• Energy Research

© 2020. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ European Directives are incentivizing consumers to play an active role in the electricity system and to collaborate to maintain its stability, which has been historically provided by large generation power plants. However, it is not easy for the System Operator to handle the coexistence of consumers and generators in the same markets. Under these circumstances, a new actor allows small residential and commercial consumers to participate in flexibility markets: The Demand Aggregator. However, balancing markets opened to Demand Aggregators still present several barriers that do not allow their practical participation. This study analyzes barriers and enablers of four European electricity markets and proposes a new market framework that would enhance Demand Aggregators’ participation. To validate the proposed market and to understand the economic potentials of aggregated small tertiary buildings, a Demand Aggregator is simulated using real building’s consumption data. Results show that technical requirements to participate in balancing markets such as the minimum bid size, the symmetricity of the offer and the product resolution strongly affect incomes for Demand Aggregators. However, neither in the proposed market, the creation of a Demand Aggregator whose business model is focused on small tertiary buildings does not seem realistic due to low incomes in comparison to the fixed costs necessary to enable Demand Response, especially if only the air conditioning system is considered. Peer Reviewed

© 2020. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ European Directives are incentivizing consumers to play an active role in the electricity system and to collaborate to maintain its stability, which has been historically provided by large generation power plants. However, it is not easy for the System Operator to handle the coexistence of consumers and generators in the same markets. Under these circumstances, a new actor allows small residential and commercial consumers to participate in flexibility markets: The Demand Aggregator. However, balancing markets opened to Demand Aggregators still present several barriers that do not allow their practical participation. This study analyzes barriers and enablers of four European electricity markets and proposes a new market framework that would enhance Demand Aggregators’ participation. To validate the proposed market and to understand the economic potentials of aggregated small tertiary buildings, a Demand Aggregator is simulated using real building’s consumption data. Results show that technical requirements to participate in balancing markets such as the minimum bid size, the symmetricity of the offer and the product resolution strongly affect incomes for Demand Aggregators. However, neither in the proposed market, the creation of a Demand Aggregator whose business model is focused on small tertiary buildings does not seem realistic due to low incomes in comparison to the fixed costs necessary to enable Demand Response, especially if only the air conditioning system is considered. Peer Reviewed

The electric vehicle is presented as an environmental friendly alternative to common vehicles and as the future of transportation. However, car manufacturers consider that electric vehicle batteries are not useful for traction purposes when they reach a state of health of 80%. Thus, as a matter of fact, these batteries are sold knowing that they have a premature obsolescence, as they still have 80% of useful capacity that could be used elsewhere. This study analyzes economically and in terms of ageing performance the possibility to provide a second life to these batteries in buildings. The study presents several scenarios depending on the battery use, considering independent buildings or getting closer to the concept of smart grid with demand response services where buildings could participate in secondary electricity markets by means of an energy aggregator. Moreover, the study analyzes the existing European markets that allow aggregated demand response services. Results show that, effectively, the reuse of batteries for residential purposes might not be the best economical option even though their lifespan is enlarged four years more. Nonetheless, if they are able to participate in secondary electricity markets in addition to their normal use in buildings, the business becomes juicy enough having a relatively low impact on ageing. The promotion of electric vehicle battery reuse is necessary, as there is a large amount of batteries with a huge useful potential in stationary applications coming in the nearby future from the electric vehicles that have been sold during the last five years. If possible, car manufacturers should consider eco-design in order to facilitate this battery repurposing and lifespan enlargement. Peer Reviewed

The electric vehicle is presented as an environmental friendly alternative to common vehicles and as the future of transportation. However, car manufacturers consider that electric vehicle batteries are not useful for traction purposes when they reach a state of health of 80%. Thus, as a matter of fact, these batteries are sold knowing that they have a premature obsolescence, as they still have 80% of useful capacity that could be used elsewhere. This study analyzes economically and in terms of ageing performance the possibility to provide a second life to these batteries in buildings. The study presents several scenarios depending on the battery use, considering independent buildings or getting closer to the concept of smart grid with demand response services where buildings could participate in secondary electricity markets by means of an energy aggregator. Moreover, the study analyzes the existing European markets that allow aggregated demand response services. Results show that, effectively, the reuse of batteries for residential purposes might not be the best economical option even though their lifespan is enlarged four years more. Nonetheless, if they are able to participate in secondary electricity markets in addition to their normal use in buildings, the business becomes juicy enough having a relatively low impact on ageing. The promotion of electric vehicle battery reuse is necessary, as there is a large amount of batteries with a huge useful potential in stationary applications coming in the nearby future from the electric vehicles that have been sold during the last five years. If possible, car manufacturers should consider eco-design in order to facilitate this battery repurposing and lifespan enlargement. Peer Reviewed

© 2023 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Demand response through Demand Aggregation is part of the energy transition towards a green and distributed system. Although the market is open in most European countries, its practical implementation is not much successful yet. In the last decade, research presented different options to deal with demand response and aggregation. This paper compares the benefits and limitations of strategies implemented from a research perspective and the strategy followed by a recently created company to see which of the advances in research are currently useful from a business perspective. The study presents a novel decision matrix to evaluate demand response strategies. Results show that there are technical limitations in current Energy Management Systems that need to be taken into account when developing demand aggregation platforms. In addition, the study highlights the importance to propose a simple and scalable solution to allow consumers to participate actively in electricity markets and create a success business model. This research has been supported by the research and innovation programme Horizon 2020 of the European Union under the grant agreement nr. 731211 SABINA. C. Corchero work is supported by the grant IJCI-2015-26650 (MICINN). All researchers have been partially supported by the Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain (2017 SGR 1219). L. Canals Casals thanks the national project IAQ4EDU (PID2020-117366RB-100) for giving the opportunity to continue his work in this field. Peer Reviewed Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant

© 2023 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Demand response through Demand Aggregation is part of the energy transition towards a green and distributed system. Although the market is open in most European countries, its practical implementation is not much successful yet. In the last decade, research presented different options to deal with demand response and aggregation. This paper compares the benefits and limitations of strategies implemented from a research perspective and the strategy followed by a recently created company to see which of the advances in research are currently useful from a business perspective. The study presents a novel decision matrix to evaluate demand response strategies. Results show that there are technical limitations in current Energy Management Systems that need to be taken into account when developing demand aggregation platforms. In addition, the study highlights the importance to propose a simple and scalable solution to allow consumers to participate actively in electricity markets and create a success business model. This research has been supported by the research and innovation programme Horizon 2020 of the European Union under the grant agreement nr. 731211 SABINA. C. Corchero work is supported by the grant IJCI-2015-26650 (MICINN). All researchers have been partially supported by the Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain (2017 SGR 1219). L. Canals Casals thanks the national project IAQ4EDU (PID2020-117366RB-100) for giving the opportunity to continue his work in this field. Peer Reviewed Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant