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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tobias Dalhaus; Pramod K. Aggarwal; Miranda P.M. Meuwissen; Martin Kropff; +2 Authors

    Avec un marché mondial de 30 milliards de dollars, l'assurance agricole joue un rôle clé dans le financement des risques et contribue à l'adaptation au changement climatique en atteignant les objectifs de développement durable (ODD), y compris l'élimination de la pauvreté, la faim zéro et l'action climatique. Les preuves existantes dans l'assurance agricole sont dispersées entre les régions, les sujets et les risques, et une synthèse structurée n'est pas disponible. Pour combler cette lacune, nous avons effectué une revue systématique de 796 articles évalués par des pairs sur l'assurance agricole publiés entre 2000 et 2019. L'objectif de cette revue était double : (a) catégoriser la littérature sur l'assurance agricole par produit agricole assuré, thème de recherche, zone d'étude géographique, type d'assurance et dangers couverts, et (b) cartographier l'intensité de la recherche par pays de ces indicateurs par rapport aux risques historiques et projetés et aux événements de crise - catastrophes météorologiques extrêmes, augmentation prévue de la température dans le scénario SSP5 (Voies socio-économiques partagées) et épidémies de bétail. Nous constatons que la recherche en assurance est axée sur les pays à revenu élevé tandis que les cultures sont le produit agricole assuré dominant (33 % des articles). Les grands producteurs dans les systèmes de production comme les fruits et légumes (Amérique du Sud), le mil (Afrique) et la pêche et l'aquaculture (Asie du Sud-Est) ne sont pas abordés dans la littérature. La recherche sur l'assurance-récolte a lieu là où les catastrophes météorologiques extrêmes historiques sont fréquentes (coefficient de corrélation de 0,75), alors que nous trouvons une corrélation étonnamment faible entre les augmentations de température induites par le changement climatique à l'avenir et la recherche actuelle sur l'assurance-récolte, même lors du sous-ensemble pour les articles sur le thème de recherche du changement climatique et de l'assurance (-0,04). Il existe également peu de données probantes sur le rôle de l'assurance dans la mise à l'échelle des mesures d'adaptation et d'atténuation pour réduire les risques liés à l'agriculture. En outre, nous constatons que la zone d'étude des papiers d'assurance du bétail est faiblement corrélée à la survenue d'épidémies de bétail dans le passé (-0,06) et fortement corrélée à la fréquence historique de la sécheresse (-0,51). Pour que l'assurance joue son rôle pertinent dans l'adaptation au changement climatique tel que décrit dans les ODD, nous recommandons aux gouvernements, aux compagnies d'assurance et aux chercheurs de mieux s'intéresser aux domaines à risque et d'inclure de nouveaux développements dans l'agriculture qui nécessiteront des investissements importants et, par conséquent, l'assurabilité, dans les années à venir. Con un mercado global de 30 mil millones de dólares, los seguros agrícolas desempeñan un papel clave en la financiación de riesgos y contribuyen a la adaptación al cambio climático al lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), que incluyen la erradicación de la pobreza, el hambre cero y la acción climática. La evidencia existente en los seguros agrícolas está dispersa en regiones, temas y riesgos, y no se dispone de una síntesis estructurada. Para abordar esta brecha, realizamos una revisión sistemática de 796 artículos revisados por pares sobre seguros agrícolas publicados entre 2000 y 2019. El objetivo de esta revisión fue doble: (a) categorizar la literatura de seguros agrícolas por producto agrícola asegurado, tema de investigación, área de estudio geográfica, tipo de seguro y peligros cubiertos, y (b) mapear la intensidad de investigación a nivel de país de estos indicadores con respecto a los eventos de riesgo y crisis históricos y proyectados: desastres climáticos extremos, aumento de temperatura proyectado en el escenario SSP5 (Vías socioeconómicas compartidas) y epidemias ganaderas. Encontramos que la investigación de seguros se centra en los países de altos ingresos, mientras que los cultivos son el producto agrícola asegurado dominante (33% de los documentos). Los grandes productores en sistemas de producción como frutas y verduras (América del Sur), mijo (África) y pesca y acuicultura (sudeste asiático) no se centran en la literatura. La investigación sobre el seguro de cosechas se está llevando a cabo donde los desastres climáticos extremos históricos son frecuentes (coeficiente de correlación de 0,75), mientras que encontramos una correlación sorprendentemente baja entre los aumentos de temperatura inducidos por el cambio climático en el futuro y la investigación actual sobre el seguro de cosechas, incluso cuando se trata de artículos sobre el tema de investigación del cambio climático y los seguros (-0,04). También hay evidencia limitada sobre el papel de los seguros para escalar las medidas de adaptación y mitigación para reducir el riesgo de la agricultura. Además, encontramos que el área de estudio de los documentos de seguro de ganado está débilmente correlacionada con la aparición de epidemias de ganado en el pasado (-0,06) y altamente correlacionada con la frecuencia histórica de sequía (.51). Para que los seguros desempeñen su papel relevante en la adaptación al cambio climático como se describe en los ODS, recomendamos a los gobiernos, las compañías de seguros y los investigadores que ajusten mejor su interés a las áreas propensas al riesgo e incluyan desarrollos novedosos en la agricultura que requerirán grandes inversiones y, por lo tanto, asegurabilidad, en los próximos años. With a global market of 30 billion USD, agricultural insurance plays a key role in risk finance and contributes to climate change adaptation by achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including no poverty, zero hunger, and climate action. The existing evidence in agricultural insurance is scattered across regions, topics and risks, and a structured synthesis is unavailable. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review of 796 peer-reviewed papers on agricultural insurance published between 2000 and 2019. The goal of this review was twofold: (a) categorizing agricultural insurance literature by agricultural product insured, research theme, geographical study area, insurance type and hazards covered, and (b) mapping country-wise research intensity of these indicators vis-à-vis historical and projected risk and crisis events—extreme weather disasters, projected temperature increase under SSP5 (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) scenario and livestock epidemics. We find that insurance research is focused on high-income countries while crops are the dominating agricultural product insured (33% of the papers). Large producers in production systems like fruits and vegetables (South America), millets (Africa) and fisheries and aquaculture (South-east Asia) are not focused upon in the literature. Research on crop insurance is taking place where historical extreme weather disasters are frequent (correlation coefficient of 0.75), while we find a surprisingly low correlation between climate change induced temperature increases in the future and current research on crop insurance, even when sub-setting for papers on the research theme of climate change and insurance (−.04). There is also limited evidence on the role of insurance to scale adaptation and mitigation measures to de-risk farming. Further, we find that the study area of livestock insurance papers is weakly correlated to the occurrence of livestock epidemics in the past (−.06) and highly correlated to the historical drought frequency (.51). For insurance to play its relevant role in climate change adaptation as described in the SDGs, we recommend governments, insurance companies and researchers to better tune their interest to risk-prone areas and include novel developments in agriculture which will require major investments, and, hence, insurability, in the coming years. مع وجود سوق عالمية تبلغ قيمتها 30 مليار دولار أمريكي، يلعب التأمين الزراعي دورًا رئيسيًا في تمويل المخاطر ويسهم في التكيف مع تغير المناخ من خلال تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة (SDGs) بما في ذلك القضاء على الفقر والقضاء على الجوع والعمل المناخي. تنتشر الأدلة الموجودة في التأمين الزراعي عبر المناطق والموضوعات والمخاطر، ولا يتوفر توليف منظم. لمعالجة هذه الفجوة، أجرينا مراجعة منهجية لـ 796 ورقة بحثية تمت مراجعتها من قبل الأقران حول التأمين الزراعي نُشرت بين عامي 2000 و 2019. كان الهدف من هذه المراجعة ذو شقين: (أ) تصنيف أدبيات التأمين الزراعي حسب المنتج الزراعي المؤمن عليه، وموضوع البحث، ومنطقة الدراسة الجغرافية، ونوع التأمين والمخاطر المغطاة، و (ب) تحديد كثافة البحث على المستوى القطري لهذه المؤشرات مقابل أحداث المخاطر والأزمات التاريخية والمتوقعة - كوارث الطقس المتطرفة، والزيادة المتوقعة في درجة الحرارة بموجب سيناريو SSP5 (المسارات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية المشتركة) وأوبئة الماشية. نجد أن أبحاث التأمين تركز على البلدان ذات الدخل المرتفع في حين أن المحاصيل هي المنتج الزراعي المهيمن المؤمن عليه (33 ٪ من الأوراق). لا يركز الأدب على كبار المنتجين في أنظمة الإنتاج مثل الفواكه والخضروات (أمريكا الجنوبية)، والدخن (أفريقيا) ومصائد الأسماك وتربية الأحياء المائية (جنوب شرق آسيا). تجري الأبحاث حول التأمين على المحاصيل حيث تتكرر كوارث الطقس المتطرفة التاريخية (معامل الارتباط 0.75)، بينما نجد ارتباطًا منخفضًا بشكل مدهش بين الزيادات في درجات الحرارة الناجمة عن تغير المناخ في المستقبل والبحوث الحالية حول التأمين على المحاصيل، حتى عند الإعداد الفرعي للأوراق البحثية حول موضوع البحث حول تغير المناخ والتأمين (-04). هناك أيضًا أدلة محدودة على دور التأمين في توسيع نطاق تدابير التكيف والتخفيف للحد من مخاطر الزراعة. علاوة على ذلك، نجد أن منطقة دراسة أوراق التأمين على الثروة الحيوانية ترتبط ارتباطًا ضعيفًا بحدوث أوبئة الماشية في الماضي (-0.06) وترتبط ارتباطًا وثيقًا بتواتر الجفاف التاريخي (0.51). لكي يلعب التأمين دوره ذي الصلة في التكيف مع تغير المناخ كما هو موضح في أهداف التنمية المستدامة، نوصي الحكومات وشركات التأمين والباحثين بضبط اهتمامهم بشكل أفضل بالمناطق المعرضة للمخاطر وإدراج تطورات جديدة في الزراعة والتي ستتطلب استثمارات كبيرة، وبالتالي قابلية التأمين، في السنوات القادمة.

