• Energy Research

AbstractAlthough positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant performance under drought have been well documented, how AM fungi regulate soil functions and multifunctionality requires further investigation. In this study, we first performed a meta‐analysis to test the potential role of AM fungi in maintaining soil functions under drought. Then, we conducted a greenhouse experiment, using a pair of hyphal ingrowth cores to spatially separate the growth of AM fungal hyphae and plant roots, to further investigate the effects of AM fungi on soil multifunctionality and its resistance against drought. Our meta‐analysis showed that AM fungi promote multiple soil functions, including soil aggregation, microbial biomass and activities of soil enzymes related to nutrient cycling. The greenhouse experiment further demonstrated that AM fungi attenuate the negative impact of drought on these soil functions and thus multifunctionality, therefore, increasing their resistance against drought. Moreover, this buffering effect of AM fungi persists across different frequencies of water supply and plant species. These findings highlight the unique role of AM fungi in maintaining multiple soil functions by mitigating the negative impact of drought. Our study highlights the importance of AM fungi as a nature‐based solution to sustaining multiple soil functions in a world where drought events are intensifying.

AbstractPlants and their symbionts, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, are increasingly subjected to various environmental stressors due to climate change, including drought. As a response to drought, plants generally allocate more biomass to roots over shoots, thereby facilitating water uptake. However, whether this biomass allocation shift is modulated by AM fungi remains unknown. Based on 5691 paired observations from 154 plant species, we conducted a meta‐analysis to evaluate how AM fungi modulate the responses of plant growth and biomass allocation (e.g., root‐to‐shoot ratio, R/S) to drought. We found that AM fungi attenuate the negative impact of drought on plant growth, including biomass production, photosynthetic performance and resource (e.g. nutrient and water) uptake. Accordingly, drought significantly increased R/S in non‐inoculated plants, but not in plants symbiotic with established AM fungal symbioses. These results suggest that AM fungi promote plant growth and stabilize their R/S through facilitating nutrient and water uptake in plants under drought. Our findings highlight the crucial role of AM fungi in enhancing plant resilience to drought by optimizing resource allocation. This knowledge opens avenues for sustainable agricultural practices that leverage symbiotic relationships for climate adaptation.

Le pâturage représente l'utilisation la plus étendue des terres dans le monde. Pourtant, ses impacts sur les services écosystémiques restent incertains car des interactions omniprésentes entre la pression de pâturage, le climat, les propriétés des sols et la biodiversité peuvent se produire mais n'ont jamais été traitées simultanément. En utilisant une enquête standardisée sur 98 sites sur six continents, nous montrons que les interactions entre la pression du pâturage, le climat, le sol et la biodiversité sont essentielles pour expliquer la fourniture de services écosystémiques fondamentaux dans les zones arides du monde entier. L'augmentation de la pression de pâturage a réduit la prestation de services écosystémiques dans les zones arides plus chaudes et pauvres en espèces, tandis que les effets positifs du pâturage ont été observés dans les zones plus froides et riches en espèces. La prise en compte des interactions entre le pâturage et les facteurs abiotiques et biotiques locaux est essentielle pour comprendre le sort des écosystèmes des terres arides sous le changement climatique et l'augmentation de la pression humaine. El pastoreo representa el uso más extenso de la tierra en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, sus impactos en los servicios ecosistémicos siguen siendo inciertos porque las interacciones generalizadas entre la presión del pastoreo, el clima, las propiedades del suelo y la biodiversidad pueden ocurrir, pero nunca se han abordado simultáneamente. Utilizando una encuesta estandarizada en 98 sitios en seis continentes, mostramos que las interacciones entre la presión del pastoreo, el clima, el suelo y la biodiversidad son fundamentales para explicar la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos fundamentales en las tierras secas de todo el mundo. El aumento de la presión del pastoreo redujo la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos en las tierras secas más cálidas y pobres en especies, mientras que los efectos positivos del pastoreo se observaron en las zonas más frías y ricas en especies. Considerar las interacciones entre el pastoreo y los factores abióticos y bióticos locales es clave para comprender el destino de los ecosistemas de tierras secas bajo el cambio climático y el aumento de la presión humana. Grazing represents the most extensive use of land worldwide. Yet its impacts on ecosystem services remain uncertain because pervasive interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil properties, and biodiversity may occur but have never been addressed simultaneously. Using a standardized survey at 98 sites across six continents, we show that interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil, and biodiversity are critical to explain the delivery of fundamental ecosystem services across drylands worldwide. Increasing grazing pressure reduced ecosystem service delivery in warmer and species-poor drylands, whereas positive effects of grazing were observed in colder and species-rich areas. Considering interactions between grazing and local abiotic and biotic factors is key for understanding the fate of dryland ecosystems under climate change and increasing human pressure. يمثل الرعي الاستخدام الأوسع للأراضي في جميع أنحاء العالم. ومع ذلك، لا تزال آثاره على خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي غير مؤكدة لأن التفاعلات المنتشرة بين ضغط الرعي والمناخ وخصائص التربة والتنوع البيولوجي قد تحدث ولكن لم تتم معالجتها أبدًا في وقت واحد. باستخدام مسح موحد في 98 موقعًا في ست قارات، نوضح أن التفاعلات بين ضغط الرعي والمناخ والتربة والتنوع البيولوجي ضرورية لشرح تقديم خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي الأساسية عبر الأراضي الجافة في جميع أنحاء العالم. أدى الضغط المتزايد للرعي إلى تقليل تقديم خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي في الأراضي الجافة الأكثر دفئًا والفقيرة بالأنواع، في حين لوحظت آثار إيجابية للرعي في المناطق الأكثر برودة والغنية بالأنواع. يعتبر النظر في التفاعلات بين الرعي والعوامل المحلية اللاأحيائية والأحيائية أمرًا أساسيًا لفهم مصير النظم الإيكولوجية للأراضي الجافة في ظل تغير المناخ وزيادة الضغط البشري.

