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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mónica Pineda; María Luisa Pérez-Bueno; María Luisa Pérez-Bueno; Matilde Barón;

    A rapid diagnosis of black rot in brassicas, a devastating disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), would be desirable to avoid significant crop yield losses. The main aim of this work was to develop a method of detection of Xcc infection on broccoli leaves. Such method is based on the use of imaging sensors that capture information about the optical properties of leaves and provide data that can be implemented on machine learning algorithms capable of learning patterns. Based on this knowledge, the algorithms are able to classify plants into categories (healthy and infected). To ensure the robustness of the detection method upon future alterations in climate conditions, the response of broccoli plants to Xcc infection was analyzed under a range of growing environments, taking current climate conditions as reference. Two projections for years 2081–2100 were selected, according to the Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Thus, the response of broccoli plants to Xcc infection and climate conditions has been monitored using leaf temperature and five conventional vegetation indices (VIs) derived from hyperspectral reflectance. In addition, three novel VIs, named diseased broccoli indices (DBI1-DBI3), were defined based on the spectral reflectance signature of broccoli leaves upon Xcc infection. Finally, the nine parameters were implemented on several classifying algorithms. The detection method offering the best performance of classification was a multilayer perceptron-based artificial neural network. This model identified infected plants with accuracies of 88.1, 76.9, and 83.3%, depending on the growing conditions. In this model, the three Vis described in this work proved to be very informative parameters for the disease detection. To our best knowledge, this is the first time that future climate conditions have been taken into account to develop a robust detection model using classifying algorithms.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Plant S...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PubMed Central
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: DOAJ
    Digital.CSIC
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: Digital.CSIC
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Plant S...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Frontiers in Plant Science
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: PubMed Central
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Frontiers in Plant Science
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: DOAJ
      Digital.CSIC
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: Digital.CSIC
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mónica Pineda; Matilde Barón; María Luisa Pérez‐Bueno;

    AbstractClimate change caused by global warming involves crucial plant growth factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, ambient temperature or water availability. These stressors usually co‐occur, causing intricate alterations in plant physiology and development. This work focuses on how elevated atmospheric CO2 levels, together with the concomitant high temperature, would affect the physiology of a relevant crop, such as broccoli. Particular attention has been paid to those defence mechanisms that contribute to plant fitness under abiotic stress. Results show that both photosynthesis and leaf transpiration were reduced in plants grown under climate change environments compared to those grown under current climate conditions. Furthermore, an induction of carbohydrate catabolism pointed to a redistribution from primary to secondary metabolism. This result could be related to a reinforcement of cell walls, as well as to an increase in the pool of antioxidants in the leaves. Broccoli plants, a C3 crop, grown under an intermediate condition showed activation of those adaptive mechanisms, which would contribute to coping with abiotic stress, as confirmed by reduced levels of lipid peroxidation relative to current climate conditions. On the contrary, the most severe climate change scenario exceeded the adaptive capacity of broccoli plants, as shown by the inhibition of growth and reduced vigour of plants. In conclusion, only a moderate increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature would not have a negative impact on broccoli crop yields.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physiologia Plantaru...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physiologia Plantarum
