• Energy Research

Geothermal is vital for sustainably meeting Indonesia's energy demand, given its estimated massive reserves potential equivalent to 24 GW of electricity. The Indonesian government has set geothermal contributions to the national energy mix at 7,241.5 MW by 2025 and 17,546 MW by 2050, despite harnessing such vast potential needing significant investment. To that goal, the government established a feed-in tariff (FIT) mechanism to encourage private sector investment in geothermal development. However, FIT has undergone significant alterations in a short period. Moreover, various complicating factors—bureaucracy, social, and technical—exist alongside FIT implementation. Therefore, the extent that FIT can effectively enhance geothermal development in Indonesia should be challenged with further investigation. This study explores the efficacy of FIT policies for geothermal electricity by comparing the performance of several FIT schemes in terms of their impact on the government's target achievement. This study combines the policy analysis framework with system dynamics modeling to understand the dynamic interaction of FIT policy and other important components in geothermal development. The findings show that modest bureaucracy and public support are required. Furthermore, to enhance geothermal development more effectively, FIT should be at least 11 cents US$/kWh and accompanied by technical breakthroughs and government-funded exploration activities. ; Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public. ; Policy Analysis

The transition to electric vehicles such as electric motorcycles is being encouraged by the government worldwide to improve energy saving and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, several technical challenges – price, range and charging time – have​ hindered electric motorcycle adoption. Battery swapping is an alternative to overcome such challenges, allowing users to conveniently change their depleted battery for a fully charged battery at a designated charging station. Notwithstanding the advantages of battery swapping, the battery swapping service industry faces some issues that can make it less profitable—battery standardisation, infrastructure readiness and investment cost. This study explores approaches toward a profitable battery swapping service industry, focusing on examining the effectiveness of policies for developing the battery swapping service industry in the case of Indonesia. To this end, this study combines the policy analysis framework with the system dynamics modelling to analyse the dynamic complexity of the battery swapping service industry. This study reveals that price and infrastructure instruments are crucial in boosting battery swapping adoption, thus making the battery swapping service industry profitable. The subsidy on the battery swapping stations appears as the most effective policy for developing a profitable battery swapping service industry compared to the battery pack standardisation and electricity subsidy policies.

Natural gas vehicles (NGV) face significant adoption barriers in Jakarta. Therefore, a successful transition requires measures from the government. Owing to the high cost of transition policies, the efficacy of these policies must be analyzed to identify the most effective policy. The implementation of transition policies, however, could dynamically influence people's perception and behavior, which then changes the landscape of adoption barriers. Furthermore, even a seemingly successful policy may fail when a certain pathway of uncertainties emerges in the future. To address these concerns, we integrated agent-based modeling, exploratory modeling, and diffusion of innovation theory into the exploratory model-based diffusion analysis approach. This approach evaluates the policy's performance, explores changes in the relative importance of different adoption barriers, and identifies policy vulnerabilities, i.e., scenarios leading to policy failures. We tested this approach on four NGV transition policies targeting three adoption barriers. We found that the importance of adoption barriers and the critical uncertainties upon the implemented policies. The social–behavioral barrier predominates under current conditions, whereas the economic factor becomes more relevant when all policies are executed. Understanding the changes in adoption barriers and policy vulnerabilities will help decision-makers to prepare additional measures that ensure a successful transition.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is being considered as an option to reduce CO2 emissions worldwide. Yet recent cases show that CCS faces divergent public acceptance issues. This paper investigates stakeholder perspectives on CCS in Indonesia. Q methodology was adopted to analyse the diversity of stakeholder perspectives. Four perspectives were identified: (1) "CO2 emissions reduction through clean energy sources rather than CCS"; (2) "CCS as one of the options in the transition to a sustainable energy system"; (3) "CCS as the only optimal solution to reduce CO2 emissions"; (4) "CCS is only a tactic to keep burning coal forever". Based on these results, we argue that stakeholder acceptance of CCS should be understood as a complex notion. This means that understanding whether or under what conditions stakeholders would be willing to support CCS, requires consideration of stakeholders viewpoints about broader questions of CO2 emission reduction and energy supply in Indonesia, rather than studying attitudes towards CCS in isolation. We discuss how the approach taken in this study can be used and followed up in policymaking on CCS in Indonesia. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract Indonesia has an enormous solar energy potential equivalent to 207.8 Gigawatt (GW) of power generation because of its equatorial location. Nevertheless, solar energy development in Indonesia is still considerably low, with no more than 3% of household consumers using solar energy (estimated 2018). Building a large-scale grid-connected photovoltaics (PV) system offers an excellent opportunity to boost solar energy development. However, it requires a considerable investment that the government cannot currently provide. One feasible solution is through the distributed PV system adoption, such as the household rooftop PV. Net metering and net billing have been implemented as policy instruments to increase the household rooftop PV adoption, but their effectiveness was never assessed. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effectiveness of the two policy instruments by analyzing and understanding the dynamic complexity of the household rooftop PV adoption using system dynamics approach incorporated with policy analysis framework. The findings suggest that the net metering is more effective than the net billing in boosting the household rooftop PV adoption. The study also emphasizes the importance of taking a systems perspective to acquire a sufficient understanding of the dynamic complexity of solar energy development for a better evaluation of energy policy.

