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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Richard Dooso Oloo; Chinyere Ekine-Dzivenu; Raphael Mrode; Jörn Bennewitz; +5 Authors

    L'augmentation des températures mondiales induite par le changement climatique a intensifié le stress thermique sur les bovins laitiers et contribue à la faible productivité laitière généralement observée. L'élevage sélectif visant à améliorer la capacité des animaux à résister à la hausse des températures tout en maintenant des performances optimales est crucial pour assurer l'accès futur aux produits laitiers. Cependant, les indicateurs phénotypiques de la tolérance à la chaleur ne sont pas encore effectivement pris en compte dans les objectifs de la plupart des programmes d'élevage sélectif. Cette étude a examiné la réponse de la production laitière à l'évolution de la charge thermique en tant qu'indication de la tolérance à la chaleur et l'influence de la saison de vêlage sur cette réponse chez les bovins laitiers de races multiples présents dans trois zones agroécologiques au Kenya. Le rendement laitier moyen de 7 jours de première parité (65 261 enregistrements de lait) de 1 739 vaches a été analysé. Sur la base des données météorologiques régulièrement enregistrées et accessibles en ligne, l'indice de température et d'humidité (THI) a été calculé et utilisé comme mesure de la charge calorifique. LES mesures utilisées représentaient les moyennes des mêmes périodes de 7 jours correspondant à chaque enregistrement de lait moyen de 7 jours. Les modèles de régression aléatoire, y compris les fonctions de la norme de réaction, ont été ajustés pour dériver deux indicateurs de résilience : la pente de la norme de réaction (pente) et sa valeur absolue (absolue), reflétant les changements dans le rendement du lait en réponse aux charges thermiques variables (THI 50 et THI 80). Les paramètres génétiques de ces indicateurs ont été estimés et leurs associations avec le rendement moyen en lait au jour d'essai ont été examinées. Il n'y avait pas de différences substantielles dans le modèle de réponse du rendement laitier à la charge thermique entre le vêlage des vaches en saison sèche et humide. Les animaux avec des gènes Bos taurus ≤50 % étaient les plus thermotolérants à des niveaux de charge thermique extrêmement élevés. Les animaux se produisant dans des environnements semi-arides présentaient la capacité de tolérance à la chaleur la plus élevée. Les estimations d'héritabilité pour ces indicateurs variaient de 0,06 à 0,33 et étaient pour la plupart significativement différentes de zéro (P<0,05). La pente à THI 80 avait des corrélations négatives élevées (0,64-0,71) avec le rendement laitier quotidien moyen, révélant que les vaches hautement productrices sont plus vulnérables au stress thermique et vice versa. Une corrélation positive élevée (0,63-0,74) a été observée entre le rendement laitier absolu et moyen à THI 80. Cela impliquait que les vaches à faible production laitière avaient une production laitière plus stable dans des conditions de stress thermique et vice versa. L'étude a démontré que la pente des normes de réaction et sa valeur absolue peuvent mesurer efficacement la résilience des bovins laitiers croisés à des conditions de charge thermique variables. Les implications de ces résultats sont précieuses pour améliorer la tolérance à la chaleur des espèces animales grâce à la sélection génétique. El aumento de las temperaturas globales inducido por el cambio climático ha intensificado el estrés por calor en el ganado lechero y está contribuyendo a la baja productividad de la leche generalmente observada. La cría selectiva destinada a mejorar la capacidad de los animales para soportar el aumento de las temperaturas y mantener un rendimiento óptimo es crucial para garantizar el acceso futuro a los productos lácteos. Sin embargo, los indicadores fenotípicos de tolerancia al calor aún no se han tenido en cuenta de manera efectiva en los objetivos de la mayoría de los programas de reproducción selectiva. Este estudio investigó la respuesta de la producción de leche a la carga de calor cambiante como una indicación de la tolerancia al calor y la influencia de la temporada de parto en esta respuesta en ganado lechero de razas múltiples que se desempeña en tres zonas agroecológicas de Kenia. Se analizó el rendimiento