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DIGITAL.CSIC
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: DIGITAL.CSIC
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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    Access Routes
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    3
    citations3
    popularityAverage
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    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    visibility29
    visibilityviews29
    downloaddownloads52
    Powered by Usage counts
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physiologia Plantaru...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physiologia Plantarum
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DIGITAL.CSIC
      Article . 2024
      Data sources: DIGITAL.CSIC
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Joaquim Miguel Costa; Jorge Marques da Silva; Carla Pinheiro; Carla Pinheiro; +8 Authors

    Le climat méditerranéen est caractérisé par des étés chauds et secs et des sécheresses fréquentes. Les cultures méditerranéennes sont fréquemment soumises à de fortes demandes d'évapotranspiration, à des déficits en eau du sol, à des températures élevées et à un stress photo-oxydant. Ces conditions deviendront plus prononcées en raison du réchauffement climatique qui pose des défis majeurs pour la durabilité du secteur agricole dans les pays méditerranéens. Il est urgent de sélectionner des variétés de cultures adaptées aux conditions climatiques futures et plus tolérantes aux événements climatiques extrêmes. Le phénotypage des plantes est une approche cruciale pour relever ces défis en utilisant les sciences de la sélection des cultures, des plantes et de l'agronomie. Le phénotypage des plantes à haut débit (HTPP) aide à surveiller la performance des génotypes améliorés et constitue l'une des stratégies les plus efficaces pour améliorer la durabilité de la production agricole. Malgré les progrès remarquables des connaissances de base et de la technologie du phénotypage des plantes, il existe encore plusieurs contraintes pratiques, financières et politiques à la mise en œuvre efficace des approches HTPP sur le terrain et dans des conditions contrôlées à travers la Méditerranée. Le panorama européen du phénotypage est hétérogène et l'intégration des données de phénotypage à différentes échelles et la traduction de la « recherche sur les phytotrons » sur le terrain, et des espèces modèles aux cultures, restent des défis majeurs. En outre, les solutions spécifiquement adaptées à l'agriculture méditerranéenne (par exemple, les cultures et les contraintes environnementales) sont en forte demande, car la région est vulnérable au changement climatique et aux processus de désertification. Les besoins spécifiques en phénotypage des cultures méditerranéennes n'ont pas encore été complètement identifiés. En outre, le coût élevé des infrastructures HTPP est un facteur limitant majeur, bien que la disponibilité limitée de personnel qualifié puisse également nuire à sa mise en œuvre dans les pays méditerranéens. Nous proposons que le manque d'infrastructures de phénotypage appropriées entrave le développement de nouvelles variétés agricoles méditerranéennes et affectera négativement la compétitivité du secteur agricole. Nous donnons un aperçu du panorama hétérogène du phénotypage dans les pays méditerranéens, décrivant l'état de l'art de la production agricole, des initiatives d'élevage et des capacités de phénotypage dans cinq pays : Italie, Grèce, Portugal, Espagne et Turquie. Nous caractérisons certains des principaux obstacles au développement du phénotypage des plantes dans ces pays et identifions des stratégies pour surmonter les obstacles et maximiser les avantages des approches de phénotypage et de modélisation de l'agriculture méditerranéenne et de la durabilité associée. El clima mediterráneo se caracteriza por veranos cálidos y secos y frecuentes sequías. Los cultivos mediterráneos están sometidos con frecuencia a altas demandas de evapotranspiración, déficit hídrico del suelo, altas temperaturas y estrés fotooxidativo. Estas condiciones serán más pronunciadas debido al calentamiento global, que plantea grandes desafíos para la sostenibilidad del sector agrícola en los países mediterráneos. Se requiere con urgencia la selección de variedades de cultivo adaptadas a las condiciones