظام الطاقة في بنغلاديش علاوة على ذلك، يتم أيضًا إجراء مقارنة أداء شاملة مع طريقة وضع المكثفات الحديثة الحالية للتحقق من صحتها. تُظهر نتائج المحاكاة أن المنهجية المقترحة قادرة على إنتاج حل أمثل مع التخفيف بنجاح من مشكلة الجهد المنخفض. علاوة على ذلك، يُظهر النهج المقترح ملف تعريف الجهد المحسن للحافلات بحجم دعم تفاعلي مخفض مقارنة بالنهج الحالي.

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    Authors: Iftekharul Islam Emon; Asikur Rahman Jowel; Atik Jawad; null Nahid-Al-Masood;

    The frequency performance of a power grid is effectively maintained through the utilization of inertia and power reserve provided by synchronous generators. The growing concerns surrounding global warming and the greenhouse effect have led to a significant increase in the integration of wind energy into the grid. But the system may face frequency instability following a contingency due to lack of sufficient inertia and headroom of wind generators. Therefore, the grid operator may require shedding some loads to prevent the system from severe frequency excursion. In this paper, we have estimated proper amount of load shedding through the formulation of analytical expression that will keep a highly wind penetrated & Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) integrated system stable. For this purpose, the maximum amount of wind power penetration level (WPPL) is first calculated using a fast analytical approach which utilizes two frequency response performance metrics, frequency nadir and Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF). In scenarios where the wind penetration level exceeds the calculated allowable threshold, it becomes necessary to implement load shedding measures following a contingency event. After installation of BESS, grid frequency response is much enhanced, hence, the required load shedding amount is also different. Therefore, we have derived an analytical expression for a quick measurement of frequency response enhancement attained by BESS. Finally, a frequency nadir-based load shedding scheme, being the goal of this paper, is proposed for a heavily wind penetrated grid with BESS, using the previously derived expression, to retain the grid at its nominal operating condition following a severe contingency. Our proposed scheme incorporates an analytical method to prevent over load shed. We have used DIgSILENT PowerFactory to validate our proposed analytical approaches through dynamic simulation. Results obtained from the proposed approaches nearly resemble the simulated one. Hence, this paper can help generating simplified yet effective models to conduct analysis on a wind integrated grid. This paper can also be regarded as a guide to ensure a wind penetrated resilient grid in view of frequency stability.

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    Authors: Nahid-Al- Masood; Atik Jawad; Satyaki Banik;
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