lechero medio de 7 días de primera paridad (65 261 registros lecheros) de 1 739 vacas. Con base en los datos meteorológicos registrados de forma rutinaria que eran accesibles en línea, se calculó el Índice de Temperatura-Humedad (THI) y se utilizó como una medida de la carga de calor. Estas mediciones utilizadas representaron promedios de los mismos períodos de 7 días correspondientes a cada registro medio de leche de 7 días. Los modelos de regresión aleatoria, incluidas las funciones de la norma de reacción, se ajustaron para derivar dos indicadores de resiliencia: pendiente de la norma de reacción (pendiente) y su valor absoluto (absoluto), que reflejan los cambios en el rendimiento de la leche en respuesta a las diferentes cargas de calor (THI 50 y THI 80). Se estimaron los parámetros genéticos de estos indicadores y se examinaron sus asociaciones con el rendimiento medio de la leche del día de prueba. No hubo diferencias sustanciales en el patrón de respuesta del rendimiento de la leche a la carga de calor entre las vacas que paren en las estaciones seca y húmeda. Los animales con ≤50% de genes de Bos taurus fueron los más termotolerantes a niveles de carga de calor extremadamente altos. Los animales que actuaban en ambientes semiáridos mostraron la mayor capacidad de tolerancia al calor. Las estimaciones de heredabilidad para estos indicadores oscilaron entre 0,06 y 0,33 y en su mayoría fueron significativamente diferentes de cero (P<0,05). La pendiente en THI 80 tuvo altas correlaciones negativas (0.64-0.71) con el rendimiento medio diario de leche, revelando que las vacas de alta producción son más vulnerables al estrés por calor y viceversa. Se observó una alta correlación positiva (0.63-0.74) entre el rendimiento absoluto y el rendimiento medio de la leche a THI 80. Esto implicaba que las vacas con baja producción de leche tienen una producción de leche más estable en condiciones de estrés por calor y viceversa. El estudio demostró que la pendiente de las normas de reacción y su valor absoluto pueden medir de manera efectiva la resiliencia del ganado lechero cruzado a diferentes condiciones de carga de calor. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos son valiosas para mejorar la tolerancia al calor de las especies ganaderas a través de la selección genética. Climate change-induced rise in global temperatures has intensified heat stress on dairy cattle and is contributing to the generally observed low milk productivity. Selective breeding aimed at enhancing animals' ability to withstand rising temperatures while maintaining optimal performance is crucial for ensuring future access to dairy products. However, phenotypic indicators of heat tolerance are yet to be effectively factored in the objectives of most selective breeding programs. This study investigated the response of milk production to changing heat load as an indication of heat tolerance and the influence of calving season on this response in multibreed dairy cattle performing in three agroecological zones Kenya. First-parity 7-day average milk yield (65 261 milk records) of 1 739 cows were analyzed. Based on routinely recorded weather data that were accessible online, the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) was calculated and used as a measure of heat load. THI measurements used represented averages of the same 7-day periods corresponding to each 7-day average milk record. Random regression models, including reaction norm functions, were fitted to derive two resilience indicators: slope of the reaction norm (Slope) and its absolute value (Absolute), reflecting changes in milk yield in response to the varying heat loads (THI 50 and THI 80). The genetic parameters of these indicators were estimated, and their associations with average test-day milk yield were examined. There were no substantial differences in the pattern of milk yield response to heat load between cows calving in dry and wet seasons. Animals with ≤50% Bos taurus genes were the most thermotolerant at extremely high heat load levels. Animals performing in semi-arid environments exhibited the highest heat tolerance capacity. Heritability estimates for these indicators ranged from 0.06 to 0.33 and were mostly significantly different from zero (P<0.05). Slope at THI 80 had high (0.64-0.71) negative correlations with average daily milk yield, revealing