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  • Energy Research
  • 13. Climate action

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Les systèmes énergétiques sont dynamiques et en transition en raison des ressources énergétiques alternatives, des innovations technologiques, de la demande, des coûts et des conséquences environnementales. Les combustibles fossiles sont les sources de production d'énergie traditionnelle, mais ils sont progressivement passés aux technologies innovantes actuelles, en mettant l'accent sur les ressources renouvelables comme le solaire et l'éolien. Malgré des augmentations constantes des prix de l'énergie, les demandes des clients augmentent rapidement en raison de l'augmentation de la population, du développement économique, de la consommation par habitant, de l'approvisionnement dans des endroits éloignés et sous forme statique pour les machines et les appareils portables. Le stockage d'énergie peut permettre une production et une livraison flexibles d'électricité stable pour répondre aux demandes des clients. Les exigences en matière de stockage d'énergie deviendront le triple des valeurs actuelles d'ici 2030 pour lesquelles des dispositifs et des systèmes très spéciaux sont nécessaires. L'objectif de la présente recherche d'examen est de comparer et d'évaluer les dispositifs et les systèmes actuellement utilisés et prévus pour l'avenir. Les questions économiques et environnementales ainsi que les défis et les limites ont été élaborés grâce à une consultation approfondie et forte de la littérature, des recherches antérieures, des rapports et des revues. Les technologies telles que les batteries à flux, les supercondensateurs, LES PME (stockage d'énergie magnétique supraconductrice), les FES (Flywheel Energy Storage), les PHS (stockage hydraulique par pompage), les tes (stockage d'énergie thermique), les CAE (stockage d'énergie à air comprimé) et les HES (stockage d'énergie hybride) ont été discutées. Cet article peut contribuer à guider les décideurs et les praticiens s'ils veulent sélectionner les dispositifs et systèmes de stockage d'énergie les plus récents et les plus innovants pour leurs réseaux et d'autres utilisations associées comme les machines et les appareils portables. Les caractéristiques, les avantages, les limites, les coûts et les considérations environnementales ont été comparés à l'aide de tableaux et de démonstrations pour faciliter leur décision finale et la gestion des problèmes émergents. Ainsi, les résultats de cette étude d'examen peuvent s'avérer très utiles pour diverses parties prenantes du secteur de l'énergie. Los sistemas energéticos son dinámicos y transitorios debido a los recursos energéticos alternativos, las innovaciones tecnológicas, la demanda, los costes y las consecuencias ambientales. Los combustibles fósiles son las fuentes de generación de energía tradicional, pero se ha hecho una transición gradual a las tecnologías innovadoras actuales con énfasis en los recursos renovables como la solar y la eólica. A pesar de los constantes aumentos en los precios de la energía, las demandas de los clientes están aumentando rápidamente debido a un aumento en las poblaciones, el desarrollo económico, el consumo per cápita, el suministro en lugares remotos y en formas estáticas para máquinas y dispositivos portátiles. El almacenamiento de energía puede permitir la generación flexible y el suministro de electricidad estable para satisfacer las demandas de los clientes. Los requisitos para el almacenamiento de energía se convertirán en el triple de los valores actuales para 2030, para lo cual se requieren dispositivos y sistemas muy especiales. El objetivo de la investigación de revisión actual es comparar y evaluar los dispositivos y sistemas actualmente en uso y anticipados para el futuro. Los problemas económicos y ambientales, así como los desafíos y limitaciones, se han elaborado a través de una consulta profunda y sólida de la literatura, investigaciones previas, informes y revistas. Se han discutido las tecnologías como baterías de flujo, supercondensadores, SME (Superconducting magnetic energy storage), FES (Flywheel Energy Storage), PHS (Pumped hydro storage), tes (Thermal Energy Storage), caes (Compressed Air Energy Storage) y HES (Hybrid energy storage). Este artículo puede contribuir a guiar a los responsables de la toma de decisiones y a los profesionales si desean seleccionar los dispositivos y sistemas de almacenamiento de energía más recientes e innovadores para sus redes y otros usos asociados, como máquinas y dispositivos portátiles. Las características, ventajas, limitaciones, costos y consideraciones ambientales se han comparado con la ayuda de tablas y demostraciones para facilitar su decisión final y la gestión de los problemas emergentes. Por lo tanto, los resultados de este estudio de revisión pueden resultar muy útiles para varias partes interesadas del sector energético. Energy systems are dynamic and transitional because of alternative energy resources, technological innovations, demand, costs, and environmental consequences. The fossil fuels are the sources of traditional energy generation but has been gradually transitioned to the current innovative technologies with an emphasis on renewable resources like solar, and wind. Despite consistent increases in energy prices, the customers' demands are escalating rapidly due to an increase in populations, economic development, per capita consumption, supply at remote places, and in static forms for machines and portable devices. The energy storage may allow flexible generation and delivery of stable electricity for meeting demands of customers. The requirements for energy storage will become triple of the present values by 2030 for which very special devices and systems are required. The objective of the current review research is to compare and evaluate the devices and systems presently in use and anticipated for the future. The economic and environmental issues as well as challenges and limitations have been elaborated through deep and strong consultation of literature, previous research, reports and journal. The technologies like flow batteries, super capacitors, SMES (Superconducting magnetic energy storage), FES (Flywheel Energy Storage), PHS (Pumped hydro storage), TES (Thermal Energy Storage), CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage), and HES (Hybrid energy storage) have been discussed. This article may contribute to guide the decision-makers and the practitioners if they want to select the most recent and innovative devices and systems of energy storage for their grids and other associated uses like machines and portable devices. The characteristics, advantages, limitations, costs, and environmental considerations have been compared with the help of tables and demonstrations to ease their final decision and managing the emerging issues. Thus, the outcomes of this review study may prove highly useful for various stakeholders of the energy sector. تتسم أنظمة الطاقة بالديناميكية والانتقال بسبب موارد الطاقة البديلة والابتكارات التكنولوجية والطلب والتكاليف والعواقب البيئية. الوقود الأحفوري هو مصادر توليد الطاقة التقليدية ولكن تم نقله تدريجياً إلى التقنيات المبتكرة الحالية مع التركيز على الموارد المتجددة مثل الطاقة الشمسية وطاقة الرياح. على الرغم من الزيادات المستمرة في أسعار الطاقة، فإن طلبات العملاء تتصاعد بسرعة بسبب الزيادة في عدد السكان، والتنمية الاقتصادية، واستهلاك الفرد، والإمدادات في الأماكن النائية، وفي أشكال ثابتة للآلات والأجهزة المحمولة. قد يسمح تخزين الطاقة بتوليد وتوصيل الكهرباء المستقرة بشكل مرن لتلبية متطلبات العملاء. ستصبح متطلبات تخزين الطاقة ثلاثة أضعاف القيم الحالية بحلول عام 2030 والتي تتطلب أجهزة وأنظمة خاصة جدًا. الهدف من بحث المراجعة الحالي هو مقارنة وتقييم الأجهزة والأنظمة المستخدمة حاليًا والمتوقعة للمستقبل. تم توضيح القضايا الاقتصادية والبيئية وكذلك التحديات والقيود من خلال التشاور العميق والقوي للأدبيات والبحوث السابقة والتقارير والمجلات. تمت مناقشة التقنيات مثل بطاريات التدفق، والمكثفات الفائقة، والشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة (تخزين الطاقة المغناطيسية فائقة التوصيل)، و FES (تخزين طاقة الحدافة)، و PHS (التخزين المائي المضخ)، و TES (تخزين الطاقة الحرارية)، و CAES (تخزين طاقة الهواء المضغوط)، و HES (تخزين الطاقة الهجين). قد تساهم هذه المقالة في توجيه صانعي القرار والممارسين إذا كانوا يرغبون في اختيار أحدث الأجهزة والأنظمة المبتكرة لتخزين الطاقة لشبكاتهم والاستخدامات الأخرى المرتبطة بها مثل الآلات والأجهزة المحمولة. تمت مقارنة الخصائص والمزايا والقيود والتكاليف والاعتبارات البيئية بمساعدة الجداول والعروض التوضيحية لتسهيل قرارها النهائي وإدارة القضايا الناشئة. وبالتالي، قد تكون نتائج هذه الدراسة الاستعراضية مفيدة للغاية لمختلف أصحاب المصلحة في قطاع الطاقة.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Reportsarrow_drop_down
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    Energy Reports
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Energy Reports
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    Energy Reports
    Article . 2020
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/vt...
    Other literature type . 2020
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    Other literature type . 2020
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      Energy Reports
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Reports
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      Energy Reports
      Article . 2020
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/vt...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/1e...
      Other literature type . 2020
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    Authors: Ammara Waris; Ahmed I. Osman; Ahmed I. Osman; Charlie Farrell; +13 Authors

