• Energy Research

Abstract. Nitrous oxide emissions from a network of agricultural experiments in Europe and Zimbabwe were used to explore the relative importance of site and management controls of emissions. At each site, a selection of management interventions were compared within replicated experimental designs in plot based experiments. Arable experiments were conducted at Beano in Italy, El Encin in Spain, Foulum in Denmark, Logården in Sweden, Maulde in Belgium, Paulinenaue in Germany, Harare in Zimbabwe and Tulloch in the UK. Grassland experiments were conducted at Crichton, Nafferton and Peaknaze in the UK, Gödöllö in Hungary, Rzecin in Poland, Zarnekow in Germany and Theix in France. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured at each site over a period of at least two years using static chambers. Emissions varied widely between sites and as a result of manipulation treatments. Average site emissions (throughout the study period) varied between 0.04 and 21.21 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, with the largest fluxes and variability associated with the grassland sites. Total nitrogen addition was found to be the single most important determinant of emissions, accounting for 15% of the variance (using linear regression) in the data from the arable sites (p < 0.0001), and 77% in the grassland sites. The annual emissions from arable sites were significantly greater than those that would be predicted by IPCC default emission factors. Variability in N2O within sites that occurred as a result of manipulation treatments was greater than that resulting from site to site and year to year variation, highlighting the importance of management interventions in contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation.

En Europe, la prairie occupe près de 40% de la surface agricole utile et fournit un ensemble de services environnementaux et agricoles, tout en constituant un réservoir de diversité végétale et animale. Cet écosystème herbacé, plurispécifique et multifonctionnel est un système biologique complexe qui fait interagir l’atmosphère, la végétation et le sol, via les cycles biogéochimiques, notamment ceux du carbone et de l’azote. Motivées par le maintien des biens et services des prairies face aux changements climatiques et atmosphériques, les recherches actuelles sur l’écosystème prairial s’attachent à étudier l’évolution des processus clés du système prairial (i .e. production, échanges gazeux, changements d’espèce) sous changement climatique complexe. Ce projet de thèse a pour objectif d’étudier in situ les impacts des principales composantes du changement climatique (température de l’air, précipitations, concentration atmosphérique en gaz carbonique) sur des prairies extensives de moyenne montagne. Nous cherchons à mettre en évidence les changements de structure et de fonctionnement de l’écosystème prairial sous l’influence d’un scénario de changement climatique prévu à l’horizon 2080 pour le centre de la France. Ce scénario (ACCACIA A2) prévoit une augmentation de 3.5°C des températures de l’air, une augmentation des concentrations atmosphériques en CO2 de 200 ppm et une réduction des précipitations estivales de 20 %. Nos résultats indiquent qu’à moyen terme (trois ans de traitements expérimentaux) le réchauffement a des effets néfastes sur la production annuelle du couvert végétal. L’effet bénéfique d’une élévation des teneurs en CO2 sur la production aérienne n’apparaît qu’à partir de la troisième année. La richesse spécifique (nombre d’espèces) et les indices de diversité taxonomique n’ont pas montré de variations significatives sous changement climatique. Cependant après trois années de réchauffement, l’abondance des graminées semble être altérée. Contrairement à la production, les traits sont plus affectés par la concentration en CO2 élevée que par le réchauffement. Après trois ans de traitements, des mesures d’échanges gazeux (CO2) à l’échelle du couvert végétal pendant la saison de croissance ont montré un effet négatif du réchauffement sur l’activité photosynthétique du couvert et une acclimatation de la photosynthèse au cours de la saison de croissance sous CO2 élevé. Ces tendances ont aussi été trouvées sur la photosynthèse foliaire d’une des espèces dominantes du couvert (Festuca arundinacea). L’effet négatif direct du réchauffement à l’échelle foliaire semble être associé à une diminution des sucres dans les limbes. L’acclimatation à l’enrichissement enCO2 à l’échelle foliaire, quant à elle, semble être indirectement dépendante du statu hydrique du sol. Notre étude a aussi porté sur l’analyse des échanges gazeux sol-atmosphère d’un des principaux gaz à effet de serre trace des prairies, l’oxyde nitreux (N2O). Malgré une forte variabilité inter- et intra- annuelle, les flux de N2O semblent être favorisés sous réchauffement. L’augmentation de la température affecte aussi positivement les taux de nitrification et leur pool microbien associé (AOB), et les rejets de N2O via dénitrification. De plus, les flux de N2O mesurés aux champs ont montré une corrélation plus forte à la taille des populations microbiennes (nitrifiantes et dénitrifiantes) en traitement réchauffé qu’en traitement témoin. En conclusion, la température semble être le facteur principal dans les réponses de cette prairie aux changements climatiques futurs. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que le fonctionnement (production, émissions de N2O) des prairies extensives de moyenne montagne est plus vulnérable aux changements climatiques que la structure de la communauté végétale. In France, the grassland ecosystem represents an important part of the total of agricultural landscape and provides important economic and ecological services. This multifunctional ecosystem is a complex biological system where atmosphere, plants and soil interact together,via the biogeochemical cycles (particularly carbon and nitrogen cycles). In order to maintain goods and services from grasslands in changing environmental conditions, current research on the grassland ecosystem focus on the evolution of key grassland processes (i.e. production,gaseous exchanges, biodiversity) under multiple and simultaneous climate change.This thesis addresses the impacts of the three main climate change drivers (air temperature, precipitation and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations) on an extensively-managed upland grassland in situ. We investigated changes in ecosystem function and structure under the influence of a projected climate scenario for 2080 for central France. This scenario (ACCACIA A2) comprises : air warming of 3.5°C, 20 % reduction of the summer precipitation and an increase of 200 ppm in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2).Our results indicate that in the medium term (after three years of experimental treatments), warming had negative effects on the annual aboveground production. Elevated CO2 had no significant effects on aboveground production initially, but positive effects on biomass from the third year onwards. Species richness and the indices of species diversity did not show significant differences in response to climate change, but warming was associated with a decline in grass abundance after three years. Contrary to biomass production, plant traits showed a stronger response to elevated CO2 than to warming. After three years of study, canopy-level photosynthesis showed a negative effect of warming but an acclimation to elevated CO2 during the growing season. This pattern was also found for leaf-level photosynthetic rates measured on a dominant grass species (Festuca arundinacea). For Festuca, the direct negative effect of warming was associated with a decrease in leaf fructan metabolism. In contrast, the photosynthetic acclimation under elevated CO2 observed in Festuca seemed closely linked to the indirect effect of soil water content. Our study also examined effects of climate change on one of the main trace greenhouse gases in grasslands, nitrous oxide (N2O). During our study, N2O fluxes showed significant inter-and intra-annual variability. Nevertheless, mean annual N2O fluxes increased in response to warming. Warming had a positive effect on nitrification rates, denitrification rates and the population size of nitrifying bacteria (AOB). Furthermore, field N2O fluxes showed a stronger correlation with the microbial population size in the warmed compared with the control treatment. Overall, warming seems to be the main factor driving ecosystem responses to projected climate change conditions for this cool, upland grassland. In addition, our results suggest that grassland function (aboveground production, N2O emissions) are more vulnerable to complex climate change than grassland community structure for our study system.