AbstractNitrogen (N) availability has been considered as a critical factor for the cycling and storage of soil organic carbon (SOC), but effects of N enrichment on the SOC pool appear highly variable. Given the complex nature of the SOC pool, recent frameworks suggest that separating this pool into different functional components, for example, particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral‐associated organic carbon (MAOC), is of great importance for understanding and predicting SOC dynamics. Importantly, little is known about how these N‐induced changes in SOC components (e.g., changes in the ratios among these fractions) would affect the functionality of the SOC pool, given the differences in nutrient density, resistance to disturbance, and turnover time between POC and MAOC pool. Here, we conducted a global meta‐analysis of 803 paired observations from 98 published studies to assess the effect of N addition on these SOC components, and the ratios among these fractions. We found that N addition, on average, significantly increased POC and MAOC pools by 16.4% and 3.7%, respectively. In contrast, both the ratios of MAOC to SOC and MAOC to POC were remarkably decreased by N enrichment (4.1% and 10.1%, respectively). Increases in the POC pool were positively correlated with changes in aboveground plant biomass and with hydrolytic enzymes. However, the positive responses of MAOC to N enrichment were correlated with increases in microbial biomass. Our results suggest that although reactive N deposition could facilitate soil C sequestration to some extent, it might decrease the nutrient density, turnover time, and resistance to disturbance of the SOC pool. Our study provides mechanistic insights into the effects of N enrichment on the SOC pool and its functionality at global scale, which is pivotal for understanding soil C dynamics especially in future scenarios with more frequent and severe perturbations.

Thresholds of aridity Increasing aridity due to climate change is expected to affect multiple ecosystem structural and functional attributes in global drylands, which cover ∼45% of the terrestrial globe. Berdugo et al. show that increasing aridity promotes thresholds on the structure and functioning of drylands (see the Perspective by Hirota and Oliveira). Their database includes 20 variables summarizing multiple aspects and levels of ecological organization. They found evidence for a series of abrupt ecological events occurring sequentially in three phases, culminating with a shift to low-cover ecosystems that are nutrient- and species-poor at high aridity values. They estimate that more than 20% of land surface will cross at least one of the thresholds by 2100, which can potentially lead to widespread land degradation and desertification worldwide. Science , this issue p. 787 ; see also p. 739

Grazing represents the most extensive use of land worldwide. Yet its impacts on ecosystem services remain uncertain because pervasive interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil properties, and biodiversity may occur but have never been addressed simultaneously. Using a standardized survey at 98 sites across six continents, we show that interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil, and biodiversity are critical to explain the delivery of fundamental ecosystem services across drylands worldwide. Increasing grazing pressure reduced ecosystem service delivery in warmer and species-poor drylands, whereas positive effects of grazing were observed in colder and species-rich areas. Considering interactions between grazing and local abiotic and biotic factors is key for understanding the fate of dryland ecosystems under climate change and increasing human pressure.