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The energy storage process becomes very important due to the imbalances in energy supply and demand. Therefore some factors need to be considered to increase the efficiency of the energy storage system, such as cost–benefit analysis and technological improvements. This study aims to examine the inventive problem-solving capacities for renewable energy storage investments. A new model is suggested for this objective by considering fuzzy decision-making methodology. It is concluded that prior action and dynamicity are the most essential capacities of renewable energy storage investments. Additionally, dynamicity plays the most critical role when all factors are considered in renewable energy investment projects in a collaborative manner. Hence, it is recommended that the companies should mainly consider the initial developments of the storage facilities. Moreover, location selection for effective energy storage should also be considered to increase the performance of these investments.

The purpose of this study is to examine optimal solar module investments. Firstly, key determinants of the performance of solar energy investments are evaluated by DEMATEL method with the 2-tuple IVIF sets. Moreover, the cell material alternatives for solar module investments are also ranked. For this purpose, an evaluation has been made by 2-tuple IVIF TOPSIS. The contributions of the paper are performing a priority analysis to understand the most significant factors to increase solar energy projects and creating an original model by the integration of DEMATEL and TOPSIS with the 2-tuple IVIF sets. The findings denote that crystalline silicon is the optimal solar panel module to increase the performance of these projects. In the short term, government subsidies can provide cost advantages to solar energy investors. It is not a very continuous practice to try to increase these projects only with government supports. The costs of solar energy projects should be reduced to solve this problem permanently. Owing to new technological developments, high cost problem of solar energy investments can be handled more successfully.

Ce document propose un nouveau modèle pour étudier les problèmes d'émissions de carbone dans sept économies émergentes (E7) (Chine, Mexique, Turquie, Russie, Brésil, Indonésie et Inde). Il utilise le modèle DEMATEL flou sphérique quantique pondéré avec une coupe dorée utilisant des données de 18 ans, qui a été classé pour l'évaluation des émissions de carbone via la méthode TOPSIS floue sphérique quantique. Les données comprennent des variables macroéconomiques pour la période allant de 2003 à 2020. Paper observe que (i) les émissions de CO2 provenant des combustibles fossiles sont le facteur le plus important qui afflige le problème des émissions de carbone des économies E7. Il suggère que ces pays doivent explorer des alternatives aux combustibles fossiles pour gérer le problème des émissions de carbone. (ii) Le problème des émissions de CO2 dans la production d'énergie peut être minimisé par les énergies renouvelables et l'énergie nucléaire, ce qui suggère des incitations financières pour les investisseurs dans les domaines d'exploration énergétique. (iii) Il est également observé qu'en raison de la forte volatilité des émissions de CO2, un facteur de marché négatif existe dans le sentiment des consommateurs dans la consommation de pétrole et de produits pétroliers. Cela peut être compensé par une politique fiscale de consommation d'énergie en matière de fiscalité et d'encouragement des industries extractives et des producteurs de produits pétroliers, ainsi que par un développement spatial inégal ayant un impact significatif sur la réduction des émissions de CO2. Le document recommande aux pays E7 de trouver des alternatives aux combustibles fossiles afin de traiter efficacement le problème des émissions de carbone. Este documento propone un nuevo modelo para estudiar los problemas de emisiones de carbono en siete economías emergentes (E7) (China, México, Turquía, Rusia, Brasil, Indonesia e India). Emplea el modelo DEMATEL difuso esférico cuántico ponderado con corte dorado utilizando datos de 18 años, que se clasificó para la evaluación de emisiones de carbono mediante el método TOPSIS difuso esférico cuántico. Los datos incluyen variables macroeconómicas para el periodo de 2003 a 2020. El documento observa que (i) las emisiones de CO2 de los combustibles fósiles son el factor más importante que aflige el problema de las emisiones de carbono de las economías E7. Sugiere que estos países necesitan explorar alternativas a los combustibles fósiles para manejar el problema de las emisiones de carbono. (ii) El problema de las emisiones de CO2 en la producción de energía puede minimizarse con energía renovable y energía nuclear, lo que sugiere algunos incentivos financieros para los inversores en áreas de exploración energética. (iii) También se observa que debido a la alta volatilidad de las emisiones de CO2, existe un factor de mercado negativo en la confianza del consumidor en el consumo de petróleo y productos derivados del petróleo. Esto se puede compensar a través de la política fiscal de consumo de energía en la fiscalidad y fomentar que las industrias extractivas y los productores de productos derivados del petróleo, así como el desarrollo espacial desigual, tengan un impacto significativo en la reducción de las emisiones de CO2. El documento recomienda que los países del E7 deben encontrar alternativas a los combustibles fósiles para abordar eficazmente el problema de las emisiones de carbono. This paper proposes a new model to study carbon emission issues in seven emerging (E7) economies (China, Mexico, Turkey, Russia, Brazil, Indonesia and India). It employs weighted Quantum Spherical fuzzy DEMATEL model with golden cut using 18 years data, which was ranked for carbon emission evaluation via Quantum Spherical fuzzy TOPSIS method. The data includes macroeconomic variables for the period from 2003 to 2020. Paper observes that (i) CO2 emissions from fossil fuels is the most significant factor distressing the carbon emission problem of E7 economies. It suggests that these countries need to explore alternatives to fossil fuels to handle the carbon emission problem. (ii) The CO2 emission problem in energy production can be minimized by renewable energy and nuclear energy, suggesting some financial incentives to the investors in energy explorations areas. (iii) It is also observed that due to high volatility of CO2 emissions, a negative market factor exists in consumer sentiment in consumption of oil and petroleum products. This can be compensated via energy consumption fiscal policy in taxation and encourage of extractive industries and producers of petroleum products, as well as the uneven spatial development to have a significant impact on the reduction of CO2 emission. The paper gives recommendation that E7 countries need to find alternatives to fossil fuels in order to deal effectively with the carbon emission problem. تقترح هذه الورقة نموذجًا جديدًا لدراسة قضايا انبعاثات الكربون في سبعة اقتصادات ناشئة (E7) (الصين والمكسيك وتركيا وروسيا والبرازيل وإندونيسيا والهند). وهي تستخدم نموذج ديماتيل غامض كروي كمي مرجح مع قطع ذهبي باستخدام بيانات 18 عامًا، والتي تم تصنيفها لتقييم انبعاثات الكربون عبر طريقة توبسيس غامض كروي كمي. تتضمن البيانات متغيرات الاقتصاد الكلي للفترة من 2003 إلى 2020. تلاحظ الورقة البحثية أن (1) انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الوقود الأحفوري هي العامل الأكثر أهمية الذي يزعج مشكلة انبعاثات الكربون في اقتصادات E7. ويشير إلى أن هذه البلدان بحاجة إلى استكشاف بدائل للوقود الأحفوري للتعامل مع مشكلة انبعاثات الكربون. (2) يمكن تقليل مشكلة انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في إنتاج الطاقة إلى الحد الأدنى من خلال الطاقة المتجددة والطاقة النووية، مما يشير إلى بعض الحوافز المالية للمستثمرين في مجالات استكشاف الطاقة. (3) ويلاحظ أيضًا أنه بسبب التقلبات العالية لانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون، يوجد عامل سلبي في السوق في معنويات المستهلكين في استهلاك النفط والمنتجات البترولية. يمكن تعويض ذلك من خلال السياسة المالية لاستهلاك الطاقة في الضرائب وتشجيع الصناعات الاستخراجية ومنتجي المنتجات البترولية، فضلاً عن التنمية المكانية غير المتكافئة ليكون لها تأثير كبير على الحد من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون. وتقدم الورقة توصية مفادها أن بلدان مجموعة السبع بحاجة إلى إيجاد بدائل للوقود الأحفوري من أجل التعامل بفعالية مع مشكلة انبعاثات الكربون.

This study aims to identify the influencing factors of the effectiveness in energy investment. For this purpose, 8 different countries with continental shelf in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) are considered. Firstly, 9 different criteria are defined based on the literature review. The significance levels of these factors are determined by considering hesitant interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (IVIF) DEMATEL based on 2-tuple linguistic values (2TLV). Therefore, the motivation of this study is to figure out the weights of the criteria for the energy investment projects. Also, the main contributions to the literature are to propose a set of criteria for defining the indicators of the efficiency and to construct a novel decision-making model based on IVIF technique in these projects. The main justifications of this hybrid method can be given as the importance of the distribution, political stability, and technological capacity for the effectiveness in energy investment. Furthermore, hesitant TOPSIS method is used to evaluate these 8 countries regarding the effectiveness in energy investments. It is concluded that Israel and Turkey are the most successful countries in this framework. It is recommended that these countries should have an effective pipeline to transfer the reserves to other countries. Also, these countries in this region should pay attention to political stability. Moreover, countries with energy reserves in the EMR should make the necessary investments to improve their technological infrastructure. Hence, seismic exploration and drilling vessels should be obtained by these countries so that the energy reserves can be located and obtained effectively.