Abstract Plant legacy is a concept representing the effects exerted by plants on soil once they are no longer growing. We hypothesized that plant species and mixture (intercropping) would induce different short-term legacy effects impacting carbon and nitrogen-related soil microbial activities and resistance and resilience after a heat disturbance. A microcosm experiment was conducted using a calcareous Mediterranean soil conditioned by a complete vegetative cycle in a greenhouse with four planting modalities (W = monoculture of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); L = monoculture of white Lupin (Lupinus albus L.); WL = both species intercropped; U = unplanted soil). Half of microcosms were incubated at 28 °C (C = control conditions) whereas the remaining half were exposed at 48 °C for 2 days (S = stress conditions), with an immediately return to control conditions. Microcosms were destructively sampled at 2, 7, 16 and 28 days (T2, T7, T16, T28) after the end of the heat disturbance and the following soil measurements were performed: Basal Respiration (BR), Substrate-Induced Respiration (SIR), Nitrification Enzyme Activity (NEA) and N mineral concentrations. Our results demonstrated that monocultures and intercropping promoted different legacy effects under control conditions especially for SIR. WL soils presented lower values of SIR than L and higher than W soils. For SIR, W and WL soils conferred greater resistance to the heat stress, whereas L and WL soils conferred higher resilience at T28. For NEA, no differences between soils were observed for resistance to heat stress, but at T16, soils having WL legacy were more resilient than L soils, but comparable to those having W legacy. Our results highlight that a short-term legacy effect is measurable but greatly differs between C- and N-related microbial activities. We estimated that intercropping had modified ability of soil microorganisms to face heat stress, suggesting that plant legacy effect has to be considered to mitigate extreme climatic events in Mediterranean soils.

AbstractEmissions of the trace gas nitrous oxide (N2O) play an important role for the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone depletion, but the impacts of climate change on N2O fluxes and the underlying microbial drivers remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sustained climate change on field N2O fluxes and associated microbial enzymatic activities, microbial population abundance and community diversity in an extensively managed, upland grassland. We recorded N2O fluxes, nitrification and denitrification, microbial population size involved in these processes and community structure of nitrite reducers (nirK) in a grassland exposed for 4 years to elevated atmospheric CO2 (+200 ppm), elevated temperature (+3.5 °C) and reduction of summer precipitations (−20%) as part of a long‐term, multifactor climate change experiment. Our results showed that both warming and simultaneous application of warming, summer drought and elevated CO2 had a positive effect on N2O fluxes, nitrification, N2O release by denitrification and the population size of N2O reducers and NH4 oxidizers. In situ N2O fluxes showed a stronger correlation with microbial population size under warmed conditions compared with the control site. Specific lineages of nirK denitrifier communities responded significantly to temperature. In addition, nirK community composition showed significant changes in response to drought. Path analysis explained more than 85% of in situ N2O fluxes variance by soil temperature, denitrification activity and specific denitrifying lineages. Overall, our study underlines that climate‐induced changes in grassland N2O emissions reflect climate‐induced changes in microbial community structure, which in turn modify microbial processes.