climáticas futuras y más tolerantes a los eventos climáticos extremos. El fenotipado de las plantas es un enfoque crucial para abordar estos desafíos mediante la utilización del mejoramiento de cultivos, las ciencias vegetales y agronómicas. El fenotipado de plantas de alto rendimiento (HTPP) ayuda a monitorear el rendimiento de los genotipos mejorados y es una de las estrategias más efectivas para mejorar la sostenibilidad de la producción agrícola. A pesar del notable progreso en el conocimiento básico y la tecnología de fenotipado de plantas, todavía existen varias limitaciones prácticas, financieras y políticas para la implementación efectiva de los enfoques de HTPP en condiciones de campo y controladas en todo el Mediterráneo. El panorama europeo de la fenotipificación es heterogéneo y la integración de los datos de fenotipificación en diferentes escalas y la traducción de la "investigación del fitotrón" al campo, y de las especies modelo a los cultivos siguen siendo los principales desafíos. Además, las soluciones específicamente adaptadas a la agricultura mediterránea (por ejemplo, cultivos y tensiones ambientales) tienen una gran demanda, ya que la región es vulnerable al cambio climático y a los procesos de desertificación. Los requisitos específicos de fenotipado de los cultivos mediterráneos aún no se han identificado completamente. Además, el alto coste de las infraestructuras del HTPP es un factor limitante importante, aunque la limitada disponibilidad de personal cualificado también puede perjudicar su implementación en los países mediterráneos. Proponemos que la falta de una infraestructura de fenotipado adecuada está obstaculizando el desarrollo de nuevas variedades agrícolas mediterráneas y afectará negativamente a la competitividad del sector agrícola. Proporcionamos una visión general del panorama heterogéneo del fenotipado dentro de los países mediterráneos, describiendo el estado de la técnica de la producción agrícola, las iniciativas de mejoramiento y las capacidades de fenotipado en cinco países: Italia, Grecia, Portugal, España y Turquía. Caracterizamos algunos de los principales impedimentos para el desarrollo del fenotipado vegetal en esos países e identificamos estrategias para superar las barreras y maximizar los beneficios de los enfoques de fenotipado y modelado para la agricultura mediterránea y la sostenibilidad relacionada. The Mediterranean climate is characterised by hot dry summers and frequent droughts. Mediterranean crops are frequently subjected to high evapotranspiration demands, soil water deficits, high temperatures and photo-oxidative stress. These conditions will become more pronounced due to global warming which poses major challenges to sustainability of the agricultural sector in Mediterranean countries. Selection of crop varieties adapted to future climatic conditions and more tolerant of extreme climatic events is urgently required. Plant phenotyping is a crucial approach to address these challenges by utilising crop breeding, plant and agronomic sciences. High throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) helps to monitor the performance of improved genotypes, and is one of the most effective strategies to improve the sustainability of agricultural production. In spite of the remarkable progress in basic knowledge and technology of plant phenotyping, there are still several practical, financial and political constraints to effective implementation of HTPP approaches in field and controlled conditions across the Mediterranean. The European panorama of phenotyping is heterogeneous and integration of phenotyping data across different scales and translation of "phytotron research" to the field, and from model species to crops remain major challenges. Moreover, solutions specifically tailored to Mediterranean agriculture (e.g., crops and environmental stresses) are in high demand, as the region is vulnerable to climate change and to desertification processes. The specific phenotyping requirements of Mediterranean crops have not yet been fully identified. Furthermore, the high cost of HTPP infrastructures is a major limiting factor, though the limited availability of skilled personnel may also impair its implementation in Mediterranean countries. We propose that the lack of suitable phenotyping infrastructure is hindering the development of new Mediterranean agricultural varieties and will affect negatively competitiveness of the agricultural sector. We provide an overview of the heterogeneous panorama of phenotyping within