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  • Energy Research

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    Ce travail discute des résultats sur le profil de température, la composition du gaz de synthèse, la valeur de chauffage élevée et l'efficacité d'un procédé de gazéification à lit fixe à contre-courant Coffee Husk, dans lequel des mélanges oxygène-vapeur ont été utilisés comme agent oxydant. L'expérimentation a été réalisée pour différents Ratio d'Equivalence (ER) et Ratio Vapeur-Combustible (SF), dont les plages étaient respectivement de [1,6 – 5,6] et [0,4 – 0,8]. Les résultats montrent que l'augmentation de la vapeur (rapports vapeur/combustible plus élevés) améliore le rapport molaire H2/CO, c'est-à-dire que, pour une constante ER=3,7 et SF à 0,4, 0,6 et 0,8, le rapport H2/CO était respectivement de 1,2, 1,4 et 1,8. En outre, l'ajout de vapeur tend à augmenter la valeur de chauffage supérieure du gaz de synthèse, qui se situait entre 7714 kJ/m3 à ER = 1,6 et SF = 0,4 et 8841 kJ/m3 à ER = 3,2 et SF = 0,8. D'autre part, l'augmentation de l'ER (faible teneur en oxygène) diminue l'efficacité nette de gazéification à froid (CGENET) qui se situait entre 53 % à l'ER = 5,6 et SF = 0,6 et 82 % à l'ER = 1,6 et SF = 0,4. Les résultats ont également été comparés aux résultats publiés précédemment pour la gazéification de la même biomasse mais en utilisant des mélanges air-vapeur pour l'oxydation partielle. Cette comparaison montre que l'utilisation d'oxygène augmente à la fois le profil de température dans le lit et le rendement en CO et H2 contenus dans le gaz de synthèse. Este trabajo analiza los resultados sobre el perfil de temperatura, la composición del gas de síntesis, el alto valor calorífico y la eficiencia de un proceso de gasificación de lecho fijo a contracorriente de Coffee Husk, en el que se utilizaron mezclas de oxígeno y vapor como agente oxidante. La experimentación se llevó a cabo para varias relaciones de equivalencia (ER) y relación vapor-combustible (SF), cuyos rangos fueron [1.6 – 5.6] y [0.4 – 0.8] respectivamente. Los resultados muestran que el aumento de vapor (mayores relaciones de combustible de vapor) mejora la relación molar H2/CO, es decir, para un ER=3.7 constante y SF a 0.4, 0.6 y 0.8, la relación H2/CO fue 1.2, 1.4 y 1.8 respectivamente. Además, la adición de vapor tiende a aumentar el valor calorífico superior del gas de síntesis, que osciló entre 7714 kJ/m3 en ER = 1,6 y SF = 0,4 y 8841 kJ/m3 en ER = 3,2 y SF = 0,8. Por otro lado, el aumento de ER (menor oxígeno) disminuye la eficiencia neta de gasificación en frío (CGENET), que se situó entre el 53 % en ER = 5,6 y SF = 0,6 y el 82 % en ER = 1,6 y SF = 0,4. Los resultados también se compararon con los resultados publicados anteriormente para la gasificación de la misma biomasa pero utilizando mezclas de aire-vapor para la oxidación parcial. Esta comparación muestra que el uso de oxígeno aumenta tanto el perfil de temperatura en el lecho como el rendimiento de CO y H2 contenidos en el gas de síntesis. This work discusses results on temperature profile, syngas composition, High Heating Value, and efficiency of a Coffee Husk counter-current fixed-bed gasification process, in which oxygen-steam blends were used as oxidizing agent. The experimentation was carried out for various Equivalence Ratio (ER) and Steam-Fuel Ratio (SF), whose ranges were [1.6 – 5.6] and [0.4 – 0.8] respectively. The results show that Increased steam (higher steam fuel ratios) improves the H2/CO molar ratio i.e., for a constant ER=3.7 and SF at 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, the H2/CO ratio was 1.2, 1.4, and 1.8 respectively. Also, the addition of steam tends to increase the syngas Higher Heating Value, which ranged between 7714 kJ/m3 at ER = 1.6 and SF = 0.4 and 8841 kJ/m3 at ER = 3.2 and SF = 0.8. On the other hand, increased ER (lower oxygen) decreases the Net Cold Gasification Efficiency (CGENET) which was between 53 % at ER = 5.6 and SF = 0.6 and 82 % at ER = 1.6 and SF = 0.4. Results were also compared to results published