    Abstract Rising demand for energy resources alongside climate emergency concerns has attracted the urgent attention of researchers towards the preparation and utilization of biofuels. This review will investigate the different generations of biofuels and more particularly, the developmental and production processes for creating liquid biofuels. Initially, the first-generation biofuel was dependent on edible resources, which has caused controversy and arguments on whether to fulfil the “food or fuel requirement” for civilization. Second-generation biofuels employed inedible resources, however, the cost of production at a commercial scale has restricted its expansion. Recently, third and fourth-generation use microorganisms and genetically modified microorganisms, respectively, to produce biofuels and create an efficient synthetic fuel switch route. Although the last two generations are still in the developmental phase, thorough research is required before commercial-scale production. In conclusion, this review has found that first- and second-generation biofuel production approaches will soon be inadequate to satisfy the exponentially rising demand for biofuels. Therefore, substantial research efforts currently and in the future should focus on the production of third and fourth-generation biofuels, especially on engineered microorganisms. Ultimately, the structure of this review is to outline the current state of the art research regarding biofuels, their production processes and limitations/challenges. This was done through critically reviewing the most up-to-date literature and utilizing bibliometric analysis tools to put forward the guidelines for the future routes of the four generations of biofuels.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Queen's University B...arrow_drop_down
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    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Waleed Al Abri; Rashid Al Abri; Hassan Yousef; Amer Al-Hinai;

    Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) methods work to maximize the output power of a PV system under changes in meteorological conditions. The performance of these methods depends on the complexity of the algorithm and the number of used variable inputs for obtaining the MPP value. Moreover, they oscillate around the MPP in steady-state operations, causing a waste of power and power loss. Moreover, they do not work perfectly for a PV system running under partial shading conditions. Therefore, this paper proposes modifications to the global maximum power point bald eagle search-based (GMPP BES) method so that it runs as an MPPT as well. The modifications enable the GMPP BES method to detect minor changes in insolation and temperature by observing the changes in the PV array output voltage and, accordingly, trigger the search for the suitable MPP voltage. An experimental setup using a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) was utilized to evaluate the modified GMPP BES-based method under real changes in insolation and ambient temperature. The RTDS simulations confirm the capability of the modified method to accurately and efficiently locate the MPP values. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the proposed method performs better than the perturb and observe (PO) method concerning its ability to respond to changes in insolation and ambient temperature and its ability to arrive at correct MPP values with nearly zero oscillation around the maximum power point. Thus, with these advantages, the proposed method can be considered a practical solution for solar farms that have to harvest large amounts of energy.

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    Energies
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
    Article . 2022
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      Energies
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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    Authors: Sofana Reka S; Prakash Venugopal; Ravi V; Hassan Haes Alhelou; +2 Authors

    The automotive industry is marching towards cleaner energy in the impending future. The need for cleaner energy is promoted by the government to a large degree in the global market in order to reduce pollution. Automobiles contribute to an upper scale in regard to the level of pollution in the environment. For cleaner energy in automobiles, the industry needs to be revolutionized in all needed ways to a massive extent. The industry has to move from the traditional internal combustion engine, for which the main sources of energy are nonrenewable sources, to alternative methods and sources of energy. The automotive industry is now focusing on electric vehicles, and more research is being highlighted from vehicle manufacturers to find solutions for the problems faced in the field of electrification. Therefore, to accomplish full electrification, there is a long way to go, and this also requires a change in the existing infrastructure in addition to many innovations in the fields of infrastructure and grid connectively as well as the economic impacts of electric vehicles in society. In this work, an analysis of the electric vehicle market with the economic impacts of electric vehicles is studied. This therefore requires the transformation of the automotive industry.

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    Future Internet
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2022
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      Future Internet
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    Authors: Rona George Allwyn; Rashid Al Abri; Arif Malik; Amer Al-Hinai;

    In this paper, two aspects related to streetlight systems are considered. In the first part, the economic analysis of replacing existing HPS lamps with light-emitting diode (LED) and discrete LED lamps for street lighting is performed using actual data from Oman. The street lighting system inside Sultan Qaboos University is considered for the case study. The discounted payback period, which is calculated to study the practicability of implementing the system, is found to be 1.01 years, making the system financially appealing. Moreover, the estimated reduction of a carbon footprint shows that tonnes of CO2 emissions are reduced, which makes it environmentally attractive. The second part of the paper considers optimal sizing of PV/battery system for a new streetlight system with LED lamps. The life cycle cost analysis was performed and the related cost of energy generated per kWh is estimated as 0.097 $/kWh which proves the economic viability of the system to be implemented in Oman besides minimizing the CO2 emissions to zero.