that high-producing cows are more vulnerable to heat stress and vice versa. A high (0.63-0.74) positive correlation was observed between Absolute and average milk yield at THI 80. This implied that low milk-producing cows have a more stable milk production under heat-stress conditions and vice versa. The study demonstrated that the slope of the reaction norms and its absolute value can effectively measure the resilience of crossbred dairy cattle to varying heat load conditions. The implications of these findings are valuable in improving the heat tolerance of livestock species through genetic selection. أدى الارتفاع الناجم عن تغير المناخ في درجات الحرارة العالمية إلى تكثيف الإجهاد الحراري على الماشية الحلوب ويسهم في انخفاض إنتاجية الحليب بشكل عام. إن التربية الانتقائية التي تهدف إلى تعزيز قدرة الحيوانات على تحمل ارتفاع درجات الحرارة مع الحفاظ على الأداء الأمثل أمر بالغ الأهمية لضمان الوصول في المستقبل إلى منتجات الألبان. ومع ذلك، فإن مؤشرات النمط الظاهري لتحمل الحرارة لم تؤخذ بعد في الاعتبار بشكل فعال في أهداف معظم برامج التكاثر الانتقائية. بحثت هذه الدراسة في استجابة إنتاج الحليب لتغير الحمل الحراري كمؤشر على تحمل الحرارة وتأثير موسم الولادة على هذه الاستجابة في الماشية الحلوب متعددة السلالات التي تعمل في ثلاث مناطق زراعية إيكولوجية في كينيا. تم تحليل متوسط إنتاج الحليب لمدة 7 أيام (65261 سجل حليب) من 1739 بقرة. استنادًا إلى بيانات الطقس المسجلة بشكل روتيني والتي يمكن الوصول إليها عبر الإنترنت، تم حساب مؤشر درجة الحرارة والرطوبة (THI) واستخدامه كمقياس للحمل الحراري. تمثل هذه القياسات المستخدمة متوسطات لنفس فترات 7 أيام المقابلة لكل سجل حليب متوسط لمدة 7 أيام. تم تركيب نماذج الانحدار العشوائي، بما في ذلك وظائف معيار التفاعل، لاستخلاص مؤشرين للمرونة: ميل معيار التفاعل (المنحدر) وقيمته المطلقة (المطلق)، مما يعكس التغيرات في إنتاجية الحليب استجابة للأحمال الحرارية المتفاوتة (THI 50 و THI 80). تم تقدير المعلمات الوراثية لهذه المؤشرات، وتم فحص ارتباطاتها بمتوسط إنتاجية الحليب في يوم الاختبار. لم تكن هناك اختلافات جوهرية في نمط استجابة غلة الحليب للحمل الحراري بين الأبقار التي تلد في المواسم الجافة والرطبة. كانت الحيوانات التي تحتوي على ≤50 ٪ من جينات الثور البوس هي الأكثر تحملاً للحرارة عند مستويات حمل حراري عالية للغاية. أظهرت الحيوانات التي تعمل في البيئات شبه القاحلة أعلى قدرة على تحمل الحرارة. تراوحت تقديرات التوريث لهذه المؤشرات من 0.06 إلى 0.33 وكانت في الغالب مختلفة بشكل كبير عن الصفر (P<0.05). كان للمنحدر عند THI 80 ارتباطات سلبية عالية (0.64-0.71) مع متوسط إنتاج الحليب اليومي، مما يكشف عن أن الأبقار عالية الإنتاج أكثر عرضة للإجهاد الحراري والعكس صحيح. لوحظ وجود ارتباط إيجابي مرتفع (0.63-0.74) بين إنتاج الحليب المطلق والمتوسط عند 80. وهذا يعني أن الأبقار ذات الإنتاج المنخفض للحليب لديها إنتاج حليب أكثر استقرارًا في ظل ظروف الإجهاد الحراري والعكس صحيح. أظهرت الدراسة أن منحدر معايير التفاعل وقيمته المطلقة يمكن أن يقيس بشكل فعال مرونة الماشية الحلوب المهجنة لظروف الحمل الحراري المتفاوتة. إن الآثار المترتبة على هذه النتائج ذات قيمة في تحسين تحمل الحرارة لأنواع الماشية من خلال الانتقاء الجيني.

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    Authors: Winfred Sila; Charles K. Gachuiri; John W. Recha; James Audho; +1 Authors

    Improved climate-resilient strains of indigenous sheep and goats were introduced in the Nyando basin of western Kenya in 2013. This study evaluated the performance of the breeds five years after their first introduction, and their contribution to household revenues. Red Maasai and Red Maasai x Dorper sheep and Galla goats introduced in Nyando adapted to the environment and retained performance levels exhibited in their original environments. They have been widely adopted by the farmers and are used for upgrading local breeds through crossbreeding, yielding offspring that are 50% heavier than local breeds at one year of age. Costs for producing the small ruminants tend to increase with land size owned, mainly due to higher costs for managing the health of more livestock. The costs of producing goats are significantly higher than for sheep. Revenues accrued from goat milk contribute to 10% of the revenue from goats. The introduced breeds provided a significant productivity lift in the local livestock population, resulting in higher returns to the smallholder farmers. For long-term sustainability of the productivity gains, a community-based selective mating program using reference sire flocks with an overall goal of good growth, adaptability, and milk production should be adopted.