before for gasification of the same biomass but using air-steam mixtures for partial oxidation. This comparison shows that the use of oxygen increases both the temperature profile in the bed and the yield of CO and H2 contained in the syngas. يناقش هذا العمل النتائج المتعلقة بملف درجة الحرارة، وتكوين غاز التخليق، وقيمة التسخين العالية، وكفاءة عملية تغويز طبقة ثابتة مضادة للتيار في قشر القهوة، والتي تم فيها استخدام مزيج الأكسجين والبخار كعامل مؤكسد. تم إجراء التجربة لنسبة التكافؤ المختلفة (ER) ونسبة الوقود البخاري (SF)، والتي كانت نطاقاتها [1.6 – 5.6] و [0.4 – 0.8] على التوالي. تظهر النتائج أن زيادة البخار (نسب وقود البخار الأعلى) يحسن النسبة المولارية H2/CO، أي بالنسبة لـ ER ثابت =3.7 و SF عند 0.4 و 0.6 و 0.8، كانت نسبة H2/CO 1.2 و 1.4 و 1.8 على التوالي. أيضًا، تميل إضافة البخار إلى زيادة قيمة التسخين الأعلى للغاز الاصطناعي، والتي تراوحت بين 7714 كيلو جول/م 3 عند ER = 1.6 و SF = 0.4 و 8841 كيلو جول/م 3 عند ER = 3.2 و SF = 0.8. من ناحية أخرى، تقلل زيادة ER (انخفاض الأكسجين) من صافي كفاءة التغويز البارد (CGENET) التي كانت بين 53 ٪ عند ER = 5.6 و SF = 0.6 و 82 ٪ عند ER = 1.6 و SF = 0.4. تمت مقارنة النتائج أيضًا بالنتائج المنشورة من قبل لتغويز نفس الكتلة الحيوية ولكن باستخدام مخاليط بخار الهواء للأكسدة الجزئية. توضح هذه المقارنة أن استخدام الأكسجين يزيد من كل من درجة الحرارة في السرير ومحصول أول أكسيد الكربون والهيدروجين الموجودين في غاز التخليق.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Energy ...arrow_drop_down
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    Frontiers in Energy Research
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Frontiers in Energy Research
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    Frontiers in Energy Research
    Article . 2019
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/g1...
    Other literature type . 2019
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    Other literature type . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Energy ...arrow_drop_down
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      Frontiers in Energy Research
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Energy Research
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      Frontiers in Energy Research
      Article . 2019
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/g1...
      Other literature type . 2019
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/d2...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    The increasing energy consumption, mostly supplied by fossil fuels, has motivated the research and development of alternative fuel technologies to decrease the humanity’s dependence on fossil fuels, which leads to pollution of natural sources. Small-scale biomass gasification, using air-steam blends for partial oxidation, is a good alternative since biomass is a neutral carbon feedstock for sustainable energy generation. This research presents results obtained from an experimental study on coffee husk (CH) gasification, using air-steam blends for partial oxidation in a 10 kW fixed-bed gasifier. Parametric studies on equivalence ratio (ER) (1.53 < ER < 6.11) and steam-fuel (SF) ratio (0.23 < SF < 0.89) were carried out. The results show that increasing both SF and ER results in a syngas rich in CH4 and H2 but poor in CO. Also, decreased SF and ER decrease the peak temperature (Tpeak) at the gasifier combustion zone. The syngas high heating value (HHV) ranged from 3112 kJ/SATPm3 to 5085 kJ/SATPm3 and its maximum value was obtained at SF = 0.87 and ER = 4.09. The dry basis molar concentrations of the species, produced under those operating conditions (1.53 < ER < 6.11 and 0.23 < SF < 0.89), were between 1.12 and 4.1% for CH4, between 7.77 and 13.49% for CO, and between 7.54 and 19.07% for H2. Other species were in trace amount.

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    Journal of Combustion
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Journal of Combustion
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    Journal of Combustion
    Article . 2017
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/2k...