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    Energies
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    Authors: A. Al-Abri; Hassan A. Yousef; T. Al Mahmoudi; Abdullah Al-Badi; +2 Authors

    With the decline in price of the photovoltaics (PVs) their use as a power source for water pumping is the most attractive solution instead of using diesel generators or electric motors driven by a grid system. In this paper, a method to design a PV pumping system is presented and discussed, which is then used to calculate the required size of the PV for an existing farm. Furthermore, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions saved by the use of PV water pumping system instead of using diesel-fuelled generators or electrical motor connected to the grid network is calculated. In addition, an experimental set-up is developed for the PV water pumping system using both DC and AC motors with batteries. The experimental tests are used to validate the developed MATLAB model. This research work demonstrates that using the PV water pumping system is not only improving the living conditions in rural areas but it is also protecting the environment and can be a cost-effective application in remote locations.

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    International Journal of Sustainable Energy
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      International Journal of Sustainable Energy
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    Authors: Bright Akwasi Gyamfi; Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo; Festus Victor Bekun; Ephraim Bonah Agyekum; +3 Authors

    Reconnaissant les conséquences dévastatrices de la détérioration de l'environnement, les membres méditerranéens se sont engagés à adopter les plans d'action du traité de 2015 de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat (COP21) alors que les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) augmentent dans la région méditerranéenne, ce qui semble être un grave défi pour l'environnement mondial. À cette fin, notre étude a examiné l'impact des investissements directs étrangers (IDE) sur la dégradation de l'environnement des membres méditerranéens pour la période allant de 1995 à 2016. Cependant, des variables telles que le développement financier, la croissance économique, les énergies renouvelables et les combustibles fossiles ont été examinées plus en détail par la méthodologie de retard réparti auto-régressif groupé par panneaux transversaux, le groupe à moyenne augmentée (AMG) et le test de causalité par panneaux Dumitrescu et Hurlin ont été utilisés pour l'analyse de causalité. Les résultats de la co-intégration de Westerlund (2007) montrent une relation d'équilibre à long terme entre les variables mises en évidence. Le résultat empirique a révélé une relation négative entre les IDE et l'hypothèse Hallo du polluant indicateur de CO2 (PHH). De plus, le revenu et son carré montrent une courbe en forme de U inversé indiquant l'hypothèse de la courbe de Kuznets environnementale (EKC). Tant le développement financier que les énergies renouvelables ont indiqué une association négative avec les émissions de CO2, tandis que les combustibles fossiles avaient une relation positive avec les émissions. Cependant, il y avait une causalité de rétroaction entre le revenu et les émissions de carbone ainsi que le développement financier et les émissions de carbone. En outre, nous observons que les IDE et les émissions de carbone, les énergies renouvelables et les émissions de carbone, ainsi que les émissions de combustibles fossiles et de carbone ont une relation de causalité unidirectionnelle. Dans l'ensemble, l'étude suggère certaines prescriptions politiques, notamment la mise en œuvre d'initiatives de conservation et la mise en place d'une réglementation et de stratégies en matière d'énergie propre pour le bloc étudié. Reconociendo las devastadoras consecuencias del deterioro ambiental, los miembros mediterráneos se comprometen a adoptar los planes de acción del tratado de 2015 del Acuerdo Climático de París (COP21), ya que las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) están aumentando en la región mediterránea, lo que parece ser un grave desafío para el medio ambiente de nuestro mundo. Con este fin, nuestro estudio examinó el impacto de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) en la degradación ambiental de los miembros mediterráneos durante el período comprendido entre 1995 y 2016. Sin embargo, variables como el desarrollo financiero, el crecimiento económico, las energías renovables y los combustibles fósiles se examinaron más a fondo mediante la metodología de retardo distribuido autorregresivo agrupado de panel transversal de uso, el Grupo de media aumentada (AMG) y la prueba de causalidad de panel de Dumitrescu y Hurlin para el análisis de causalidad. Los resultados de la cointegración de Westerlund (2007) muestran una relación de equilibrio a largo plazo entre las variables resaltadas. El resultado empírico reveló una relación negativa entre la IED y el CO2, lo que indica la hipótesis del hallo contaminante (PHH). Además, el ingreso y su cuadrado muestran una curva en forma de U invertida que indica la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental (EKC). Tanto el desarrollo financiero como las energías renovables indicaron una asociación adversa con las emisiones de CO2, mientras que los combustibles fósiles tuvieron una relación positiva con las emisiones. Sin embargo, hubo una causalidad de retroalimentación entre los ingresos y las emisiones de carbono, así como el desarrollo financiero y las emisiones de carbono. Además, observamos que la IED y las emisiones de carbono, las energías renovables y las emisiones de carbono, así como los combustibles fósiles y las emisiones de carbono, tenían una relación causal unidireccional. En general, el estudio sugiere algunas prescripciones de políticas, incluida la implementación de iniciativas de conservación y el establecimiento de regulaciones y estrategias de energía limpia para el bloque investigado. In acknowledgment of the devastating consequences of environmental deterioration, the Mediterranean members are committed to adopt the 2015 treaty action plans of the Paris Climate Agreement (COP21) as carbon dioxide emission (CO2) are on the rise in the Mediterranean region, which seems to be a serious challenge to our world's environment. To this end, our study examined the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on environmental degradation for the Mediterranean members for the period between 1995 to 2016. However, variables such as, financial development, economic growth, renewable energy and fossil fuel were further examined by the use cross-sectional-Panel pooled Auto Regressive Distributed Lag methodology, Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test was used for causality analysis. The co-integration results from Westerlund (2007) shows a long-run equilibrium relationship between highlighted variables. The empirical result revealed a negative relation between FDI and CO2 indicating pollutant Hallo Hypothesis (PHH). Moreover, income and its square show an inverted U-Shaped curve indicating environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Both financial development and renewable energy indicated an adverse association with CO2 emission whereas fossil fuel had a positive relationship with emissions. However, there was a feedback causality among income and carbon emission as well as financial development and carbon emission. Furthermore, we observe that FDI and carbon emission, renewable energy and carbon emission, as well as fossil fuel and carbon emission were found to have one-way causal relationship. Overall, the study suggests some policy prescriptions including the implementation of conservation initiatives and the establishment of clean energy regulation and strategies for the investigated bloc. اعترافاً بالعواقب المدمرة للتدهور البيئي، يلتزم أعضاء البحر الأبيض المتوسط باعتماد خطط عمل اتفاقية باريس للمناخ لعام 2015 (COP21) مع ارتفاع انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون (CO2) في منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط، والتي يبدو أنها تشكل تحدياً خطيراً لبيئة عالمنا. ولتحقيق هذه الغاية، درست دراستنا تأثير الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر على التدهور البيئي لأعضاء منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط للفترة من 1995 إلى 2016. ومع ذلك، تم فحص متغيرات مثل التنمية المالية والنمو الاقتصادي والطاقة المتجددة والوقود الأحفوري بشكل أكبر من خلال استخدام منهجية التأخر الموزع الانحداري التلقائي المجمعة باللوحة المقطعية، وتم استخدام مجموعة المتوسط المعزز (AMG) واختبار سببية لوحة دوميتريسكو وهيرلين لتحليل السببية. تُظهر نتائج التكامل المشترك من ويسترلوند (2007) علاقة توازن طويلة المدى بين المتغيرات البارزة. كشفت النتيجة التجريبية عن وجود علاقة سلبية بين الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وثاني أكسيد الكربون مما يشير إلى فرضية هالو الملوثة (PHH). علاوة على ذلك، يُظهر الدخل ومربعه منحنى مقلوب على شكل حرف U يشير إلى فرضية منحنى كوزنتس البيئي (EKC). وأشار كل من التطور المالي والطاقة المتجددة إلى وجود ارتباط سلبي بانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في حين أن الوقود الأحفوري له علاقة إيجابية بالانبعاثات. ومع ذلك، كانت هناك علاقة ارتجاعية بين الدخل وانبعاثات الكربون وكذلك التنمية المالية وانبعاثات الكربون. علاوة على ذلك، نلاحظ أن الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وانبعاثات الكربون والطاقة المتجددة وانبعاثات الكربون، وكذلك الوقود الأحفوري وانبعاثات الكربون، لها علاقة سببية أحادية الاتجاه. بشكل عام، تقترح الدراسة بعض الوصفات السياسية بما في ذلك تنفيذ مبادرات الحفظ ووضع لوائح واستراتيجيات للطاقة النظيفة للكتلة التي تم التحقيق فيها.