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    Authors: Julie M.K. Ojango; Jennifer Gitau; Nicholas Ndiwa; John Recha; +2 Authors

    AbstractInterventions to improve productivity in pastoral livestock systems of northern Kenya focus on the management of the rangeland resources and grazing areas with few initiatives on changes related to the livestock assets. However, changing climatic conditions with high frequencies of droughts have increased the vulnerability of pastoral communities and necessitate prompt interventions in animal management practices. In 2018, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation in collaboration with the International Livestock Research Institute commenced a programme to build the resilience of pastoral holdings using their animal assets rather than depending on humanitarian emergency responses. Interventions necessitated changes in management practices related to sheep and goat production. Core innovation groups (CIG) each comprising 30 pastoral households in select communities were established to model new practices for wider adoption using participatory processes in Isiolo, Marsabit and Turkana Counties. CIG members went through a 3-year phased training programme on animal management practices for more efficient, resilient and productive animals. The adoption of new practices in CIG flocks was monitored by extension personnel. Data were analysed using logistic regression techniques to assess household-level adoption of livestock breed improvement, feeding and disease control interventions. The 3 years of the programme (2018–2021) were relatively satisfactory in terms of pasture availability; hence, communities pursued strategies to enhance their flocks. All CIG adopted more than one of the introduced technologies concurrently. Prevention of diseases was the most readily adopted, followed by crossbreeding using indigenous breeds of sheep and goats from other arid areas of Kenya. Turkana County had the lowest probability of adopting any of the technologies as previous devastating droughts have resulted in an increased emphasis on animals for survival rather than productivity. The study shows that pastoral communities are open to technological interventions for animal productivity. Adoption of the technologies was enhanced by the experiential capacity development activities adapted to the education level of the different communities.

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    Pastoralism
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      Pastoralism
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Richard Dooso Oloo; Chinyere Ekine-Dzivenu; Raphael Mrode; Jörn Bennewitz; +5 Authors

    L'augmentation des températures mondiales induite par le changement climatique a intensifié le stress thermique sur les bovins laitiers et contribue à la faible productivité laitière généralement observée. L'élevage sélectif visant à améliorer la capacité des animaux à résister à la hausse des températures tout en maintenant des performances optimales est crucial pour assurer l'accès futur aux produits laitiers. Cependant, les indicateurs phénotypiques de la tolérance à la chaleur ne sont pas encore effectivement pris en compte dans les objectifs de la plupart des programmes d'élevage sélectif. Cette étude a examiné la réponse de la production laitière à l'évolution de la charge thermique en tant qu'indication de la tolérance à la chaleur et l'influence de la saison de vêlage sur cette réponse chez les bovins laitiers de races multiples présents dans trois zones agroécologiques au Kenya. Le rendement laitier moyen de 7 jours de première parité (65 261 enregistrements de lait) de 1 739 vaches a été analysé. Sur la base des données météorologiques régulièrement enregistrées et accessibles en ligne, l'indice de température et d'humidité (THI) a été calculé et utilisé comme mesure de la charge calorifique. LES mesures utilisées représentaient les moyennes des mêmes périodes de 7 jours correspondant à chaque enregistrement de lait moyen de 7 jours. Les modèles de régression aléatoire, y compris les fonctions de la norme de réaction, ont été ajustés pour dériver deux indicateurs de résilience : la pente de la norme de réaction (pente) et sa valeur absolue (absolue), reflétant les changements dans le rendement du lait en réponse aux charges thermiques variables (THI 50 et THI 80). Les paramètres génétiques de ces indicateurs ont été estimés et leurs associations avec le rendement moyen en lait au jour d'essai ont été examinées. Il n'y avait pas de différences substantielles dans le modèle de réponse du rendement laitier à