    Other literature type . 2017
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rs...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Combustio...arrow_drop_down
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      Journal of Combustion
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Combustion
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      Journal of Combustion
      Article . 2017
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/2k...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rs...
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    Solar cells based on kesterite-type $Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ (CZTS) thin films were fabricated using a chemical route to prepare the $CZTS$ films, consisting in sequential deposition of $Cu_2SnS_3$ (CTS) and $ZnS$ thin films followed by annealing at $550^\circ C$ in nitrogen atmosphere. The $CTS$ compound was prepared in a one-step process using a novel chemical procedure consisting of simultaneous precipitation of $Cu_2S$ and $SnS_2$ performed by diffusion membranes assisted $CBD$ (chemical bath deposition) technique. Diffusion membranes were used to optimize the kinetic growth through a moderate control of release of metal ions into the work solution. As the conditions for the formation in one step of the $Cu_2SnS_3$ compound have not yet been reported in literature, special emphasis was put on finding the parameters that allow growing the $Cu_2SnS_3$ thin films by simultaneous precipitation of $Cu_2S$ and $SnS_2$. For that, we propose a methodology that includes numerical solution of the equilibrium equations that were established through a study of the chemical equilibrium of the system $SnCl_2$, $Na_3C_6H_5O_7\cdot 2H2O$, $CuCl_2$ and $Na_2S_2O_3\cdot5H_2O$. The formation of thin films of $CTS$ and $CZTS$ free of secondary phases grown with a stoichiometry close to that corresponding to the $Cu_2SnS_3$ and $Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ phases, was verified through measurements of X-ray diffraction $(XRD)$ and Raman spectroscopy. Solar cell with an efficiency of $4.2%$, short circuit current of $16.2 mA/cm^2$ and open-circuit voltage of 0.49 V was obtained. in Spanish

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    EPJ Photovoltaics
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    EPJ Photovoltaics
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      EPJ Photovoltaics
      Article . 2016
      Data sources: DOAJ
      https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY NC SA
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/p3...
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3 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Ce travail discute des résultats sur le profil de température, la composition du gaz de synthèse, la valeur de chauffage élevée et l'efficacité d'un procédé de gazéification à lit fixe à contre-courant Coffee Husk, dans lequel des mélanges oxygène-vapeur ont été utilisés comme agent oxydant. L'expérimentation a été réalisée pour différents Ratio d'Equivalence (ER) et Ratio Vapeur-Combustible (SF), dont les plages étaient respectivement de [1,6 – 5,6] et [0,4 – 0,8]. Les résultats montrent que l'augmentation de la vapeur (rapports vapeur/combustible plus élevés) améliore le rapport molaire H2/CO, c'est-à-dire que, pour une constante ER=3,7 et SF à 0,4, 0,6 et 0,8, le rapport H2/CO était respectivement de 1,2, 1,4 et 1,8. En outre, l'ajout de vapeur tend à augmenter la valeur de chauffage supérieure du gaz de synthèse, qui se situait entre 7714 kJ/m3 à ER = 1,6 et SF = 0,4 et 8841 kJ/m3 à ER = 3,2 et SF = 0,8. D'autre part, l'augmentation de l'ER (faible teneur en oxygène) diminue l'efficacité nette de gazéification à froid (CGENET) qui se situait entre 53 % à l'ER = 5,6 et SF = 0,6 et 82 % à l'ER = 1,6 et SF = 0,4. Les résultats ont également été comparés aux résultats publiés précédemment pour la gazéification de la même biomasse mais en utilisant des mélanges air-vapeur pour l'oxydation partielle. Cette comparaison montre que l'utilisation d'oxygène augmente à la fois le profil de température dans le lit et le rendement en CO et H2 contenus dans le gaz de synthèse. Este