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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2021
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    Research@WUR
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
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    Research@WUR
    Other literature type . 2021
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/zw...
    Other literature type . 2021
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      Environmental Research Letters
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Environmental Research Letters
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      Article . 2021
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      Research@WUR
      Article . 2021
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      Other literature type . 2021
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
      Article . 2021
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/zw...
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    Authors: Aggarwal, Pramod K; Shirsath, Paresh Bhaskar; Vyas, Shalika; Arumugam, Ponraj; +4 Authors

    Abstract Real-time knowledge about crop growth conditions is critical to make decisions about risk management and food security planning. Several crop forecasting decision support systems (DSSs) are available which use crop models, remote sensing, weather derivatives or statistical modelling. The results from such DSS are conditioned to the goodness of the model used and the assumptions made. This paper describes a web-based DSS– Crop-loss Assessment Monitor (CAM) for real-time crop growth monitoring, loss estimation, and insurance analytics using different methods at multiple times during the crop growth for rice, wheat, maize, soybean, pearl millet, sorghum, and groundnut. The core of CAM comprises of a set of databases and system-analysis components. Its modular design allows customization for different countries and policy scenarios. The potential of CAM in monitoring crop yield losses is illustrated for soybean crop in India.

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    Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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      Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
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      Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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    Authors: Philip K. Thornton; Philip K. Thornton; Pramod K. Aggarwal; Pramod K. Aggarwal; +4 Authors