la charge thermique entre le vêlage des vaches en saison sèche et humide. Les animaux avec des gènes Bos taurus ≤50 % étaient les plus thermotolérants à des niveaux de charge thermique extrêmement élevés. Les animaux se produisant dans des environnements semi-arides présentaient la capacité de tolérance à la chaleur la plus élevée. Les estimations d'héritabilité pour ces indicateurs variaient de 0,06 à 0,33 et étaient pour la plupart significativement différentes de zéro (P<0,05). La pente à THI 80 avait des corrélations négatives élevées (0,64-0,71) avec le rendement laitier quotidien moyen, révélant que les vaches hautement productrices sont plus vulnérables au stress thermique et vice versa. Une corrélation positive élevée (0,63-0,74) a été observée entre le rendement laitier absolu et moyen à THI 80. Cela impliquait que les vaches à faible production laitière avaient une production laitière plus stable dans des conditions de stress thermique et vice versa. L'étude a démontré que la pente des normes de réaction et sa valeur absolue peuvent mesurer efficacement la résilience des bovins laitiers croisés à des conditions de charge thermique variables. Les implications de ces résultats sont précieuses pour améliorer la tolérance à la chaleur des espèces animales grâce à la sélection génétique. El aumento de las temperaturas globales inducido por el cambio climático ha intensificado el estrés por calor en el ganado lechero y está contribuyendo a la baja productividad de la leche generalmente observada. La cría selectiva destinada a mejorar la capacidad de los animales para soportar el aumento de las temperaturas y mantener un rendimiento óptimo es crucial para garantizar el acceso futuro a los productos lácteos. Sin embargo, los indicadores fenotípicos de tolerancia al calor aún no se han tenido en cuenta de manera efectiva en los objetivos de la mayoría de los programas de reproducción selectiva. Este estudio investigó la respuesta de la producción de leche a la carga de calor cambiante como una indicación de la tolerancia al calor y la influencia de la temporada de parto en esta respuesta en ganado lechero de razas múltiples que se desempeña en tres zonas agroecológicas de Kenia. Se analizó el rendimiento lechero medio de 7 días de primera paridad (65 261 registros lecheros) de 1 739 vacas. Con base en los datos meteorológicos registrados de forma rutinaria que eran accesibles en línea, se calculó el Índice de Temperatura-Humedad (THI) y se utilizó como una medida de la carga de calor. Estas mediciones utilizadas representaron promedios de los mismos períodos de 7 días correspondientes a cada registro medio de leche de 7 días. Los modelos de regresión aleatoria, incluidas las funciones de la norma de reacción, se ajustaron para derivar dos indicadores de resiliencia: pendiente de la norma de reacción (pendiente) y su valor absoluto (absoluto), que reflejan los cambios en el rendimiento de la leche en respuesta a las diferentes cargas de calor (THI 50 y THI 80). Se estimaron los parámetros genéticos de estos indicadores y se examinaron sus asociaciones con el rendimiento medio de la leche del día de prueba. No hubo diferencias sustanciales en el patrón de respuesta del rendimiento de la leche a la carga de calor entre las vacas que paren en las estaciones seca y húmeda. Los animales con ≤50% de genes de Bos taurus fueron los más termotolerantes a niveles de carga de calor extremadamente altos. Los animales que actuaban en ambientes semiáridos mostraron la mayor capacidad de tolerancia al calor. Las estimaciones de heredabilidad para estos indicadores oscilaron entre 0,06 y 0,33 y en su mayoría fueron significativamente diferentes de cero (P<0,05). La pendiente en THI 80 tuvo altas correlaciones negativas (0.64-0.71) con el rendimiento medio diario de leche, revelando que las vacas de alta producción son más vulnerables al estrés por calor y viceversa. Se observó una alta correlación positiva (0.63-0.74) entre el rendimiento absoluto y el rendimiento medio de la leche a THI 80. Esto implicaba que las vacas con baja producción de leche tienen una producción de leche más estable en condiciones de estrés por calor y viceversa. El estudio demostró que la pendiente de las normas de reacción y su valor absoluto pueden medir de manera efectiva la resiliencia del ganado lechero cruzado a diferentes condiciones de carga de calor. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos son valiosas para mejorar la tolerancia al calor de las especies ganaderas a través de la selección genética. Climate change-induced rise in global temperatures has intensified heat stress on dairy cattle and is contributing to the generally observed low milk productivity. Selective breeding aimed at enhancing animals' ability to withstand rising temperatures while maintaining optimal performance is crucial for ensuring future access to dairy products. However, phenotypic indicators of heat tolerance are yet to be effectively factored in the objectives of most selective breeding programs. This study investigated the response of milk production to changing heat load as an indication of heat tolerance and the influence of calving season on this response in multibreed dairy cattle performing in three agroecological zones Kenya. First-parity 7-day average milk yield (65 261 milk records) of 1 739 cows were analyzed. Based on routinely recorded weather data that were accessible online, the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) was calculated and used as a measure of heat load. THI measurements used represented averages of the same 7-day periods corresponding to each 7-day average milk record. Random regression models, including reaction norm functions, were fitted to derive two resilience indicators: slope of the reaction norm (Slope) and its absolute value (Absolute), reflecting changes in milk yield in response to the varying heat loads (THI 50 and THI 80). The genetic parameters of these indicators were estimated, and their associations with average test-day milk yield were examined. There were no substantial differences in the pattern of milk yield response to heat load between cows calving in dry and wet seasons. Animals with ≤50% Bos taurus genes were the most thermotolerant at extremely high heat load levels. Animals performing in semi-arid environments exhibited the highest heat tolerance capacity. Heritability estimates for these indicators ranged from 0.06 to 0.33 and were mostly significantly different from zero (P<0.05). Slope at THI 80 had high (0.64-0.71) negative correlations with average daily milk yield, revealing that high-producing cows are more vulnerable to heat stress and vice versa. A high (0.63-0.74) positive correlation was observed between Absolute and average milk yield at THI 80. This implied that low milk-producing cows have a more stable milk production under heat-stress conditions and vice versa. The study demonstrated that the slope of the reaction norms and its absolute value can effectively measure the resilience of crossbred dairy cattle to varying heat load conditions. The implications of these findings are valuable in improving the heat tolerance of livestock species through genetic selection. أدى الارتفاع الناجم عن تغير المناخ في درجات الحرارة العالمية إلى تكثيف الإجهاد الحراري على الماشية الحلوب ويسهم في انخفاض إنتاجية الحليب بشكل عام. إن التربية الانتقائية التي تهدف إلى تعزيز قدرة الحيوانات على تحمل ارتفاع درجات الحرارة مع الحفاظ على الأداء الأمثل أمر بالغ الأهمية لضمان الوصول في المستقبل إلى منتجات الألبان. ومع ذلك، فإن مؤشرات النمط الظاهري لتحمل الحرارة لم تؤخذ بعد في الاعتبار بشكل فعال في أهداف معظم برامج التكاثر الانتقائية. بحثت هذه الدراسة في استجابة إنتاج الحليب لتغير الحمل الحراري كمؤشر على تحمل الحرارة وتأثير موسم الولادة على هذه الاستجابة في الماشية الحلوب متعددة السلالات التي تعمل في ثلاث مناطق زراعية إيكولوجية في كينيا. تم تحليل متوسط إنتاج الحليب لمدة 7 أيام (65261 سجل حليب) من 1739 بقرة. استنادًا إلى بيانات الطقس المسجلة بشكل روتيني والتي يمكن الوصول إليها عبر الإنترنت، تم حساب مؤشر درجة الحرارة والرطوبة (THI) واستخدامه كمقياس للحمل الحراري. تمثل هذه القياسات المستخدمة متوسطات لنفس فترات 7 أيام المقابلة لكل سجل حليب متوسط لمدة 7 أيام. تم تركيب نماذج الانحدار العشوائي، بما في ذلك وظائف معيار التفاعل، لاستخلاص مؤشرين للمرونة: ميل معيار التفاعل (المنحدر) وقيمته المطلقة (المطلق)، مما يعكس التغيرات في إنتاجية الحليب استجابة للأحمال الحرارية المتفاوتة (THI 50 و THI 80). تم تقدير المعلمات الوراثية لهذه المؤشرات، وتم فحص ارتباطاتها بمتوسط إنتاجية الحليب في يوم الاختبار. لم تكن هناك اختلافات جوهرية في نمط استجابة غلة الحليب للحمل الحراري بين الأبقار التي تلد في المواسم الجافة والرطبة. كانت الحيوانات التي تحتوي على ≤50 ٪ من جينات الثور البوس هي الأكثر تحملاً للحرارة عند مستويات حمل حراري عالية للغاية. أظهرت الحيوانات التي تعمل في البيئات شبه القاحلة أعلى قدرة على تحمل الحرارة. تراوحت تقديرات التوريث لهذه المؤشرات من 0.06 إلى 0.33 وكانت في الغالب مختلفة بشكل كبير عن الصفر (P<0.05). كان للمنحدر عند THI 80 ارتباطات سلبية عالية (0.64-0.71) مع متوسط إنتاج الحليب اليومي، مما يكشف عن أن الأبقار عالية الإنتاج أكثر عرضة للإجهاد الحراري والعكس صحيح. لوحظ وجود ارتباط إيجابي مرتفع (0.63-0.74) بين إنتاج الحليب المطلق والمتوسط عند 80. وهذا يعني أن الأبقار ذات الإنتاج المنخفض للحليب لديها إنتاج حليب أكثر استقرارًا في ظل ظروف الإجهاد الحراري والعكس صحيح. أظهرت الدراسة أن منحدر معايير التفاعل وقيمته المطلقة يمكن أن يقيس بشكل فعال مرونة الماشية الحلوب المهجنة لظروف الحمل الحراري المتفاوتة. إن الآثار المترتبة على هذه النتائج ذات قيمة في تحسين تحمل الحرارة لأنواع الماشية من خلال الانتقاء الجيني.