Mediterranean countries, describing the state-of-the-art of agricultural production, breeding initiatives and phenotyping capabilities in five countries: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey. We characterise some of the main impediments for development of plant phenotyping in those countries and identify strategies to overcome barriers and maximise the benefits of phenotyping and modelling approaches to Mediterranean agriculture and related sustainability. يتميز مناخ البحر الأبيض المتوسط بصيف حار وجاف وجفاف متكرر. وكثيرا ما تتعرض محاصيل البحر الأبيض المتوسط لطلبات عالية من التبخر والنتح، والعجز في مياه التربة، وارتفاع درجات الحرارة والإجهاد التأكسدي الضوئي. ستصبح هذه الظروف أكثر وضوحًا بسبب ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري التي تشكل تحديات كبيرة لاستدامة القطاع الزراعي في بلدان البحر الأبيض المتوسط. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى اختيار أصناف المحاصيل التي تتكيف مع الظروف المناخية المستقبلية وتكون أكثر تسامحًا مع الأحداث المناخية المتطرفة. التنميط الظاهري للنباتات هو نهج حاسم لمواجهة هذه التحديات من خلال الاستفادة من تربية المحاصيل والعلوم النباتية والزراعية. يساعد التنميط الظاهري للنباتات عالية الإنتاجية (HTPP) على مراقبة أداء الأنماط الجينية المحسنة، وهو أحد أكثر الاستراتيجيات فعالية لتحسين استدامة الإنتاج الزراعي. على الرغم من التقدم الملحوظ في المعرفة والتكنولوجيا الأساسية للتنميط الظاهري للنباتات، لا تزال هناك العديد من القيود العملية والمالية والسياسية للتنفيذ الفعال لنهج HTPP في الميدان والظروف الخاضعة للرقابة عبر البحر الأبيض المتوسط. إن البانوراما الأوروبية للتنميط الظاهري غير متجانسة ولا يزال دمج بيانات التنميط الظاهري عبر مقاييس مختلفة وترجمة "أبحاث فيتوترون" إلى الميدان، ومن الأنواع النموذجية إلى المحاصيل يمثل تحديات كبيرة. علاوة على ذلك، هناك طلب كبير على الحلول المصممة خصيصًا للزراعة المتوسطية (مثل المحاصيل والضغوط البيئية)، حيث أن المنطقة عرضة لتغير المناخ وعمليات التصحر. لم يتم بعد تحديد متطلبات التنميط الظاهري المحددة لمحاصيل البحر الأبيض المتوسط بشكل كامل. علاوة على ذلك، فإن التكلفة العالية للبنى التحتية لبرنامج HTPP هي عامل مقيد رئيسي، على الرغم من أن التوافر المحدود للموظفين المهرة قد يضعف أيضًا تنفيذه في بلدان البحر الأبيض المتوسط. نقترح أن عدم وجود بنية تحتية مناسبة للتنميط الظاهري يعوق تطوير أصناف زراعية متوسطية جديدة وسيؤثر سلبًا على القدرة التنافسية للقطاع الزراعي. نقدم لمحة عامة عن البانوراما غير المتجانسة للتنميط الظاهري داخل دول البحر الأبيض المتوسط، واصفين أحدث تقنيات الإنتاج الزراعي ومبادرات التكاثر وقدرات التنميط الظاهري في خمسة بلدان: إيطاليا واليونان والبرتغال وإسبانيا وتركيا. نحن نميز بعض العوائق الرئيسية لتطوير التنميط الظاهري للنباتات في تلك البلدان ونحدد استراتيجيات للتغلب على الحواجز وتعظيم فوائد التنميط الظاهري ونهج النمذجة للزراعة المتوسطية والاستدامة ذات الصلة.

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    Frontiers in Plant Science
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    Frontiers in Plant Science
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      Frontiers in Plant Science
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      Frontiers in Plant Science
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    Authors: Mónica Pineda; Matilde Barón;

    Environmental conditions affect many plant traits such as biochemistry, physiology, morphology, and even their distribution around the world. Human activities have increased greenhouse gas emissions, which will promote a global rise in temperatures. The impact of climate change on natural vegetation and crops is difficult to predict, making it necessary to conduct experiments that mimic potential future climate conditions. Here, oilseed rape has been grown under environmental conditions that reproduce severe and intermediate climate change, setting the current climatic conditions as a control, with the main objective of evaluating the impact of climate change on the health status of this plant of agronomic interest. For such a purpose, two approaches (invasive and non-invasive) have been applied. Invasive quantitative measurements are based on the absorbance of biochemical compounds. Non-invasive methods such as thermal, multicolor fluorescence, and hyperspectral reflectance imaging sensors rely on the spectral properties of the plants. The results revealed that climate change induced lipid peroxidation, as well as alterations in pigment composition, transpiration, photosynthesis, and secondary plant metabolism. Those changes were more drastic the more severe the climatic condition imposed. Novel vegetation indices obtained from hyperspectral reflectance and specifically tailored to detect stress in brassicas correlated with physiological traits such as lipid peroxidation and secondary plant metabolism.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2022