    Les impacts du changement climatique sur les rendements des cultures, tels que projetés par une série d'analyses d'impact menées depuis les années 1980, ont mis en évidence la question de l'insécurité alimentaire future. Une méta-analyse d'environ27 000 points de données provenant d'études publiées au cours des quatre dernières décennies révèle qu'au niveau des pays, les impacts moyens du changement climatique sur les rendements des cultures jusqu'aux années 2050 sont généralement faibles (mais négatifs) pour le riz et le blé, et modestes pour le maïs, à condition que les agriculteurs adoptent des pratiques et des technologies telles que des variétés améliorées, la plantation à des moments optimaux et une meilleure gestion de l'eau et des engrais. Ces technologies ont également le potentiel de réduire les différences entre les régions politiques, économiques et climatiques. Une fois ceux-ci adoptés, le changement climatique pourrait ne pas ajouter de manière significative au défi de la production alimentaire pour la majorité des pays, à l'exception de certains points chauds potentiels répartis dans le monde entier. Des investissements massifs, des politiques et un soutien institutionnel seront toutefois nécessaires pour faciliter l'adoption et la mise à l'échelle de ces pratiques et pour faire face à la variabilité climatique. Los impactos del cambio climático en los rendimientos de los cultivos, según lo proyectado por una serie de evaluaciones de impacto realizadas desde la década de 1980, han puesto de relieve el tema de la inseguridad alimentaria futura. Un metanálisis de ~27 000 puntos de datos de estudios publicados en las últimas cuatro décadas revela que, a nivel de país, los impactos promedio del cambio climático en los rendimientos de los cultivos hasta la década de 2050 son generalmente pequeños (pero negativos) para el arroz y el trigo, y modestos para el maíz, siempre que los agricultores adopten prácticas y tecnologías como variedades mejoradas, siembra en momentos óptimos y mejor gestión del agua y los fertilizantes. Estas tecnologías también tienen el potencial de reducir las diferencias entre las regiones políticas, económicas y climáticas. Una vez que se adopten, es posible que el cambio climático no aumente significativamente el desafío de la producción de alimentos para la mayoría de los países, a excepción de algunos puntos críticos potenciales distribuidos por todo el mundo. Sin embargo, se necesitará una inversión masiva, políticas y apoyo institucional para facilitar la adopción y la ampliación de tales prácticas, y para abordar la variabilidad climática. The impacts of climate change on crop yields, as projected by a slew of impact assessments carried out since the 1980s, have brought the issue of future food insecurity to the fore. A meta-analysis of ∼27 000 data points from studies published over the last four decades reveals that at country level, average impacts of climate change on crop yields up to the 2050s are generally small (but negative) for rice and wheat, and modest for maize, provided farmers adopt practices and technologies such as improved varieties, planting at optimal times, and improved water and fertilizer management. These technologies also have the potential to reduce differences across political, economic and climatic regions. Once these are adopted, climate change may not add significantly to the challenge of food production for the majority of countries except for some potential hotspots distributed around the world. Massive investment, policy, and institutional support will be needed, however, to facilitate adoption and scaling-out of such practices, and to address climatic variability. أدت آثار تغير المناخ على غلة المحاصيل، كما هو متوقع من خلال عدد كبير من تقييمات الأثر التي أجريت منذ الثمانينيات، إلى إبراز قضية انعدام الأمن الغذائي في المستقبل. يكشف التحليل التلوي لـ 27000 نقطة بيانات من الدراسات المنشورة على مدى العقود الأربعة الماضية أنه على المستوى القطري، يكون متوسط تأثيرات تغير المناخ على غلة المحاصيل حتى الخمسينيات صغيرًا بشكل عام (ولكنه سلبي) بالنسبة للأرز والقمح، ومتواضعًا بالنسبة للذرة، شريطة أن يتبنى المزارعون ممارسات وتقنيات مثل الأصناف المحسنة، والزراعة في الأوقات المثلى، وتحسين إدارة المياه والأسمدة. تتمتع هذه التقنيات أيضًا بالقدرة على تقليل الاختلافات عبر المناطق السياسية والاقتصادية والمناخية. وبمجرد اعتمادها، قد لا يضيف تغير المناخ بشكل كبير إلى التحدي المتمثل في إنتاج الغذاء بالنسبة لغالبية البلدان باستثناء بعض النقاط الساخنة المحتملة الموزعة في جميع أنحاء العالم. ومع ذلك، ستكون هناك حاجة إلى دعم استثماري وسياسي ومؤسسي هائل لتسهيل اعتماد هذه الممارسات وتوسيع نطاقها، ومعالجة التقلبات المناخية.

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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Philip K. Thornton; Philip K. Thornton; Martin J. Kropff; Shalika Vyas; +4 Authors

    Abstract Many assessments of climate change impacts on global crop yields project declines as early as the 2020s. Losses are projected to increase with time, up to 50% by the 2080s. We carry out a systematic global review and compare published projections of climate change impacts from 34 studies and ∼4500 data points for the 2020s for maize, rice and wheat at country level with observed and forecasted national crop yields for the same period based on available global crop statistics. We find that observed yield changes are considerably higher than projected yield changes arising from climate change because technological improvements appear to have a large yield-enhancing impact compared with the negative effects of climate change, at least in the short term. Most assessments of climate change impacts on crop yields show low-latitude, low and middle-income countries as highly vulnerable but these countries have shown the largest growth in observed yields over the same reference time period. These discrepancies are due to incomplete consideration of technological growth in climate impact assessments and large yield gaps in these countries, uncertainties associated with the methodologies used, and regional variations in adaptation options considered. Appropriate consideration of technological growth can add considerable value and relevance to global impact assessments, contributing to investment and development targeting at both large and small scales.

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    Global Food Security
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Global Food Security
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      Global Food Security
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      Global Food Security
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    Authors: Toshihiro Hasegawa; Hitomi Wakatsuki; Hui Jiang; Shalika Vyas; +5 Authors

    AbstractReliable estimates of the impacts of climate change on crop production are critical for assessing the sustainability of food systems. Global, regional, and site-specific crop simulation studies have been conducted for nearly four decades, representing valuable sources of information for climate change impact assessments. However, the wealth of data produced by these studies has not been made publicly available. Here, we develop a global dataset by consolidating previously published meta-analyses and data collected through a new literature search covering recent crop simulations. The new global dataset builds on 8314 simulations from 203 studies published between 1984 and 2020. It contains projected yields of four major crops (maize, rice, soybean, and wheat) in 91 countries under major emission scenarios for the 21st century, with and without adaptation measures, along with geographical coordinates, current temperatures, local and global warming levels. This dataset provides a basis for a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of climate change on crop production and will facilitate the rapidly developing data-driven machine learning applications.

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    Scientific Data
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    https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.0...
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Shalika Vyas; Arun Khatri‐Chhetri; Pramod Aggarwal; Philip Thornton; +1 Authors