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    Authors: Mohammad Ghiasi; Taher Niknam; Moslem Dehghani; Pierluigi Siano; +2 Authors

    Today, in various leading power utilities in developing countries, achieving optimal operational energy management and planning, taking into account the costs reduction of generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, and also reducing the emission of an environmental pollutant becomes more and more important. Optimal use of renewable energy sources (RESs) is an effective way to achieve these goals. In this regard, in this research article, an improved multi-objective differential evolutionary (IMODE) optimization algorithm is suggested and performed to dispatch electricity generations in a smart microgrid (MG) system, taking into account economy and emission as competitive issues. In this paper, a nonlinear equation of multi-objective optimization issue with various equality and inequality limitations is formulated in order to lower the total operational costs of the MG considering environmental pollution effects simultaneously. In order to address the issue of optimal operation of the MG in single-objective and multi-objective forms, an intelligent method according to the improved differential evolutionary (IDE) optimization is utilized and performed and the proposed algorithm is implemented on different problems. First, it is assumed that there is no limit to the exchange of power overhead, and secondly, the limitation of power exchange with the upstream grid is considered. In multi-objective mode, these two modes are also considered. In order to show the impact of renewable energy on the cost, in the third part of the simulations, the operation is solved with maximum participation of renewable energy sources. In the final section, the sensitivity analysis on the number of populations in this problem is performed. The obtained results of the simulation are compared to differential evolutionary (DE) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques. The effectiveness of the suggested multi-operational energy management method is confirmed by applying a study case system.

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    Applied Sciences
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Applied Sciences
    Article . 2021
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    Authors: Ahmed I. Osman; Neha Mehta; Ahmed M. Elgarahy; Amer Al-Hinai; +2 Authors

    AbstractThe global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels. Biomass is a promising energy source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, policy decisions for biofuels should be based on evidence that biofuels are produced in a sustainable manner. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information on environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Here, we review advances in biomass conversion to biofuels and their environmental impact by life cycle assessment. Processes are gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and fermentation. Thermochemical processes are classified into low temperature, below 300 °C, and high temperature, higher than 300 °C, i.e. gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is promising because it operates at a relatively lower temperature of up to 500 °C, compared to gasification, which operates at 800–1300 °C. We focus on 1) the drawbacks and advantages of the thermochemical and biochemical conversion routes of biomass into various fuels and the possibility of integrating these routes for better process efficiency; 2) methodological approaches and key findings from 40 LCA studies on biomass to biofuel conversion pathways published from 2019 to 2021; and 3) bibliometric trends and knowledge gaps in biomass conversion into biofuels using thermochemical and biochemical routes. The integration of hydrothermal and biochemical routes is promising for the circular economy.

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    Environmental Chemistry Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Environmental Chemistry Letters
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    Authors: Khaled M. Alawasa; Rashid S. AlAbri; Amer S. Al-Hinai; Mohammed H. Albadi; +1 Authors