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      Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mónica Pineda; María Luisa Pérez-Bueno; María Luisa Pérez-Bueno; Matilde Barón;

    A rapid diagnosis of black rot in brassicas, a devastating disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), would be desirable to avoid significant crop yield losses. The main aim of this work was to develop a method of detection of Xcc infection on broccoli leaves. Such method is based on the use of imaging sensors that capture information about the optical properties of leaves and provide data that can be implemented on machine learning algorithms capable of learning patterns. Based on this knowledge, the algorithms are able to classify plants into categories (healthy and infected). To ensure the robustness of the detection method upon future alterations in climate conditions, the response of broccoli plants to Xcc infection was analyzed under a range of growing environments, taking current climate conditions as reference. Two projections for years 2081–2100 were selected, according to the Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Thus, the response of broccoli plants to Xcc infection and climate conditions has been monitored using leaf temperature and five conventional vegetation indices (VIs) derived from hyperspectral reflectance. In addition, three novel VIs, named diseased broccoli indices (DBI1-DBI3), were defined based on the spectral reflectance signature of broccoli leaves upon Xcc infection. Finally, the nine parameters were implemented on several classifying algorithms. The detection method offering the best performance of classification was a multilayer perceptron-based artificial neural network. This model identified infected plants with accuracies of 88.1, 76.9, and 83.3%, depending on the growing conditions. In this model, the three Vis described in this work proved to be very informative parameters for the disease detection. To our best knowledge, this is the first time that future climate conditions have been taken into account to develop a robust detection model using classifying algorithms.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Plant S...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PubMed Central
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: DOAJ
    Digital.CSIC
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: Digital.CSIC
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Plant S...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Frontiers in Plant Science
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: PubMed Central
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Frontiers in Plant Science
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: DOAJ
      Digital.CSIC
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: Digital.CSIC
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mónica Pineda; Matilde Barón; María Luisa Pérez‐Bueno;

    AbstractClimate change caused by global warming involves crucial plant growth factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, ambient temperature or water availability. These stressors usually co‐occur, causing intricate alterations in plant physiology and development. This work focuses on how elevated atmospheric CO2 levels, together with the concomitant high temperature, would affect the physiology of a relevant crop, such as broccoli. Particular attention has been paid to those defence mechanisms that contribute to plant fitness under abiotic stress. Results show that both photosynthesis and leaf transpiration were reduced in plants grown under climate change environments compared to those grown under current climate conditions. Furthermore, an induction of carbohydrate catabolism pointed to a redistribution from primary to secondary metabolism. This result could be related to a reinforcement of cell walls, as well as to an increase in the pool of antioxidants in the leaves. Broccoli plants, a C3 crop, grown under an intermediate condition showed activation of those adaptive mechanisms, which would contribute to coping with abiotic stress, as confirmed by reduced levels of lipid peroxidation relative to current climate conditions. On the contrary, the most severe climate change scenario exceeded the adaptive capacity of broccoli plants, as shown by the inhibition of growth and reduced vigour of plants. In conclusion, only a moderate increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature would not have a negative impact on broccoli crop yields.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physiologia Plantaru...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physiologia Plantarum