trabajo analiza los resultados sobre el perfil de temperatura, la composición del gas de síntesis, el alto valor calorífico y la eficiencia de un proceso de gasificación de lecho fijo a contracorriente de Coffee Husk, en el que se utilizaron mezclas de oxígeno y vapor como agente oxidante. La experimentación se llevó a cabo para varias relaciones de equivalencia (ER) y relación vapor-combustible (SF), cuyos rangos fueron [1.6 – 5.6] y [0.4 – 0.8] respectivamente. Los resultados muestran que el aumento de vapor (mayores relaciones de combustible de vapor) mejora la relación molar H2/CO, es decir, para un ER=3.7 constante y SF a 0.4, 0.6 y 0.8, la relación H2/CO fue 1.2, 1.4 y 1.8 respectivamente. Además, la adición de vapor tiende a aumentar el valor calorífico superior del gas de síntesis, que osciló entre 7714 kJ/m3 en ER = 1,6 y SF = 0,4 y 8841 kJ/m3 en ER = 3,2 y SF = 0,8. Por otro lado, el aumento de ER (menor oxígeno) disminuye la eficiencia neta de gasificación en frío (CGENET), que se situó entre el 53 % en ER = 5,6 y SF = 0,6 y el 82 % en ER = 1,6 y SF = 0,4. Los resultados también se compararon con los resultados publicados anteriormente para la gasificación de la misma biomasa pero utilizando mezclas de aire-vapor para la oxidación parcial. Esta comparación muestra que el uso de oxígeno aumenta tanto el perfil de temperatura en el lecho como el rendimiento de CO y H2 contenidos en el gas de síntesis. This work discusses results on temperature profile, syngas composition, High Heating Value, and efficiency of a Coffee Husk counter-current fixed-bed gasification process, in which oxygen-steam blends were used as oxidizing agent. The experimentation was carried out for various Equivalence Ratio (ER) and Steam-Fuel Ratio (SF), whose ranges were [1.6 – 5.6] and [0.4 – 0.8] respectively. The results show that Increased steam (higher steam fuel ratios) improves the H2/CO molar ratio i.e., for a constant ER=3.7 and SF at 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, the H2/CO ratio was 1.2, 1.4, and 1.8 respectively. Also, the addition of steam tends to increase the syngas Higher Heating Value, which ranged between 7714 kJ/m3 at ER = 1.6 and SF = 0.4 and 8841 kJ/m3 at ER = 3.2 and SF = 0.8. On the other hand, increased ER (lower oxygen) decreases the Net Cold Gasification Efficiency (CGENET) which was between 53 % at ER = 5.6 and SF = 0.6 and 82 % at ER = 1.6 and SF = 0.4. Results were also compared to results published before for gasification of the same biomass but using air-steam mixtures for partial oxidation. This comparison shows that the use of oxygen increases both the temperature profile in the bed and the yield of CO and H2 contained in the syngas. يناقش هذا العمل النتائج المتعلقة بملف درجة الحرارة، وتكوين غاز التخليق، وقيمة التسخين العالية، وكفاءة عملية تغويز طبقة ثابتة مضادة للتيار في قشر القهوة، والتي تم فيها استخدام مزيج الأكسجين والبخار كعامل مؤكسد. تم إجراء التجربة لنسبة التكافؤ المختلفة (ER) ونسبة الوقود البخاري (SF)، والتي كانت نطاقاتها [1.6 – 5.6] و [0.4 – 0.8] على التوالي. تظهر النتائج أن زيادة البخار (نسب وقود البخار الأعلى) يحسن النسبة المولارية H2/CO، أي بالنسبة لـ ER ثابت =3.7 و SF عند 0.4 و 0.6 و 0.8، كانت نسبة H2/CO 1.2 و 1.4 و 1.8 على التوالي. أيضًا، تميل إضافة البخار إلى زيادة قيمة التسخين الأعلى للغاز الاصطناعي، والتي تراوحت بين 7714 كيلو جول/م 3 عند ER = 1.6 و SF = 0.4 و 8841 كيلو جول/م 3 عند ER = 3.2 و SF = 0.8. من ناحية أخرى، تقلل زيادة ER (انخفاض الأكسجين) من صافي كفاءة التغويز البارد (CGENET) التي كانت بين 53 ٪ عند ER = 5.6 و SF = 0.6 و 82 ٪ عند ER = 1.6 و SF = 0.4. تمت مقارنة النتائج أيضًا بالنتائج المنشورة من قبل لتغويز نفس الكتلة الحيوية ولكن باستخدام مخاليط بخار الهواء للأكسدة الجزئية. توضح هذه المقارنة أن استخدام الأكسجين يزيد من كل من درجة الحرارة في السرير ومحصول أول أكسيد الكربون والهيدروجين الموجودين في غاز التخليق.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Energy ...arrow_drop_down
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    Frontiers in Energy Research
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Frontiers in Energy Research
    Article
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    Frontiers in Energy Research
    Article . 2019
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/g1...