Despite the potential advantages, technology adoption often brings unexpected outcomes and even leads to failures on multiple fronts. The accountability of outcomes and failure of technology is missed out from technology development and adoption process. This issue has increasingly gained attention of researchers and practitioners. Responsible innovation (RI) has emerged as a concept that aims to address such issues through deploying the five dimensions (anticipation, reflexivity, deliberation, responsiveness, participation) in different stages of innovation process. However, the five dimensions lack of well identified and developed methodology. Therefore, the system dynamics (SD) modelling is explored as a method for extending the effectiveness of RI approach in practice. SD models on energy technology adoption dynamics developed here enable the demonstration of its applicability in anticipation and reflexivity. The paper concludes that the use of SD modelling seems useful for improving the capacity of reflexive and anticipatory dimensions of RI approach in practice.

India and Indonesia are privileged with abundant biomass resource potentials, 23 Giga-watt (GW) and 50 GW equivalents respectively, yet both countries harvest small proportions, with fundamentally different deployed policies and articulated strategies. In this regard, this paper focuses on analyzing evolution and deployment of different policies and execution of strategies by two countries. It analyzes the effects of the biomass energy policies and executed strategies in India and Indonesia with a holistic approach. Such an approach takes the policy and strategy of the whole biomass energy sector rather than a segmented and separated sector as biofuel, biogas, biodiesel, etc. Furthermore, how they have resulted in different outcomes is also addressed. Our analysis shows that India's biomass energy policy has evolved from incremental to more radical changes, while Indonesia's policy remains incremental. India has also a relatively more unified biomass energy strategy than Indonesia. India has been more focused on technology development and deployment along with strong institutional creation, whereas Indonesia has not been able to create any biomass sector supporting strong institutions. Therefore, in terms of biomass energy utilizations, India has demonstrated better performance than Indonesia.

Small-scale artisan chocolate producers target environmentally conscious consumers and must work with their supply chain partners to measure and improve their environmental impacts. This research evaluates the environmental impact along the supply chain of artisan dark chocolate products in Indonesia and creates an action plan to reduce environmental impact. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was used. The analysis considers cocoa production from the farm level to the processing of cocoa beans into bars in three stages for 1 kg of dark chocolate: the farm maintenance and harvesting stage; post-harvesting stage; and processing stage. At the farm maintenance and harvesting stage, the significant contributions are 72.5% of total abiotic depletion (AD), 47.2% of total global warming (GW), 80.2% of total eutrophication (EU). The significant contributions at the post-harvesting are 31.2% of total AD, 51.8% of total GW, 83% of total EU, 26.4% of total ozone layer depletion (ODP), 20.1% of total cumulative energy demand (CED) and non-renewable fossil (NRF), and 36.9% of total CED renewable biomass (RB). And at the processing stage, the significant contributions are 20.5% of total AD, 15% of total GW, 4% of total ODP, 13.1% of total acidification (AC), 12% of total EU, 10% of total fossil resource scarcity (FRS), and 1.6% of total CED NRF. Changes to the farm maintenance and harvesting stages contributed the most to environmental impact reduction by improving waste utilization and the treatment and selection of environmentally friendly materials.