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DIGITAL.CSIC
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: DIGITAL.CSIC
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Access Routes
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physiologia Plantaru...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physiologia Plantarum
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DIGITAL.CSIC
      Article . 2024
      Data sources: DIGITAL.CSIC
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Joaquim Miguel Costa; Jorge Marques da Silva; Carla Pinheiro; Carla Pinheiro; +8 Authors

    Le climat méditerranéen est caractérisé par des étés chauds et secs et des sécheresses fréquentes. Les cultures méditerranéennes sont fréquemment soumises à de fortes demandes d'évapotranspiration, à des déficits en eau du sol, à des températures élevées et à un stress photo-oxydant. Ces conditions deviendront plus prononcées en raison du réchauffement climatique qui pose des défis majeurs pour la durabilité du secteur agricole dans les pays méditerranéens. Il est urgent de sélectionner des variétés de cultures adaptées aux conditions climatiques futures et plus tolérantes aux événements climatiques extrêmes. Le phénotypage des plantes est une approche cruciale pour relever ces défis en utilisant les sciences de la sélection des cultures, des plantes et de l'agronomie. Le phénotypage des plantes à haut débit (HTPP) aide à surveiller la performance des génotypes améliorés et constitue l'une des stratégies les plus efficaces pour améliorer la durabilité de la production agricole. Malgré les progrès remarquables des connaissances de base et de la technologie du phénotypage des plantes, il existe encore plusieurs contraintes pratiques, financières et politiques à la mise en œuvre efficace des approches HTPP sur le terrain et dans des conditions contrôlées à travers la Méditerranée. Le panorama européen du phénotypage est hétérogène et l'intégration des données de phénotypage à différentes échelles et la traduction de la « recherche sur les phytotrons » sur le terrain, et des espèces modèles aux cultures, restent des défis majeurs. En outre, les solutions spécifiquement adaptées à l'agriculture méditerranéenne (par exemple, les cultures et les contraintes environnementales) sont en forte demande, car la région est vulnérable au changement climatique et aux processus de désertification. Les besoins spécifiques en phénotypage des cultures méditerranéennes n'ont pas encore été complètement identifiés. En outre, le coût élevé des infrastructures HTPP est un facteur limitant majeur, bien que la disponibilité limitée de personnel qualifié puisse également nuire à sa mise en œuvre dans les pays méditerranéens. Nous proposons que le manque d'infrastructures de phénotypage appropriées entrave le développement de nouvelles variétés agricoles méditerranéennes et affectera négativement la compétitivité du secteur agricole. Nous donnons un aperçu du panorama hétérogène du phénotypage dans les pays méditerranéens, décrivant l'état de l'art de la production agricole, des initiatives d'élevage et des capacités de phénotypage dans cinq pays : Italie, Grèce, Portugal, Espagne et Turquie. Nous caractérisons certains des principaux obstacles au développement du phénotypage des plantes dans ces pays et identifions des stratégies pour surmonter les obstacles et maximiser les avantages des approches de phénotypage et de modélisation de l'agriculture méditerranéenne et de la durabilité associée. El clima mediterráneo se caracteriza por veranos cálidos y secos y frecuentes sequías. Los cultivos mediterráneos están sometidos con frecuencia a altas demandas de evapotranspiración, déficit hídrico del suelo, altas temperaturas y estrés fotooxidativo. Estas condiciones serán más pronunciadas debido al calentamiento global, que plantea grandes desafíos para la sostenibilidad del sector agrícola en los países mediterráneos. Se requiere con urgencia la selección de variedades de cultivo adaptadas a las condiciones climáticas futuras y más tolerantes a los eventos climáticos extremos. El fenotipado de las plantas es un enfoque crucial para abordar estos desafíos mediante la utilización