    À la suite de l'Accord de Paris de la CCNUCC, la plupart des pays ont pris des engagements dans le cadre de leurs contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN) pour l'adaptation et l'atténuation dans l'agriculture. Cependant, ces engagements doivent être évalués par rapport à la réalité du terrain, y compris les limites bio-physiques et socio-économiques de l'action climatique. Nous proposons un nouveau cadre de suivi de l'action climatique par pays/régions, basé sur quatre dimensions : l'intention, le besoin, la portée et la préparation à la mise en œuvre de l'adaptation et de l'atténuation dans l'agriculture. Alors que « l'intention » reflète l'action climatique prévue par des pays tels que ceux mentionnés dans les CDN ou les PAN (plans nationaux d'adaptation) et les MAAN (mesures d'atténuation appropriées au niveau national), « le besoin » met en évidence la vulnérabilité de l'agriculture d'un pays au changement climatique et aux émissions historiques de GES. La troisième dimension, « scope », est liée aux opportunités et limites biophysiques à adapter ou à atténuer. Enfin, la dimension « préparation » tient compte de la capacité actuelle d'un pays à mettre en œuvre diverses mesures et politiques d'adaptation/atténuation. Le cadre est illustré par une analyse globale, à l'aide d'indicateurs sélectionnés pour chacune de ces dimensions. Les résultats indiquent que 61 pays dans le monde (y compris les principaux producteurs alimentaires) devraient envisager des mesures correctives dans leurs priorités d'adaptation. Le cadre présenté dans ce document peut servir de mécanisme de suivi et d'évaluation pour la mise en œuvre des CDN et le suivi des progrès. Tras el Acuerdo de París de la CMNUCC, la mayoría de las naciones asumieron compromisos dentro de sus Contribuciones Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (CDN) para la adaptación y la mitigación en la agricultura. Sin embargo, estos compromisos deben evaluarse en relación con la verdad básica, incluidos los límites biofísicos y socioeconómicos de la acción climática. Proponemos un nuevo marco para monitorear la acción climática por países/regiones, basado en cuatro dimensiones: intención, necesidad, alcance y preparación para implementar la adaptación y la mitigación en la agricultura. Si bien la "intención" refleja la acción climática prevista por países como los mencionados en las NDC o los NAP (Planes Nacionales de Adaptación) y las NAMA (Acciones de Mitigación Apropiadas a Nivel Nacional), la "necesidad" destaca la vulnerabilidad de la agricultura de un país al cambio climático y las emisiones históricas de GEI. La tercera dimensión, "alcance", está relacionada con las oportunidades y límites biofísicos para adaptarse o mitigar. Finalmente, la dimensión de "preparación" considera la capacidad actual de un país para implementar diversas acciones y políticas de adaptación/mitigación. El marco se ilustra con un análisis global, utilizando indicadores seleccionados para cada una de estas dimensiones. Los resultados indican que 61 países a nivel mundial (incluidos los principales productores de alimentos) deberían considerar medidas correctivas en sus prioridades de adaptación. El marco presentado en este documento puede servir como un mecanismo de monitoreo y evaluación para la implementación de NDC y el seguimiento del progreso. Following the UNFCCC Paris Agreement, most nations made commitments within their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to adaptation and mitigation in agriculture. However, these commitments need to be assessed in relation with ground truth, including bio-physical and socio-economic limits to climate action. We propose a new framework for monitoring climate action by countries/regions, based on four dimensions—intent, need, scope and readiness for implementing adaptation and mitigation in agriculture. While "intent" reflects intended climate action by countries such as those mentioned in NDCs or NAPs (National Adaptation Plans) and NAMAs (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions), "need" highlights vulnerability of a country's agriculture to climate change and historical GHG emissions. The third dimension, "scope", is related to the biophysical opportunities and limits to adapt or to mitigate. Finally, the "readiness" dimension considers a country's current ability to implement various adaptation/mitigation actions and policies. The framework is illustrated with a global analysis, using selected indicators for each of these dimensions. Results indicate that 61 countries globally (including key food producers) should consider corrective action in their adaptation priorities. The framework presented in this paper can serve as a monitoring and evaluation mechanism for NDC implementation and tracking progress. بعد اتفاق باريس لاتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ، تعهدت معظم الدول بالتزامات في إطار مساهماتها المحددة وطنيًا (NDCs) للتكيف والتخفيف في الزراعة. ومع ذلك، يجب تقييم هذه الالتزامات فيما يتعلق بالحقيقة الأساسية، بما في ذلك الحدود الفيزيائية الحيوية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية للعمل المناخي. نقترح إطارًا جديدًا لرصد العمل المناخي من قبل البلدان/المناطق، بناءً على أربعة أبعاد - المقصد والحاجة والنطاق والاستعداد لتنفيذ التكيف والتخفيف في الزراعة. في حين أن "النية" تعكس الإجراءات المناخية المقصودة من قبل البلدان مثل تلك المذكورة في المساهمات المحددة وطنياً أو برامج العمل الوطنية (خطط التكيف الوطنية) وإجراءات التخفيف الملائمة وطنياً (إجراءات التخفيف المناسبة وطنياً)، فإن "الحاجة" تسلط الضوء على ضعف الزراعة في بلد ما أمام تغير المناخ وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة التاريخية. يرتبط البعد الثالث، "النطاق"، بالفرص الفيزيائية الحيوية وحدود التكيف أو التخفيف. أخيرًا، يأخذ بُعد "الاستعداد" في الاعتبار القدرة الحالية للبلد على تنفيذ مختلف إجراءات وسياسات التكيف/التخفيف. يتم توضيح الإطار بتحليل عالمي، باستخدام مؤشرات مختارة لكل من هذه الأبعاد. تشير النتائج إلى أنه يجب على 61 دولة على مستوى العالم (بما في ذلك منتجي الأغذية الرئيسيين) النظر في اتخاذ إجراءات تصحيحية في أولويات التكيف الخاصة بها. يمكن أن يكون الإطار المقدم في هذه الورقة بمثابة آلية رصد وتقييم لتنفيذ المساهمات المحددة وطنيًا وتتبع التقدم المحرز.

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    Global Food Security
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Global Food Security
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      Global Food Security
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      Global Food Security
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    Authors: Paresh Shirsath; Shalika Vyas; Pramod Aggarwal; Kolli N. Rao;

    Weather-based crop insurance is a powerful tool for stabilizing farmers’ income by providing timely payouts directly linked with weather parameters. However, its performance can be marred by faulty design, leading to high basis risk and insufficient payouts. This paper presents a new methodology for contract design for weather-based insurance, field tested in India. By combining agro-meteorological statistical analysis, crop growth modelling and optimization techniques, a heuristic model is developed which generates superior contract design which yields better and frequent payouts at no extra cost of subsidies (in terms of premium rates). The study also presents ‘Farmer Satisfaction Index’ as a powerful evaluation tool in determining the effectiveness of insurance products through measurement of basis risk. The method is backed by results from implementing the proposed model in many districts of Maharashtra, India. The proposed contract performed better than the existing insurance contract with 50 and 72 percent increase in Farmers Satisfaction Index for Soybean and Pearl Millet, while increasing correlation of payouts with yield losses and reducing the overall loss-cost ratio. Selected triggers effectively captured climatic risks in important crop growth phases. These results were consistent for pay-outs evaluated for long-term time series of 100 years of synthetic climate data. Findings indicate the use of recommended approach can lead to increased satisfaction of farmers, insurers and policymakers alike. Keywords: Weather-based crop insurance, Basis risk, Farmer satisfaction index, Weather triggers