    For a decade, investments in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have been increasing exponentially in the Middle East. Broadly speaking, these investments have been facing tremendous challenges due to the harsh weather in this particular part of the world. Dust accumulation is one the challenges that negatively affects the performance of solar PV systems. The overall goal of this paper is to thoroughly investigate the effect of dust accumulation on the energy yield of car park PV systems. With this aim in mind, the paper presents scientific values for further research and opens the horizon for attracting further investments in solar PV systems. This study is based on a real PV system in the Sultanate of Oman and considers different cleaning cycles for 16 months (from 29 July 2018 to 10 November 2019). Furthermore, four different PV groups were assessed, and the system was monitored under different cleaning frequencies. In general, it was found that dust accumulation has a significant impact; under 29-day, 32-day, 72-day, and 98-day cleaning cycles, the average percentages of energy loss due to soiling were 9.5%, 18.2%, 31.13%, and 45.6%, respectively. In addition, the dust effect has a seasonal variation. The study revealed that dust accumulation has a more negative impact during summer than during winter. During summer, the energy losses due to soiling were 8.7% higher than those during winter. The difference was attributed to different environmental conditions, with high humidity and low wind speed being the main factors that worsen the impact of dust during summer. Based on the findings of this research, a monthly cleaning program is highly recommended in the city of Muscat.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Les systèmes énergétiques sont dynamiques et en transition en raison des ressources énergétiques alternatives, des innovations technologiques, de la demande, des coûts et des conséquences environnementales. Les combustibles fossiles sont les sources de production d'énergie traditionnelle, mais ils sont progressivement passés aux technologies innovantes actuelles, en mettant l'accent sur les ressources renouvelables comme le solaire et l'éolien. Malgré des augmentations constantes des prix de l'énergie, les demandes des clients augmentent rapidement en raison de l'augmentation de la population, du développement économique, de la consommation par habitant, de l'approvisionnement dans des endroits éloignés et sous forme statique pour les machines et les appareils portables. Le stockage d'énergie peut permettre une production et une livraison flexibles d'électricité stable pour répondre aux demandes des clients. Les exigences en matière de stockage d'énergie deviendront le triple des valeurs actuelles d'ici 2030 pour lesquelles des dispositifs et des systèmes très spéciaux sont nécessaires. L'objectif de la présente recherche d'examen est de comparer et d'évaluer les dispositifs et les systèmes actuellement utilisés et prévus pour l'avenir. Les questions économiques et environnementales ainsi que les défis et les limites ont été élaborés grâce à une consultation approfondie et forte de la littérature, des recherches antérieures, des rapports et des revues. Les technologies telles que les batteries à flux, les supercondensateurs, LES PME (stockage d'énergie magnétique supraconductrice), les FES (Flywheel Energy Storage), les PHS (stockage hydraulique par pompage), les tes (stockage d'énergie thermique), les CAE (stockage d'énergie à air comprimé) et les HES (stockage d'énergie hybride) ont été discutées. Cet article peut contribuer à guider les décideurs et les praticiens s'ils veulent sélectionner les dispositifs et systèmes de stockage d'énergie les plus récents et les plus innovants pour leurs réseaux et d'autres utilisations associées comme les machines et les appareils portables. Les caractéristiques, les avantages, les limites, les coûts et les considérations environnementales ont été comparés à l'aide de tableaux et de démonstrations pour faciliter leur décision finale et la gestion des problèmes émergents. Ainsi, les résultats de cette étude d'examen peuvent s'avérer très utiles pour diverses parties prenantes du secteur de l'énergie. Los sistemas energéticos son dinámicos y transitorios debido a los recursos energéticos alternativos, las innovaciones tecnológicas, la demanda, los costes y las consecuencias ambientales. Los combustibles fósiles son las fuentes de generación de energía tradicional, pero se ha hecho una transición gradual a las tecnologías innovadoras actuales con énfasis en los recursos renovables como la solar y la eólica. A pesar de los constantes aumentos en los precios de la energía, las demandas de los clientes están aumentando rápidamente debido a un aumento en las poblaciones, el desarrollo económico, el consumo per cápita, el suministro en lugares remotos y en formas estáticas para máquinas y dispositivos portátiles. El almacenamiento de energía puede permitir la generación flexible y el suministro de electricidad estable para satisfacer las demandas de los clientes. Los requisitos para el almacenamiento de energía se convertirán en el triple de los valores actuales para 2030, para lo cual se requieren dispositivos y sistemas muy especiales. El objetivo de la investigación de revisión actual es comparar y evaluar los dispositivos y sistemas actualmente en uso y anticipados para el futuro. Los problemas económicos y ambientales, así como los desafíos y limitaciones, se han elaborado a través de una consulta profunda y sólida de la literatura, investigaciones previas, informes y revistas. Se han discutido las tecnologías como baterías de flujo, supercondensadores, SME (Superconducting magnetic energy storage), FES (Flywheel Energy Storage), PHS (Pumped hydro storage), tes (Thermal Energy Storage), caes (Compressed Air Energy Storage) y HES (Hybrid energy storage). Este artículo puede contribuir a guiar a los responsables de la toma de decisiones y a los profesionales si desean seleccionar los dispositivos y sistemas de almacenamiento de energía más recientes e innovadores para sus redes y otros usos asociados, como máquinas y dispositivos portátiles. Las características, ventajas, limitaciones, costos y consideraciones ambientales se han comparado con la ayuda de tablas y demostraciones para facilitar su decisión final y la gestión de los problemas emergentes. Por lo tanto, los resultados de este estudio de revisión pueden resultar muy útiles para varias partes interesadas del sector energético. Energy systems are dynamic and transitional because of alternative energy resources, technological innovations, demand, costs, and environmental consequences. The fossil fuels are the sources of traditional energy generation but has been gradually transitioned to the current innovative technologies with an emphasis on renewable resources like solar, and wind. Despite consistent increases in energy prices, the customers' demands are escalating rapidly due to an increase in populations, economic development, per capita consumption, supply at remote places, and in static forms for machines and portable devices. The energy storage may allow flexible generation and delivery of stable electricity for meeting demands of customers. The requirements for energy storage will become triple of the present values by 2030 for which very special devices and systems are required. The objective of the current review research is to compare and evaluate the devices and systems presently in use and anticipated for the future. The economic and environmental issues as well as challenges and limitations have been elaborated through deep and strong consultation of literature, previous research, reports and journal. The technologies like flow batteries, super capacitors, SMES (Superconducting magnetic energy storage), FES (Flywheel Energy Storage), PHS (Pumped hydro storage), TES (Thermal Energy Storage), CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage), and HES (Hybrid energy storage) have been discussed. This article may contribute to guide the decision-makers and the practitioners if they want to select the most recent and innovative devices and systems of energy storage for their grids and other associated uses like machines and portable devices. The characteristics, advantages, limitations, costs, and environmental considerations have been compared with the help of tables and demonstrations to ease their final decision and managing the emerging issues. Thus, the outcomes of this review study may prove highly useful for various stakeholders of the energy sector. تتسم أنظمة الطاقة بالديناميكية والانتقال بسبب موارد الطاقة البديلة والابتكارات التكنولوجية والطلب والتكاليف والعواقب البيئية. الوقود الأحفوري هو مصادر توليد الطاقة التقليدية ولكن تم نقله تدريجياً إلى التقنيات المبتكرة الحالية مع التركيز على الموارد المتجددة مثل الطاقة الشمسية وطاقة الرياح. على الرغم من الزيادات المستمرة في أسعار الطاقة، فإن طلبات العملاء تتصاعد بسرعة بسبب الزيادة في عدد السكان، والتنمية الاقتصادية، واستهلاك الفرد، والإمدادات في الأماكن النائية، وفي أشكال ثابتة للآلات والأجهزة المحمولة. قد يسمح تخزين الطاقة بتوليد وتوصيل الكهرباء المستقرة بشكل مرن لتلبية متطلبات العملاء. ستصبح متطلبات تخزين الطاقة ثلاثة أضعاف القيم الحالية بحلول عام 2030 والتي تتطلب أجهزة وأنظمة خاصة جدًا. الهدف من بحث المراجعة الحالي هو مقارنة وتقييم الأجهزة والأنظمة المستخدمة حاليًا والمتوقعة للمستقبل. تم توضيح القضايا الاقتصادية والبيئية وكذلك التحديات والقيود من خلال التشاور العميق والقوي للأدبيات والبحوث السابقة والتقارير والمجلات. تمت مناقشة التقنيات مثل بطاريات التدفق، والمكثفات الفائقة، والشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة (تخزين الطاقة المغناطيسية فائقة التوصيل)، و FES (تخزين طاقة الحدافة)، و PHS (التخزين المائي المضخ)، و TES (تخزين الطاقة الحرارية)، و CAES (تخزين طاقة الهواء المضغوط)، و HES (تخزين الطاقة الهجين). قد تساهم هذه المقالة في توجيه صانعي القرار والممارسين إذا كانوا يرغبون في اختيار أحدث الأجهزة والأنظمة المبتكرة لتخزين الطاقة لشبكاتهم والاستخدامات الأخرى المرتبطة بها مثل الآلات والأجهزة المحمولة. تمت مقارنة الخصائص والمزايا والقيود والتكاليف والاعتبارات البيئية بمساعدة الجداول والعروض التوضيحية لتسهيل قرارها النهائي وإدارة القضايا الناشئة. وبالتالي، قد تكون نتائج هذه الدراسة الاستعراضية مفيدة للغاية لمختلف أصحاب المصلحة في قطاع الطاقة.