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    Authors: Winfred Sila; Charles K. Gachuiri; John W. Recha; James Audho; +1 Authors

    Improved climate-resilient strains of indigenous sheep and goats were introduced in the Nyando basin of western Kenya in 2013. This study evaluated the performance of the breeds five years after their first introduction, and their contribution to household revenues. Red Maasai and Red Maasai x Dorper sheep and Galla goats introduced in Nyando adapted to the environment and retained performance levels exhibited in their original environments. They have been widely adopted by the farmers and are used for upgrading local breeds through crossbreeding, yielding offspring that are 50% heavier than local breeds at one year of age. Costs for producing the small ruminants tend to increase with land size owned, mainly due to higher costs for managing the health of more livestock. The costs of producing goats are significantly higher than for sheep. Revenues accrued from goat milk contribute to 10% of the revenue from goats. The introduced breeds provided a significant productivity lift in the local livestock population, resulting in higher returns to the smallholder farmers. For long-term sustainability of the productivity gains, a community-based selective mating program using reference sire flocks with an overall goal of good growth, adaptability, and milk production should be adopted.

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    Authors: Julie M.K. Ojango; Jennifer Gitau; Nicholas Ndiwa; John Recha; +2 Authors

    AbstractInterventions to improve productivity in pastoral livestock systems of northern Kenya focus on the management of the rangeland resources and grazing areas with few initiatives on changes related to the livestock assets. However, changing climatic conditions with high frequencies of droughts have increased the vulnerability of pastoral communities and necessitate prompt interventions in animal management practices. In 2018, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation in collaboration with the International Livestock Research Institute commenced a programme to build the resilience of pastoral holdings using their animal assets rather than depending on humanitarian emergency responses. Interventions necessitated changes in management practices related to sheep and goat production. Core innovation groups (CIG) each comprising 30 pastoral households in select communities were established to model new practices for wider adoption using participatory processes in Isiolo, Marsabit and Turkana Counties. CIG members went through a 3-year phased training programme on animal management practices for more efficient, resilient and productive animals. The adoption of new practices in CIG flocks was monitored by extension personnel. Data were analysed using logistic regression techniques to assess household-level adoption of livestock breed improvement, feeding and disease control interventions. The 3 years of the programme (2018–2021) were relatively satisfactory in terms of pasture availability; hence, communities pursued strategies to enhance their flocks. All CIG adopted more than one of the introduced technologies concurrently. Prevention of diseases was the most readily adopted, followed by crossbreeding using indigenous breeds of sheep and goats from other arid areas of Kenya. Turkana County had the lowest probability of adopting any of the technologies as previous devastating droughts have resulted in an increased emphasis on animals for survival rather than productivity. The study shows that pastoral communities are open to technological interventions for animal productivity. Adoption of the technologies was enhanced by the experiential capacity development activities adapted to the education level of the different communities.

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    Pastoralism
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/br...
    Other literature type . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/d2...
    Other literature type . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      Pastoralism
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/br...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/d2...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
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