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    Climate Risk Management
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Climate Risk Management
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    Climate Risk Management
    Article . 2019
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      Climate Risk Management
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7 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tobias Dalhaus; Pramod K. Aggarwal; Miranda P.M. Meuwissen; Martin Kropff; +2 Authors

    Avec un marché mondial de 30 milliards de dollars, l'assurance agricole joue un rôle clé dans le financement des risques et contribue à l'adaptation au changement climatique en atteignant les objectifs de développement durable (ODD), y compris l'élimination de la pauvreté, la faim zéro et l'action climatique. Les preuves existantes dans l'assurance agricole sont dispersées entre les régions, les sujets et les risques, et une synthèse structurée n'est pas disponible. Pour combler cette lacune, nous avons effectué une revue systématique de 796 articles évalués par des pairs sur l'assurance agricole publiés entre 2000 et 2019. L'objectif de cette revue était double : (a) catégoriser la littérature sur l'assurance agricole par produit agricole assuré, thème de recherche, zone d'étude géographique, type d'assurance et dangers couverts, et (b) cartographier l'intensité de la recherche par pays de ces indicateurs par rapport aux risques historiques et projetés et aux événements de crise - catastrophes météorologiques extrêmes, augmentation prévue de la température dans le scénario SSP5 (Voies socio-économiques partagées) et épidémies de bétail. Nous constatons que la recherche en assurance est axée sur les pays à revenu élevé tandis que les cultures sont le produit agricole assuré dominant (33 % des articles). Les grands producteurs dans les systèmes de production comme les fruits et légumes (Amérique du Sud), le mil (Afrique) et la pêche et l'aquaculture (Asie du Sud-Est) ne sont pas abordés dans la littérature. La recherche sur l'assurance-récolte a lieu là où les catastrophes météorologiques extrêmes historiques sont fréquentes (coefficient de corrélation de 0,75), alors que nous trouvons une corrélation étonnamment faible entre les augmentations de température induites par le changement climatique à l'avenir et la recherche actuelle sur l'assurance-récolte, même lors du sous-ensemble pour les articles sur le thème de recherche du changement climatique et de l'assurance (-0,04). Il existe également peu de données probantes sur le rôle de l'assurance dans la mise à l'échelle des mesures d'adaptation et d'atténuation pour réduire les risques liés à l'agriculture. En outre, nous constatons que la zone d'étude des papiers d'assurance du bétail est faiblement corrélée à la survenue d'épidémies de bétail dans le passé (-0,06) et fortement corrélée à la fréquence historique de la sécheresse (-0,51). Pour que l'assurance joue son rôle pertinent dans l'adaptation au changement climatique tel que décrit dans les ODD, nous recommandons aux gouvernements, aux compagnies d'assurance et aux chercheurs de mieux s'intéresser aux domaines à risque et d'inclure de nouveaux développements dans l'agriculture qui nécessiteront des investissements importants et, par conséquent, l'assurabilité, dans les années à venir. Con un mercado global de 30 mil millones de dólares, los seguros agrícolas desempeñan un papel clave en la financiación de riesgos y contribuyen a la adaptación al cambio climático al lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), que incluyen la erradicación de la pobreza, el hambre cero y la acción climática. La evidencia existente en los seguros agrícolas está dispersa en regiones, temas y riesgos, y no se dispone de una síntesis estructurada. Para abordar esta brecha, realizamos una revisión sistemática de 796 artículos revisados por pares sobre seguros agrícolas publicados entre 2000 y 2019. El objetivo de esta revisión fue doble: (a) categorizar la literatura de seguros agrícolas por producto agrícola asegurado, tema de investigación, área de estudio geográfica, tipo de seguro y peligros cubiertos, y (b) mapear la intensidad de investigación a nivel de país de estos indicadores con respecto a los eventos de riesgo y crisis históricos y proyectados: desastres climáticos extremos, aumento de temperatura proyectado en el escenario SSP5 (Vías socioeconómicas compartidas) y epidemias ganaderas. Encontramos que la investigación de seguros se centra en los países de altos ingresos, mientras que los cultivos son el producto agrícola asegurado dominante (33% de los documentos). Los grandes productores en sistemas de producción como frutas y verduras (América del Sur), mijo (África) y pesca y acuicultura (sudeste asiático) no se centran en la literatura. La investigación sobre el seguro de cosechas se está llevando a cabo donde los desastres climáticos extremos históricos son frecuentes (coeficiente de correlación de 0,75), mientras que encontramos una correlación sorprendentemente baja entre los aumentos de temperatura inducidos por el cambio climático en el futuro y la investigación actual sobre el seguro de cosechas, incluso cuando se trata de artículos sobre el tema de investigación del cambio climático y los seguros (-0,04). También hay evidencia limitada sobre el papel de los seguros para escalar las medidas de adaptación y