This study aims to analyse environmental management systems for sustainable energy price. For this purpose, a new fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model is generated. First, seven different criteria are defined with supported literature. After that, these factors are weighted by considering decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) methodology based on 2-tuple hesitant interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy sets (HIVPFs). Furthermore, different pricing strategies are also ranked by using HIVPF technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR). Also, a sensitivity analysis is also performed by considering six different conditions. The main contribution of this study is proposing a new mathematical model to solve a significant problem regarding energy prices. It is concluded that the results of both TOPSIS and VIKOR are quite similar. On the other side, it is also understood that the results of six different cases are almost the same. This situation explains that analysis results are reliable and coherent. The findings indicate that safety incidence and waste management are the most crucial factors for the sustainability of the energy price. In addition, skimming is the best pricing strategy for the energy industry. Within this framework, energy companies should firstly offer high prices to the market. After that, the price should be reduced when there is a decrease in the demand.

This study aims to identify appropriate innovative strategies for solar energy investments for both commercial and non-commercial users. For this purpose, TRIZ-based 8 different innovative strategies are identified. Later, these strategies are weighted with the interval type-2 fuzzy DEMATEL (IT2 FDEMATEL) method to define more important strategies. Thus, the main motivation of this study is to figure out the weights of the strategies for solar energy investments The findings indicate that the replacement of mechanical system is found as the most effective TRIZ-based investment strategy for solar energy projects regarding both commercial and non-commercial customers. Thus, it is recommended that solar energy companies should give special support to their customers with respect to the security issues. Moreover, local quality is another significant strategy for commercial users. Therefore, it will be appropriate to provide special services according to the characteristics of the customers. Within this framework, having distribution centers close to customers and employing customer representatives who know well the culture of that region can be very helpful. Additionally, cushion in advance is found as another appropriate TRIZ-based innovative strategy for commercial customers. Hence, it would be appropriate to ensure the security in solar panels. Within this context, necessary measures should be taken for problems such as electric shock, material destruction, theft, and risk of destroying data on the computer.

This study aims to evaluate energy efficiency in emerging economies. Within this context, a hybrid fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model is generated. In this model, firstly 7 different criteria that can affect energy efficiency are identified with the help of a comprehensive literature review. After that, these criteria are weighted by considering Gaussian fuzzy Entropy methodology. In the next stage, emerging 7 (E7) countries are ranked regarding the performance of energy efficiency with Gaussian fuzzy the interactive multi-criteria decision-making (TODIM) approach. In the final stage, the criteria have also been evaluated by using fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method for robustness check. Similarly, the alternatives are also ranked by using technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to evaluate the coherency of the analysis results. Finally, the calculations are also made with triangular and trapezoidal fuzzy numbers to control the reliability of the proposed model. The findings indicate that economic development and technological competency are the main factors that influence energy efficiency. Moreover, it is also stated that Russia and Brazil are the most successful countries in energy efficiency whereas India and Turkey are in the last places. Therefore, these issues can be helpful to minimize the costs of energy usage for these countries

Smart grid systems help increase RWJ projects (RWJ) so that environmentally friendly energy production can be generated. However, efficient technologies should be implemented to ensure the sustainability of smart grid systems. This study aims to evaluate renewable-friendly smart grid technologies regarding distributed energy investment projects by using a hybrid picture fuzzy rough decision-making approach. Firstly, selected criteria are weighted using the multi stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (M-SWARA) method based on picture fuzzy rough sets (PFRSs). Subsequently, different renewable-friendly smart grid technologies are ranked with the complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) technique by using PFRSs. It is determined that research and development play the most critical role with respect to the renewable-friendly smart grid technologies for distributed energy investment projects. On the other side, cost is another essential factor for this issue. It is also identified that direct current links are the most important renewable-friendly smart grid technology alternative. Priorities should be given to the development of research and development studies on renewable energies to increase the efficiency of smart grid systems. In this context, private sector companies have a very important role. Similarly, incentives provided by governments to RWJ research and development studies should be increased. Within the scope of these studies, new technologies for RWJ types should be emphasized. In this context, new technologies for all RWJ alternatives should be followed comprehensively. Increasing research and development for such investments will also make smart grid systems more successful.