    Other literature type . 2019
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/d2...
    Other literature type . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Energy ...arrow_drop_down
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      Frontiers in Energy Research
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Frontiers in Energy Research
      Article
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      Frontiers in Energy Research
      Article . 2019
      Data sources: DOAJ
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/g1...
      Other literature type . 2019
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/d2...
      Other literature type . 2019
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    The increasing energy consumption, mostly supplied by fossil fuels, has motivated the research and development of alternative fuel technologies to decrease the humanity’s dependence on fossil fuels, which leads to pollution of natural sources. Small-scale biomass gasification, using air-steam blends for partial oxidation, is a good alternative since biomass is a neutral carbon feedstock for sustainable energy generation. This research presents results obtained from an experimental study on coffee husk (CH) gasification, using air-steam blends for partial oxidation in a 10 kW fixed-bed gasifier. Parametric studies on equivalence ratio (ER) (1.53 < ER < 6.11) and steam-fuel (SF) ratio (0.23 < SF < 0.89) were carried out. The results show that increasing both SF and ER results in a syngas rich in CH4 and H2 but poor in CO. Also, decreased SF and ER decrease the peak temperature (Tpeak) at the gasifier combustion zone. The syngas high heating value (HHV) ranged from 3112 kJ/SATPm3 to 5085 kJ/SATPm3 and its maximum value was obtained at SF = 0.87 and ER = 4.09. The dry basis molar concentrations of the species, produced under those operating conditions (1.53 < ER < 6.11 and 0.23 < SF < 0.89), were between 1.12 and 4.1% for CH4, between 7.77 and 13.49% for CO, and between 7.54 and 19.07% for H2. Other species were in trace amount.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Combustio...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Combustion
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Journal of Combustion
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    Journal of Combustion
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/2k...
    Other literature type . 2017
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rs...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Combustio...arrow_drop_down
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      Journal of Combustion
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Journal of Combustion
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      Journal of Combustion
      Article . 2017
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/2k...
      Other literature type . 2017
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rs...
      Other literature type . 2017
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Solar cells based on kesterite-type $Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ (CZTS) thin films were fabricated using a chemical route to prepare the $CZTS$ films, consisting in sequential deposition of $Cu_2SnS_3$ (CTS) and $ZnS$ thin films followed by annealing at $550^\circ C$ in nitrogen atmosphere. The $CTS$ compound was prepared in a one-step process using a novel chemical procedure consisting of simultaneous precipitation of $Cu_2S$ and $SnS_2$ performed by diffusion membranes assisted $CBD$ (chemical bath deposition) technique. Diffusion membranes were used to optimize the kinetic growth through a moderate control of release of metal ions into the work solution. As the conditions for the formation in one step of the $Cu_2SnS_3$ compound have not yet been reported in literature, special emphasis was put on finding the parameters that allow growing the $Cu_2SnS_3$ thin films by simultaneous precipitation of $Cu_2S$ and $SnS_2$. For that, we propose a methodology that includes numerical solution of the equilibrium equations that were established through a study of the chemical equilibrium of the system $SnCl_2$, $Na_3C_6H_5O_7\cdot 2H2O$, $CuCl_2$ and $Na_2S_2O_3\cdot5H_2O$. The formation of thin films of $CTS$ and $CZTS$ free of secondary phases grown with a stoichiometry close to that corresponding to the $Cu_2SnS_3$ and $Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ phases, was verified through measurements of X-ray diffraction $(XRD)$ and Raman spectroscopy. Solar cell with an efficiency of $4.2%$, short circuit current of $16.2 mA/cm^2$ and open-circuit voltage of 0.49 V was obtained. in Spanish

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    EPJ Photovoltaics
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      EPJ Photovoltaics
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      EPJ Photovoltaics
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      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      EPJ Photovoltaics
      Article . 2016
      Data sources: DOAJ
      https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY NC SA
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/p3...
      Other literature type . 2016
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      Other literature type . 2016
      Data sources: Datacite
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