mitigación para reducir el riesgo de la agricultura. Además, encontramos que el área de estudio de los documentos de seguro de ganado está débilmente correlacionada con la aparición de epidemias de ganado en el pasado (-0,06) y altamente correlacionada con la frecuencia histórica de sequía (.51). Para que los seguros desempeñen su papel relevante en la adaptación al cambio climático como se describe en los ODS, recomendamos a los gobiernos, las compañías de seguros y los investigadores que ajusten mejor su interés a las áreas propensas al riesgo e incluyan desarrollos novedosos en la agricultura que requerirán grandes inversiones y, por lo tanto, asegurabilidad, en los próximos años. With a global market of 30 billion USD, agricultural insurance plays a key role in risk finance and contributes to climate change adaptation by achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including no poverty, zero hunger, and climate action. The existing evidence in agricultural insurance is scattered across regions, topics and risks, and a structured synthesis is unavailable. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review of 796 peer-reviewed papers on agricultural insurance published between 2000 and 2019. The goal of this review was twofold: (a) categorizing agricultural insurance literature by agricultural product insured, research theme, geographical study area, insurance type and hazards covered, and (b) mapping country-wise research intensity of these indicators vis-à-vis historical and projected risk and crisis events—extreme weather disasters, projected temperature increase under SSP5 (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) scenario and livestock epidemics. We find that insurance research is focused on high-income countries while crops are the dominating agricultural product insured (33% of the papers). Large producers in production systems like fruits and vegetables (South America), millets (Africa) and fisheries and aquaculture (South-east Asia) are not focused upon in the literature. Research on crop insurance is taking place where historical extreme weather disasters are frequent (correlation coefficient of 0.75), while we find a surprisingly low correlation between climate change induced temperature increases in the future and current research on crop insurance, even when sub-setting for papers on the research theme of climate change and insurance (−.04). There is also limited evidence on the role of insurance to scale adaptation and mitigation measures to de-risk farming. Further, we find that the study area of livestock insurance papers is weakly correlated to the occurrence of livestock epidemics in the past (−.06) and highly correlated to the historical drought frequency (.51). For insurance to play its relevant role in climate change adaptation as described in the SDGs, we recommend governments, insurance companies and researchers to better tune their interest to risk-prone areas and include novel developments in agriculture which will require major investments, and, hence, insurability, in the coming years. مع وجود سوق عالمية تبلغ قيمتها 30 مليار دولار أمريكي، يلعب التأمين الزراعي دورًا رئيسيًا في تمويل المخاطر ويسهم في التكيف مع تغير المناخ من خلال تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة (SDGs) بما في ذلك القضاء على الفقر والقضاء على الجوع والعمل المناخي. تنتشر الأدلة الموجودة في التأمين الزراعي عبر المناطق والموضوعات والمخاطر، ولا يتوفر توليف منظم. لمعالجة هذه الفجوة، أجرينا مراجعة منهجية لـ 796 ورقة بحثية تمت مراجعتها من قبل الأقران حول التأمين الزراعي نُشرت بين عامي 2000 و 2019. كان الهدف من هذه المراجعة ذو شقين: (أ) تصنيف أدبيات التأمين الزراعي حسب المنتج الزراعي المؤمن عليه، وموضوع البحث، ومنطقة الدراسة الجغرافية، ونوع التأمين والمخاطر المغطاة، و (ب) تحديد كثافة البحث على المستوى القطري لهذه المؤشرات مقابل أحداث المخاطر والأزمات التاريخية والمتوقعة - كوارث الطقس المتطرفة، والزيادة المتوقعة في درجة الحرارة بموجب سيناريو SSP5 (المسارات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية المشتركة) وأوبئة الماشية. نجد أن أبحاث التأمين تركز على البلدان ذات الدخل المرتفع في حين أن المحاصيل هي المنتج الزراعي المهيمن المؤمن عليه (33 ٪ من الأوراق). لا يركز الأدب على كبار المنتجين في أنظمة الإنتاج مثل الفواكه والخضروات (أمريكا الجنوبية)، والدخن (أفريقيا) ومصائد الأسماك وتربية الأحياء المائية (جنوب شرق آسيا). تجري الأبحاث حول التأمين على المحاصيل حيث تتكرر كوارث الطقس المتطرفة التاريخية (معامل الارتباط 0.75)، بينما نجد ارتباطًا منخفضًا بشكل مدهش بين الزيادات في درجات الحرارة الناجمة عن تغير المناخ في المستقبل والبحوث الحالية حول التأمين على المحاصيل، حتى عند الإعداد الفرعي للأوراق البحثية حول موضوع البحث حول تغير المناخ والتأمين (-04). هناك أيضًا أدلة محدودة على دور التأمين في توسيع نطاق تدابير التكيف والتخفيف للحد من مخاطر الزراعة. علاوة على ذلك، نجد أن منطقة دراسة أوراق التأمين على الثروة الحيوانية ترتبط ارتباطًا ضعيفًا بحدوث أوبئة الماشية في الماضي (-0.06) وترتبط ارتباطًا وثيقًا بتواتر الجفاف التاريخي (0.51). لكي يلعب التأمين دوره ذي الصلة في التكيف مع تغير المناخ كما هو موضح في أهداف التنمية المستدامة، نوصي الحكومات وشركات التأمين والباحثين بضبط اهتمامهم بشكل أفضل بالمناطق المعرضة للمخاطر وإدراج تطورات جديدة في الزراعة والتي ستتطلب استثمارات كبيرة، وبالتالي قابلية التأمين، في السنوات القادمة.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
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    Authors: Aggarwal, Pramod K; Shirsath, Paresh Bhaskar; Vyas, Shalika; Arumugam, Ponraj; +4 Authors