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    Energy Reports
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/vt...
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    Authors: Ammara Waris; Ahmed I. Osman; Ahmed I. Osman; Charlie Farrell; +13 Authors

    Abstract Rising demand for energy resources alongside climate emergency concerns has attracted the urgent attention of researchers towards the preparation and utilization of biofuels. This review will investigate the different generations of biofuels and more particularly, the developmental and production processes for creating liquid biofuels. Initially, the first-generation biofuel was dependent on edible resources, which has caused controversy and arguments on whether to fulfil the “food or fuel requirement” for civilization. Second-generation biofuels employed inedible resources, however, the cost of production at a commercial scale has restricted its expansion. Recently, third and fourth-generation use microorganisms and genetically modified microorganisms, respectively, to produce biofuels and create an efficient synthetic fuel switch route. Although the last two generations are still in the developmental phase, thorough research is required before commercial-scale production. In conclusion, this review has found that first- and second-generation biofuel production approaches will soon be inadequate to satisfy the exponentially rising demand for biofuels. Therefore, substantial research efforts currently and in the future should focus on the production of third and fourth-generation biofuels, especially on engineered microorganisms. Ultimately, the structure of this review is to outline the current state of the art research regarding biofuels, their production processes and limitations/challenges. This was done through critically reviewing the most up-to-date literature and utilizing bibliometric analysis tools to put forward the guidelines for the future routes of the four generations of biofuels.

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    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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    Authors: Waleed Al Abri; Rashid Al Abri; Hassan Yousef; Amer Al-Hinai;

    Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) methods work to maximize the output power of a PV system under changes in meteorological conditions. The performance of these methods depends on the complexity of the algorithm and the number of used variable inputs for obtaining the MPP value. Moreover, they oscillate around the MPP in steady-state operations, causing a waste of power and power loss. Moreover, they do not work perfectly for a PV system running under partial shading conditions. Therefore, this paper proposes modifications to the global maximum power point bald eagle search-based (GMPP BES) method so that it runs as an MPPT as well. The modifications enable the GMPP BES method to detect minor changes in insolation and temperature by observing the changes in the PV array output voltage and, accordingly, trigger the search for the suitable MPP voltage. An experimental setup using a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) was utilized to evaluate the modified GMPP BES-based method under real changes in insolation and ambient temperature. The RTDS simulations confirm the capability of the modified method to accurately and efficiently locate the MPP values. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the proposed method performs better than the perturb and observe (PO) method concerning its ability to respond to changes in insolation and ambient temperature and its ability to arrive at correct MPP values with nearly zero oscillation around the maximum power point. Thus, with these advantages, the proposed method can be considered a practical solution for solar farms that have to harvest large amounts of energy.

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    Authors: Sofana Reka S; Prakash Venugopal; Ravi V; Hassan Haes Alhelou; +2 Authors

    The automotive industry is marching towards cleaner energy in the impending future. The need for cleaner energy is promoted by the government to a large degree in the global market in order to reduce pollution. Automobiles contribute to an upper scale in regard to the level of pollution in the environment. For cleaner energy in automobiles, the industry needs to be revolutionized in all needed ways to a massive extent. The industry has to move from the traditional internal combustion engine, for which the main sources of energy are nonrenewable sources, to alternative methods and sources of energy. The automotive industry is now focusing on electric vehicles, and more research is being highlighted from vehicle manufacturers to find solutions for the problems faced in the field of electrification. Therefore, to accomplish full electrification, there is a long way to go, and this also requires a change in the existing infrastructure in addition to many innovations in the fields of infrastructure and grid connectively as well as the economic impacts of electric vehicles in society. In this work, an analysis of the electric vehicle market with the economic impacts of electric vehicles is studied. This therefore requires the transformation of the automotive industry.

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    Authors: Rona George Allwyn; Rashid Al Abri; Arif Malik; Amer Al-Hinai;

    In this paper, two aspects related to streetlight systems are considered. In the first part, the economic analysis of replacing existing HPS lamps with light-emitting diode (LED) and discrete LED lamps for street lighting is performed using actual data from Oman. The street lighting system inside Sultan Qaboos University is considered for the case study. The discounted payback period, which is calculated to study the practicability of implementing the system, is found to be 1.01 years, making the system financially appealing. Moreover, the estimated reduction of a carbon footprint shows that tonnes of CO2 emissions are reduced, which makes it environmentally attractive. The second part of the paper considers optimal sizing of PV/battery system for a new streetlight system with LED lamps. The life cycle cost analysis was performed and the related cost of energy generated per kWh is estimated as 0.097 $/kWh which proves the economic viability of the system to be implemented in Oman besides minimizing the CO2 emissions to zero.