del mejoramiento de cultivos, las ciencias vegetales y agronómicas. El fenotipado de plantas de alto rendimiento (HTPP) ayuda a monitorear el rendimiento de los genotipos mejorados y es una de las estrategias más efectivas para mejorar la sostenibilidad de la producción agrícola. A pesar del notable progreso en el conocimiento básico y la tecnología de fenotipado de plantas, todavía existen varias limitaciones prácticas, financieras y políticas para la implementación efectiva de los enfoques de HTPP en condiciones de campo y controladas en todo el Mediterráneo. El panorama europeo de la fenotipificación es heterogéneo y la integración de los datos de fenotipificación en diferentes escalas y la traducción de la "investigación del fitotrón" al campo, y de las especies modelo a los cultivos siguen siendo los principales desafíos. Además, las soluciones específicamente adaptadas a la agricultura mediterránea (por ejemplo, cultivos y tensiones ambientales) tienen una gran demanda, ya que la región es vulnerable al cambio climático y a los procesos de desertificación. Los requisitos específicos de fenotipado de los cultivos mediterráneos aún no se han identificado completamente. Además, el alto coste de las infraestructuras del HTPP es un factor limitante importante, aunque la limitada disponibilidad de personal cualificado también puede perjudicar su implementación en los países mediterráneos. Proponemos que la falta de una infraestructura de fenotipado adecuada está obstaculizando el desarrollo de nuevas variedades agrícolas mediterráneas y afectará negativamente a la competitividad del sector agrícola. Proporcionamos una visión general del panorama heterogéneo del fenotipado dentro de los países mediterráneos, describiendo el estado de la técnica de la producción agrícola, las iniciativas de mejoramiento y las capacidades de fenotipado en cinco países: Italia, Grecia, Portugal, España y Turquía. Caracterizamos algunos de los principales impedimentos para el desarrollo del fenotipado vegetal en esos países e identificamos estrategias para superar las barreras y maximizar los beneficios de los enfoques de fenotipado y modelado para la agricultura mediterránea y la sostenibilidad relacionada. The Mediterranean climate is characterised by hot dry summers and frequent droughts. Mediterranean crops are frequently subjected to high evapotranspiration demands, soil water deficits, high temperatures and photo-oxidative stress. These conditions will become more pronounced due to global warming which poses major challenges to sustainability of the agricultural sector in Mediterranean countries. Selection of crop varieties adapted to future climatic conditions and more tolerant of extreme climatic events is urgently required. Plant phenotyping is a crucial approach to address these challenges by utilising crop breeding, plant and agronomic sciences. High throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) helps to monitor the performance of improved genotypes, and is one of the most effective strategies to improve the sustainability of agricultural production. In spite of the remarkable progress in basic knowledge and technology of plant phenotyping, there are still several practical, financial and political constraints to effective implementation of HTPP approaches in field and controlled conditions across the Mediterranean. The European panorama of phenotyping is heterogeneous and integration of phenotyping data across different scales and translation of "phytotron research" to the field, and from model species to crops remain major challenges. Moreover, solutions specifically tailored to Mediterranean agriculture (e.g., crops and environmental stresses) are in high demand, as the region is vulnerable to climate change and to desertification processes. The specific phenotyping requirements of Mediterranean crops have not yet been fully identified. Furthermore, the high cost of HTPP infrastructures is a major limiting factor, though the limited availability of skilled personnel may also impair its implementation in Mediterranean countries. We propose that the lack of suitable phenotyping infrastructure is hindering the development of new Mediterranean agricultural varieties and will affect negatively competitiveness of the agricultural sector. We provide an overview of the heterogeneous panorama of phenotyping within Mediterranean countries, describing the state-of-the-art of agricultural production, breeding initiatives and phenotyping capabilities in five countries: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey. We characterise some of the main impediments for development of plant phenotyping in those countries and identify strategies to overcome barriers and maximise the benefits of phenotyping and modelling approaches to Mediterranean agriculture and related sustainability. يتميز مناخ البحر الأبيض المتوسط بصيف حار وجاف وجفاف متكرر. وكثيرا ما تتعرض محاصيل البحر الأبيض المتوسط لطلبات عالية من التبخر والنتح، والعجز في مياه التربة، وارتفاع درجات الحرارة والإجهاد التأكسدي الضوئي. ستصبح هذه الظروف أكثر وضوحًا بسبب ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري التي تشكل تحديات كبيرة لاستدامة القطاع الزراعي في بلدان البحر الأبيض المتوسط. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى اختيار أصناف المحاصيل التي تتكيف مع الظروف المناخية المستقبلية وتكون أكثر تسامحًا مع الأحداث المناخية المتطرفة. التنميط الظاهري للنباتات هو نهج حاسم لمواجهة هذه التحديات من خلال الاستفادة من تربية المحاصيل والعلوم النباتية والزراعية. يساعد التنميط الظاهري للنباتات عالية الإنتاجية (HTPP) على مراقبة أداء الأنماط الجينية المحسنة، وهو أحد أكثر الاستراتيجيات فعالية لتحسين استدامة الإنتاج الزراعي. على الرغم من التقدم الملحوظ في المعرفة والتكنولوجيا الأساسية للتنميط الظاهري للنباتات، لا تزال هناك العديد من القيود العملية والمالية والسياسية للتنفيذ الفعال لنهج HTPP في الميدان والظروف الخاضعة للرقابة عبر البحر الأبيض المتوسط. إن البانوراما الأوروبية للتنميط الظاهري غير متجانسة ولا يزال دمج بيانات التنميط الظاهري عبر مقاييس مختلفة وترجمة "أبحاث فيتوترون" إلى الميدان، ومن الأنواع النموذجية إلى المحاصيل يمثل تحديات كبيرة. علاوة على ذلك، هناك طلب كبير على الحلول المصممة خصيصًا للزراعة المتوسطية (مثل المحاصيل والضغوط البيئية)، حيث أن المنطقة عرضة لتغير المناخ وعمليات التصحر. لم يتم بعد تحديد متطلبات التنميط الظاهري المحددة لمحاصيل البحر الأبيض المتوسط بشكل كامل. علاوة على ذلك، فإن التكلفة العالية للبنى التحتية لبرنامج HTPP هي عامل مقيد رئيسي، على الرغم من أن التوافر المحدود للموظفين المهرة قد يضعف أيضًا تنفيذه في بلدان البحر الأبيض المتوسط. نقترح أن عدم وجود بنية تحتية مناسبة للتنميط الظاهري يعوق تطوير أصناف زراعية متوسطية جديدة وسيؤثر سلبًا على القدرة التنافسية للقطاع الزراعي. نقدم لمحة عامة عن البانوراما غير المتجانسة للتنميط الظاهري داخل دول البحر الأبيض المتوسط، واصفين أحدث تقنيات الإنتاج الزراعي ومبادرات التكاثر وقدرات التنميط الظاهري في خمسة بلدان: إيطاليا واليونان والبرتغال وإسبانيا وتركيا. نحن نميز بعض العوائق الرئيسية لتطوير التنميط الظاهري للنباتات في تلك البلدان ونحدد استراتيجيات للتغلب على الحواجز وتعظيم فوائد التنميط الظاهري ونهج النمذجة للزراعة المتوسطية والاستدامة ذات الصلة.

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    Frontiers in Plant Science
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    Frontiers in Plant Science
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      Frontiers in Plant Science
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      Frontiers in Plant Science
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    Authors: Mónica Pineda; Matilde Barón;

    Environmental conditions affect many plant traits such as biochemistry, physiology, morphology, and even their distribution around the world. Human activities have increased greenhouse gas emissions, which will promote a global rise in temperatures. The impact of climate change on natural vegetation and crops is difficult to predict, making it necessary to conduct experiments that mimic potential future climate conditions. Here, oilseed rape has been grown under environmental conditions that reproduce severe and intermediate climate change, setting the current climatic conditions as a control, with the main objective of evaluating the impact of climate change on the health status of this plant of agronomic interest. For such a purpose, two approaches (invasive and non-invasive) have been applied. Invasive quantitative measurements are based on the absorbance of biochemical compounds. Non-invasive methods such as thermal, multicolor fluorescence, and hyperspectral reflectance imaging sensors rely on the spectral properties of the plants. The results revealed that climate change induced lipid peroxidation, as well as alterations in pigment composition, transpiration, photosynthesis, and secondary plant metabolism. Those changes were more drastic the more severe the climatic condition imposed. Novel vegetation indices obtained from hyperspectral reflectance and specifically tailored to detect stress in brassicas correlated with physiological traits such as lipid peroxidation and secondary plant metabolism.

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