    Abstract Real-time knowledge about crop growth conditions is critical to make decisions about risk management and food security planning. Several crop forecasting decision support systems (DSSs) are available which use crop models, remote sensing, weather derivatives or statistical modelling. The results from such DSS are conditioned to the goodness of the model used and the assumptions made. This paper describes a web-based DSS– Crop-loss Assessment Monitor (CAM) for real-time crop growth monitoring, loss estimation, and insurance analytics using different methods at multiple times during the crop growth for rice, wheat, maize, soybean, pearl millet, sorghum, and groundnut. The core of CAM comprises of a set of databases and system-analysis components. Its modular design allows customization for different countries and policy scenarios. The potential of CAM in monitoring crop yield losses is illustrated for soybean crop in India.

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    Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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      Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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    Authors: Philip K. Thornton; Philip K. Thornton; Pramod K. Aggarwal; Pramod K. Aggarwal; +4 Authors

    Les impacts du changement climatique sur les rendements des cultures, tels que projetés par une série d'analyses d'impact menées depuis les années 1980, ont mis en évidence la question de l'insécurité alimentaire future. Une méta-analyse d'environ27 000 points de données provenant d'études publiées au cours des quatre dernières décennies révèle qu'au niveau des pays, les impacts moyens du changement climatique sur les rendements des cultures jusqu'aux années 2050 sont généralement faibles (mais négatifs) pour le riz et le blé, et modestes pour le maïs, à condition que les agriculteurs adoptent des pratiques et des technologies telles que des variétés améliorées, la plantation à des moments optimaux et une meilleure gestion de l'eau et des engrais. Ces technologies ont également le potentiel de réduire les différences entre les régions politiques, économiques et climatiques. Une fois ceux-ci adoptés, le changement climatique pourrait ne pas ajouter de manière significative au défi de la production alimentaire pour la majorité des pays, à l'exception de certains points chauds potentiels répartis dans le monde entier. Des investissements massifs, des politiques et un soutien institutionnel seront toutefois nécessaires pour faciliter l'adoption et la mise à l'échelle de ces pratiques et pour faire face à la variabilité climatique. Los impactos del cambio climático en los rendimientos de los cultivos, según lo proyectado por una serie de evaluaciones de impacto realizadas desde la década de 1980, han puesto de relieve el tema de la inseguridad alimentaria futura. Un metanálisis de ~27 000 puntos de datos de estudios publicados en las últimas cuatro décadas revela que, a nivel de país, los impactos promedio del cambio climático en los rendimientos de los cultivos hasta la década de 2050 son generalmente pequeños (pero negativos) para el arroz y el trigo, y modestos para el maíz, siempre que los agricultores adopten prácticas y tecnologías como variedades mejoradas, siembra en momentos óptimos y mejor gestión del agua y los fertilizantes. Estas tecnologías también tienen el potencial de reducir las diferencias entre las regiones políticas, económicas y climáticas. Una vez que se adopten, es posible que el cambio climático no aumente significativamente el desafío de la producción de alimentos para la mayoría de los países, a excepción de algunos puntos críticos potenciales distribuidos por todo el mundo. Sin embargo, se necesitará una inversión masiva, políticas y apoyo institucional para facilitar la adopción y la ampliación de tales prácticas, y para abordar la variabilidad climática. The impacts of climate change on crop yields, as projected by a slew of impact assessments carried out since the 1980s, have brought the issue of future food insecurity to the fore. A meta-analysis of ∼27 000 data points from studies published over the last four decades reveals that at country level, average impacts of climate change on crop yields up to the 2050s are generally small (but negative) for rice and wheat, and modest for maize, provided farmers adopt practices and technologies such as improved varieties, planting at optimal times, and improved water and fertilizer management. These technologies also have the potential to reduce differences across political, economic and climatic regions. Once these are adopted, climate change may not add significantly to the challenge of food production for the majority of countries except for some potential hotspots distributed around the world. Massive investment, policy, and institutional support will be needed, however, to facilitate adoption and scaling-out of such practices, and to address climatic variability. أدت آثار تغير المناخ على غلة المحاصيل، كما هو متوقع من خلال عدد كبير من تقييمات الأثر التي أجريت منذ الثمانينيات، إلى إبراز قضية انعدام الأمن الغذائي في المستقبل. يكشف التحليل التلوي لـ 27000 نقطة بيانات من الدراسات المنشورة على مدى العقود الأربعة الماضية أنه على المستوى القطري، يكون متوسط تأثيرات تغير المناخ على غلة المحاصيل حتى الخمسينيات صغيرًا بشكل عام (ولكنه سلبي) بالنسبة للأرز والقمح، ومتواضعًا بالنسبة للذرة، شريطة أن يتبنى المزارعون ممارسات وتقنيات مثل الأصناف المحسنة، والزراعة في الأوقات المثلى، وتحسين إدارة المياه والأسمدة. تتمتع هذه التقنيات أيضًا بالقدرة على تقليل الاختلافات عبر المناطق السياسية والاقتصادية والمناخية. وبمجرد اعتمادها، قد لا يضيف تغير المناخ بشكل كبير إلى التحدي المتمثل في إنتاج الغذاء بالنسبة لغالبية البلدان باستثناء بعض النقاط الساخنة المحتملة الموزعة في جميع أنحاء العالم. ومع ذلك، ستكون هناك حاجة إلى دعم استثماري وسياسي ومؤسسي هائل لتسهيل اعتماد هذه الممارسات وتوسيع نطاقها، ومعالجة التقلبات المناخية.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Environmental Research Letters
      Article . 2019
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/eh...
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    Authors: Philip K. Thornton; Philip K. Thornton; Martin J. Kropff; Shalika Vyas; +4 Authors

    Abstract Many assessments of climate change impacts on global crop yields project declines as early as the 2020s. Losses are projected to increase with time, up to 50% by the 2080s. We carry out a systematic global review and compare published projections of climate change impacts from 34 studies and ∼4500 data points for the 2020s for maize, rice and wheat at country level with observed and forecasted national crop yields for the same period based on available global crop statistics. We find that observed yield changes are considerably higher than projected yield changes arising from climate change because technological improvements appear to have a large yield-enhancing impact compared with the negative effects of climate change, at least in the short term. Most assessments of climate change impacts on crop yields show low-latitude, low and middle-income countries as highly vulnerable but these countries have shown the largest growth in observed yields over the same reference time period. These discrepancies are due to incomplete consideration of technological growth in climate impact assessments and large yield gaps in these countries, uncertainties associated with the methodologies used, and regional variations in adaptation options considered. Appropriate consideration of technological growth can add considerable value and relevance to global impact assessments, contributing to investment and development targeting at both large and small scales.

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    Global Food Security
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Global Food Security
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      Global Food Security
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Global Food Security
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    Authors: Toshihiro Hasegawa; Hitomi Wakatsuki; Hui Jiang; Shalika Vyas; +5 Authors

    AbstractReliable estimates of the impacts of climate change on crop production are critical for assessing the sustainability of food systems. Global, regional, and site-specific crop simulation studies have been conducted for nearly four decades, representing valuable sources of information for climate change impact assessments. However, the wealth of data produced by these studies has not been made publicly available. Here, we develop a global dataset by consolidating previously published meta-analyses and data collected through a new literature search covering recent crop simulations. The new global dataset builds on 8314 simulations from 203 studies published between 1984 and 2020. It contains projected yields of four major crops (maize, rice, soybean, and wheat) in 91 countries under major emission scenarios for the 21st century, with and without adaptation measures, along with geographical coordinates, current temperatures, local and global warming levels. This dataset provides a basis for a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of climate change on crop production and will facilitate the rapidly developing data-driven machine learning applications.

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    Scientific Data
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Scientific Data
    Article . 2022
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    HAL INRAE
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    https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.0...
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Shalika Vyas; Arun Khatri‐Chhetri; Pramod Aggarwal; Philip Thornton; +1 Authors