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      Energies
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      Energies
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: A. Al-Abri; Hassan A. Yousef; T. Al Mahmoudi; Abdullah Al-Badi; +2 Authors

    With the decline in price of the photovoltaics (PVs) their use as a power source for water pumping is the most attractive solution instead of using diesel generators or electric motors driven by a grid system. In this paper, a method to design a PV pumping system is presented and discussed, which is then used to calculate the required size of the PV for an existing farm. Furthermore, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions saved by the use of PV water pumping system instead of using diesel-fuelled generators or electrical motor connected to the grid network is calculated. In addition, an experimental set-up is developed for the PV water pumping system using both DC and AC motors with batteries. The experimental tests are used to validate the developed MATLAB model. This research work demonstrates that using the PV water pumping system is not only improving the living conditions in rural areas but it is also protecting the environment and can be a cost-effective application in remote locations.

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    International Journal of Sustainable Energy
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Sustainable Energy
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bright Akwasi Gyamfi; Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo; Festus Victor Bekun; Ephraim Bonah Agyekum; +3 Authors

    Reconnaissant les conséquences dévastatrices de la détérioration de l'environnement, les membres méditerranéens se sont engagés à adopter les plans d'action du traité de 2015 de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat (COP21) alors que les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) augmentent dans la région méditerranéenne, ce qui semble être un grave défi pour l'environnement mondial. À cette fin, notre étude a examiné l'impact des investissements directs étrangers (IDE) sur la dégradation de l'environnement des membres méditerranéens pour la période allant de 1995 à 2016. Cependant, des variables telles que le développement financier, la croissance économique, les énergies renouvelables et les combustibles fossiles ont été examinées plus en détail par la méthodologie de retard réparti auto-régressif groupé par panneaux transversaux, le groupe à moyenne augmentée (AMG) et le test de causalité par panneaux Dumitrescu et Hurlin ont été utilisés pour l'analyse de causalité. Les résultats de la co-intégration de Westerlund (2007) montrent une relation d'équilibre à long terme entre les variables mises en évidence. Le résultat empirique a révélé une relation négative entre les IDE et l'hypothèse Hallo du polluant indicateur de CO2 (PHH). De plus, le revenu et son carré montrent une courbe en forme de U inversé indiquant l'hypothèse de la courbe de Kuznets environnementale (EKC). Tant le développement financier que les énergies renouvelables ont indiqué une association négative avec les émissions de CO2, tandis que les combustibles fossiles avaient une relation positive avec les émissions. Cependant, il y avait une causalité de rétroaction entre le revenu et les émissions de carbone ainsi que le développement financier et les émissions de carbone. En outre, nous observons que les IDE et les émissions de carbone, les énergies renouvelables et les émissions de carbone, ainsi que les émissions de combustibles fossiles et de carbone ont une relation de causalité unidirectionnelle. Dans l'ensemble, l'étude suggère certaines prescriptions politiques, notamment la mise en œuvre d'initiatives de conservation et la mise en place d'une réglementation et de stratégies en matière d'énergie propre pour le bloc étudié. Reconociendo las devastadoras consecuencias del deterioro ambiental, los miembros mediterráneos se comprometen a adoptar los planes de acción del tratado de 2015 del Acuerdo Climático de París (COP21), ya que las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) están aumentando en la región mediterránea, lo que parece ser un grave desafío para el medio ambiente de nuestro mundo. Con este fin, nuestro estudio examinó el impacto de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) en la degradación ambiental de los miembros mediterráneos durante el período comprendido entre 1995 y 2016. Sin embargo, variables como el desarrollo financiero, el crecimiento económico, las energías renovables y los combustibles fósiles se examinaron más a fondo mediante la metodología de retardo distribuido autorregresivo agrupado de panel transversal de uso, el Grupo de media aumentada (AMG) y la prueba de causalidad de panel de Dumitrescu y Hurlin para el análisis de causalidad. Los resultados de la cointegración de Westerlund (2007) muestran una relación de equilibrio a largo plazo entre las variables resaltadas. El resultado empírico reveló una relación negativa entre la IED y el CO2, lo que indica la hipótesis del hallo contaminante (PHH). Además, el ingreso y su cuadrado muestran una curva en forma de U invertida que indica la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental (EKC). Tanto el desarrollo financiero como las energías renovables indicaron una asociación adversa con las emisiones de CO2, mientras que los combustibles fósiles tuvieron una relación positiva con las emisiones. Sin embargo, hubo una causalidad de retroalimentación entre los ingresos y las emisiones de carbono, así como el desarrollo financiero y las emisiones de carbono. Además, observamos que la IED y las emisiones de carbono, las energías renovables y las emisiones de carbono, así como los combustibles fósiles y las emisiones de carbono, tenían una relación causal unidireccional. En general, el estudio sugiere algunas prescripciones de políticas, incluida la implementación de iniciativas de conservación y el establecimiento de regulaciones y estrategias de energía limpia para el bloque investigado. In acknowledgment of the devastating consequences of environmental deterioration, the Mediterranean members are committed to adopt the 2015 treaty action plans of the Paris Climate Agreement (COP21) as carbon dioxide emission (CO2) are on the rise in the Mediterranean region, which seems to be a serious challenge to our world's environment. To this end, our study examined the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on environmental degradation for the Mediterranean members for the period between 1995 to 2016. However, variables such as, financial development, economic growth, renewable energy and fossil fuel were further examined by the use cross-sectional-Panel pooled Auto Regressive Distributed Lag methodology, Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test was used for causality analysis. The co-integration results from Westerlund (2007) shows a long-run equilibrium relationship between highlighted variables. The empirical result revealed a negative relation between FDI and CO2 indicating pollutant Hallo Hypothesis (PHH). Moreover, income and its square show an inverted U-Shaped curve indicating environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Both financial development and renewable energy indicated an adverse association with CO2 emission whereas fossil fuel had a positive relationship with emissions. However, there was a feedback causality among income and carbon emission as well as financial development and carbon emission. Furthermore, we observe that FDI and carbon emission, renewable energy and carbon emission, as well as fossil fuel and carbon emission were found to have one-way causal relationship. Overall, the study suggests some policy prescriptions including the implementation of conservation initiatives and the establishment of clean energy regulation and strategies for the investigated bloc. اعترافاً بالعواقب المدمرة للتدهور البيئي، يلتزم أعضاء البحر الأبيض المتوسط باعتماد خطط عمل اتفاقية باريس للمناخ لعام 2015 (COP21) مع ارتفاع انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون (CO2) في منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط، والتي يبدو أنها تشكل تحدياً خطيراً لبيئة عالمنا. ولتحقيق هذه الغاية، درست دراستنا تأثير الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر على التدهور البيئي لأعضاء منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط للفترة من 1995 إلى 2016. ومع ذلك، تم فحص متغيرات مثل التنمية المالية والنمو الاقتصادي والطاقة المتجددة والوقود الأحفوري بشكل أكبر من خلال استخدام منهجية التأخر الموزع الانحداري التلقائي المجمعة باللوحة المقطعية، وتم استخدام مجموعة المتوسط المعزز (AMG) واختبار سببية لوحة دوميتريسكو وهيرلين لتحليل السببية. تُظهر نتائج التكامل المشترك من ويسترلوند (2007) علاقة توازن طويلة المدى بين المتغيرات البارزة. كشفت النتيجة التجريبية عن وجود علاقة سلبية بين الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وثاني أكسيد الكربون مما يشير إلى فرضية هالو الملوثة (PHH). علاوة على ذلك، يُظهر الدخل ومربعه منحنى مقلوب على شكل حرف U يشير إلى فرضية منحنى كوزنتس البيئي (EKC). وأشار كل من التطور المالي والطاقة المتجددة إلى وجود ارتباط سلبي بانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في حين أن الوقود الأحفوري له علاقة إيجابية بالانبعاثات. ومع ذلك، كانت هناك علاقة ارتجاعية بين الدخل وانبعاثات الكربون وكذلك التنمية المالية وانبعاثات الكربون. علاوة على ذلك، نلاحظ أن الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وانبعاثات الكربون والطاقة المتجددة وانبعاثات الكربون، وكذلك الوقود الأحفوري وانبعاثات الكربون، لها علاقة سببية أحادية الاتجاه. بشكل عام، تقترح الدراسة بعض الوصفات السياسية بما في ذلك تنفيذ مبادرات الحفظ ووضع لوائح واستراتيجيات للطاقة النظيفة للكتلة التي تم التحقيق فيها.

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    Energy Reports
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    Authors: Mohammad Ghiasi; Taher Niknam; Moslem Dehghani; Pierluigi Siano; +2 Authors

    Today, in various leading power utilities in developing countries, achieving optimal operational energy management and planning, taking into account the costs reduction of generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, and also reducing the emission of an environmental pollutant becomes more and more important. Optimal use of renewable energy sources (RESs) is an effective way to achieve these goals. In this regard, in this research article, an improved multi-objective differential evolutionary (IMODE) optimization algorithm is suggested and performed to dispatch electricity generations in a smart microgrid (MG) system, taking into account economy and emission as competitive issues. In this paper, a nonlinear equation of multi-objective optimization issue with various equality and inequality limitations is formulated in order to lower the total operational costs of the MG considering environmental pollution effects simultaneously. In order to address the issue of optimal operation of the MG in single-objective and multi-objective forms, an intelligent method according to the improved differential evolutionary (IDE) optimization is utilized and performed and the proposed algorithm is implemented on different problems. First, it is assumed that there is no limit to the exchange of power overhead, and secondly, the limitation of power exchange with the upstream grid is considered. In multi-objective mode, these two modes are also considered. In order to show the impact of renewable energy on the cost, in the third part of the simulations, the operation is solved with maximum participation of renewable energy sources. In the final section, the sensitivity analysis on the number of populations in this problem is performed. The obtained results of the simulation are compared to differential evolutionary (DE) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques. The effectiveness of the suggested multi-operational energy management method is confirmed by applying a study case system.

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    Authors: Ahmed I. Osman; Neha Mehta; Ahmed M. Elgarahy; Amer Al-Hinai; +2 Authors

    AbstractThe global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels. Biomass is a promising energy source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, policy decisions for biofuels should be based on evidence that biofuels are produced in a sustainable manner. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information on environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Here, we review advances in biomass conversion to biofuels and their environmental impact by life cycle assessment. Processes are gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and fermentation. Thermochemical processes are classified into low temperature, below 300 °C, and high temperature, higher than 300 °C, i.e. gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is promising because it operates at a relatively lower temperature of up to 500 °C, compared to gasification, which operates at 800–1300 °C. We focus on 1) the drawbacks and advantages of the thermochemical and biochemical conversion routes of biomass into various fuels and the possibility of integrating these routes for better process efficiency; 2) methodological approaches and key findings from 40 LCA studies on biomass to biofuel conversion pathways published from 2019 to 2021; and 3) bibliometric trends and knowledge gaps in biomass conversion into biofuels using thermochemical and biochemical routes. The integration of hydrothermal and biochemical routes is promising for the circular economy.

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    Environmental Chemistry Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Environmental Chemistry Letters
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    Authors: Khaled M. Alawasa; Rashid S. AlAbri; Amer S. Al-Hinai; Mohammed H. Albadi; +1 Authors

    For a decade, investments in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have been increasing exponentially in the Middle East. Broadly speaking, these investments have been facing tremendous challenges due to the harsh weather in this particular part of the world. Dust accumulation is one the challenges that negatively affects the performance of solar PV systems. The overall goal of this paper is to thoroughly investigate the effect of dust accumulation on the energy yield of car park PV systems. With this aim in mind, the paper presents scientific values for further research and opens the horizon for attracting further investments in solar PV systems. This study is based on a real PV system in the Sultanate of Oman and considers different cleaning cycles for 16 months (from 29 July 2018 to 10 November 2019). Furthermore, four different PV groups were assessed, and the system was monitored under different cleaning frequencies. In general, it was found that dust accumulation has a significant impact; under 29-day, 32-day, 72-day, and 98-day cleaning cycles, the average percentages of energy loss due to soiling were 9.5%, 18.2%, 31.13%, and 45.6%, respectively. In addition, the dust effect has a seasonal variation. The study revealed that dust accumulation has a more negative impact during summer than during winter. During summer, the energy losses due to soiling were 8.7% higher than those during winter. The difference was attributed to different environmental conditions, with high humidity and low wind speed being the main factors that worsen the impact of dust during summer. Based on the findings of this research, a monthly cleaning program is highly recommended in the city of Muscat.

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