    À la suite de l'Accord de Paris de la CCNUCC, la plupart des pays ont pris des engagements dans le cadre de leurs contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN) pour l'adaptation et l'atténuation dans l'agriculture. Cependant, ces engagements doivent être évalués par rapport à la réalité du terrain, y compris les limites bio-physiques et socio-économiques de l'action climatique. Nous proposons un nouveau cadre de suivi de l'action climatique par pays/régions, basé sur quatre dimensions : l'intention, le besoin, la portée et la préparation à la mise en œuvre de l'adaptation et de l'atténuation dans l'agriculture. Alors que « l'intention » reflète l'action climatique prévue par des pays tels que ceux mentionnés dans les CDN ou les PAN (plans nationaux d'adaptation) et les MAAN (mesures d'atténuation appropriées au niveau national), « le besoin » met en évidence la vulnérabilité de l'agriculture d'un pays au changement climatique et aux émissions historiques de GES. La troisième dimension, « scope », est liée aux opportunités et limites biophysiques à adapter ou à atténuer. Enfin, la dimension « préparation » tient compte de la capacité actuelle d'un pays à mettre en œuvre diverses mesures et politiques d'adaptation/atténuation. Le cadre est illustré par une analyse globale, à l'aide d'indicateurs sélectionnés pour chacune de ces dimensions. Les résultats indiquent que 61 pays dans le monde (y compris les principaux producteurs alimentaires) devraient envisager des mesures correctives dans leurs priorités d'adaptation. Le cadre présenté dans ce document peut servir de mécanisme de suivi et d'évaluation pour la mise en œuvre des CDN et le suivi des progrès. Tras el Acuerdo de París de la CMNUCC, la mayoría de las naciones asumieron compromisos dentro de sus Contribuciones Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (CDN) para la adaptación y la mitigación en la agricultura. Sin embargo, estos compromisos deben evaluarse en relación con la verdad básica, incluidos los límites biofísicos y socioeconómicos de la acción climática. Proponemos un nuevo marco para monitorear la acción climática por países/regiones, basado en cuatro dimensiones: intención, necesidad, alcance y preparación para implementar la adaptación y la mitigación en la agricultura. Si bien la "intención" refleja la acción climática prevista por países como los mencionados en las NDC o los NAP (Planes Nacionales de Adaptación) y las NAMA (Acciones de Mitigación Apropiadas a Nivel Nacional), la "necesidad" destaca la vulnerabilidad de la agricultura de un país al cambio climático y las emisiones históricas de GEI. La tercera dimensión, "alcance", está relacionada con las oportunidades y límites biofísicos para adaptarse o mitigar. Finalmente, la dimensión de "preparación" considera la capacidad actual de un país para implementar diversas acciones y políticas de adaptación/mitigación. El marco se ilustra con un análisis global, utilizando indicadores seleccionados para cada una de estas dimensiones. Los resultados indican que 61 países a nivel mundial (incluidos los principales productores de alimentos) deberían considerar medidas correctivas en sus prioridades de adaptación. El marco presentado en este documento puede servir como un mecanismo de monitoreo y evaluación para la implementación de NDC y el seguimiento del progreso. Following the UNFCCC Paris Agreement, most nations made commitments within their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to adaptation and mitigation in agriculture. However, these commitments need to be assessed in relation with ground truth, including bio-physical and socio-economic limits to climate action. We propose a new framework for monitoring climate action by countries/regions, based on four dimensions—intent, need, scope and readiness for implementing adaptation and mitigation in agriculture. While "intent" reflects intended climate action by countries such as those mentioned in NDCs or NAPs (National Adaptation Plans) and NAMAs (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions), "need" highlights vulnerability of a country's agriculture to climate change and historical GHG emissions. The third dimension, "scope", is related to the biophysical opportunities and limits to adapt or to mitigate. Finally, the "readiness" dimension considers a country's current ability to implement various adaptation/mitigation actions and policies. The framework is illustrated with a global analysis, using selected indicators for each of these dimensions. Results indicate that 61 countries globally (including key food producers) should consider corrective action in their adaptation priorities. The framework presented in this paper can serve as a monitoring and evaluation mechanism for NDC implementation and tracking progress. بعد اتفاق باريس لاتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ، تعهدت معظم الدول بالتزامات في إطار مساهماتها المحددة وطنيًا (NDCs) للتكيف والتخفيف في الزراعة. ومع ذلك، يجب تقييم هذه الالتزامات فيما يتعلق بالحقيقة الأساسية، بما في ذلك الحدود الفيزيائية الحيوية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية للعمل المناخي. نقترح إطارًا جديدًا لرصد العمل المناخي من قبل البلدان/المناطق، بناءً على أربعة أبعاد - المقصد والحاجة والنطاق والاستعداد لتنفيذ التكيف والتخفيف في الزراعة. في حين أن "النية" تعكس الإجراءات المناخية المقصودة من قبل البلدان مثل تلك المذكورة في المساهمات المحددة وطنياً أو برامج العمل الوطنية (خطط التكيف الوطنية) وإجراءات التخفيف الملائمة وطنياً (إجراءات التخفيف المناسبة وطنياً)، فإن "الحاجة" تسلط الضوء على ضعف الزراعة في بلد ما أمام تغير المناخ وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة التاريخية. يرتبط البعد الثالث، "النطاق"، بالفرص الفيزيائية الحيوية وحدود التكيف أو التخفيف. أخيرًا، يأخذ بُعد "الاستعداد" في الاعتبار القدرة الحالية للبلد على تنفيذ مختلف إجراءات وسياسات التكيف/التخفيف. يتم توضيح الإطار بتحليل عالمي، باستخدام مؤشرات مختارة لكل من هذه الأبعاد. تشير النتائج إلى أنه يجب على 61 دولة على مستوى العالم (بما في ذلك منتجي الأغذية الرئيسيين) النظر في اتخاذ إجراءات تصحيحية في أولويات التكيف الخاصة بها. يمكن أن يكون الإطار المقدم في هذه الورقة بمثابة آلية رصد وتقييم لتنفيذ المساهمات المحددة وطنيًا وتتبع التقدم المحرز.

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    Global Food Security
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Global Food Security
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/5p...
      Other literature type . 2022
      Data sources: Datacite
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    Authors: Paresh Shirsath; Shalika Vyas; Pramod Aggarwal; Kolli N. Rao;

    Weather-based crop insurance is a powerful tool for stabilizing farmers’ income by providing timely payouts directly linked with weather parameters. However, its performance can be marred by faulty design, leading to high basis risk and insufficient payouts. This paper presents a new methodology for contract design for weather-based insurance, field tested in India. By combining agro-meteorological statistical analysis, crop growth modelling and optimization techniques, a heuristic model is developed which generates superior contract design which yields better and frequent payouts at no extra cost of subsidies (in terms of premium rates). The study also presents ‘Farmer Satisfaction Index’ as a powerful evaluation tool in determining the effectiveness of insurance products through measurement of basis risk. The method is backed by results from implementing the proposed model in many districts of Maharashtra, India. The proposed contract performed better than the existing insurance contract with 50 and 72 percent increase in Farmers Satisfaction Index for Soybean and Pearl Millet, while increasing correlation of payouts with yield losses and reducing the overall loss-cost ratio. Selected triggers effectively captured climatic risks in important crop growth phases. These results were consistent for pay-outs evaluated for long-term time series of 100 years of synthetic climate data. Findings indicate the use of recommended approach can lead to increased satisfaction of farmers, insurers and policymakers alike. Keywords: Weather-based crop insurance, Basis risk, Farmer satisfaction index, Weather triggers

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    Climate Risk Management
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Climate Risk Management
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    Climate Risk Management
    Article . 2019
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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      Climate Risk Management
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Data sources: Crossref
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      Climate Risk Management
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      Climate Risk Management
      Article . 2019
      Data sources: DOAJ
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