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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Conference object , Journal 2019 FinlandPublisher:Elsevier BV Authors: Aaltonen, Miamari; Ojanen, Severi;Velazquez Martinez, Omar;
Eronen, Emmi; +6 AuthorsVelazquez Martinez, Omar
Velazquez Martinez, Omar in OpenAIREAaltonen, Miamari; Ojanen, Severi;Velazquez Martinez, Omar;
Eronen, Emmi; Liu, Fupeng;Velazquez Martinez, Omar
Velazquez Martinez, Omar in OpenAIREWilson, Benjamin P.;
Wilson, Benjamin P.
Wilson, Benjamin P. in OpenAIRESerna Guerrero, Rodrigo;
Lundström; Mari;Serna Guerrero, Rodrigo
Serna Guerrero, Rodrigo in OpenAIREPorvali, Antti;
Porvali, Antti
Porvali, Antti in OpenAIREThe present work offers a study on the engineering implications of the recovery of valuable fractions from industrially collected lithium battery (LIB) waste by mechanical and hydrometallurgical processes in HCl media. Direct leaching of LIB waste provides a possibility for Li extraction, a component that is lost into the slag fraction in the state-of-art high temperature processes. The challenges arising from the heterogeneous composition of industrial battery waste are highlighted, and the behavior of main metals present such as Co, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni and Al is observed. It is shown that mechanical separation processes can form fractions rich on Cu and Al, although subsequent refining stages are necessary. Regarding direct leaching, fast kinetics were found, as complete Li dissolution can be achieved in ca. 120 min. Furthermore, high solid/liquid ratio (>1/10) is required to increase metal value concentrations, resulting in a viscous slurry due to the graphite, plastics and other undissolved materials, which challenges filtration and washing of leach residue. Neutralization of the product liquid solution (PLS) result in co-precipitation of valuable battery metals along with Fe and Al. The highest value of LIBs lies in Co, subjected for solvent extraction (SX) or direct precipitation to make an intermediate product. SX can provide selectivity whereas Na2CO3 precipitation provides a fast route for Co-Ni bulk production. Li2CO3 precipitation from the remaining PLS is possible as zabuyelite - however, due to heterogeneity of the battery waste, the recovery of Li2CO3 with battery-grade purity remains a difficult task to be achieved by direct precipitation route.
Resources Conservati... arrow_drop_down Resources Conservation and RecyclingArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: CrossrefAaltodoc Publication ArchiveArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Aaltodoc Publication Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.023&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen hybrid 114 citations 114 popularity Top 1% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Resources Conservati... arrow_drop_down Resources Conservation and RecyclingArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: CrossrefAaltodoc Publication ArchiveArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Aaltodoc Publication Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.023&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Conference object , Journal 2019 FinlandPublisher:Elsevier BV Authors: Aaltonen, Miamari; Ojanen, Severi;Velazquez Martinez, Omar;
Eronen, Emmi; +6 AuthorsVelazquez Martinez, Omar
Velazquez Martinez, Omar in OpenAIREAaltonen, Miamari; Ojanen, Severi;Velazquez Martinez, Omar;
Eronen, Emmi; Liu, Fupeng;Velazquez Martinez, Omar
Velazquez Martinez, Omar in OpenAIREWilson, Benjamin P.;
Wilson, Benjamin P.
Wilson, Benjamin P. in OpenAIRESerna Guerrero, Rodrigo;
Lundström; Mari;Serna Guerrero, Rodrigo
Serna Guerrero, Rodrigo in OpenAIREPorvali, Antti;
Porvali, Antti
Porvali, Antti in OpenAIREThe present work offers a study on the engineering implications of the recovery of valuable fractions from industrially collected lithium battery (LIB) waste by mechanical and hydrometallurgical processes in HCl media. Direct leaching of LIB waste provides a possibility for Li extraction, a component that is lost into the slag fraction in the state-of-art high temperature processes. The challenges arising from the heterogeneous composition of industrial battery waste are highlighted, and the behavior of main metals present such as Co, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni and Al is observed. It is shown that mechanical separation processes can form fractions rich on Cu and Al, although subsequent refining stages are necessary. Regarding direct leaching, fast kinetics were found, as complete Li dissolution can be achieved in ca. 120 min. Furthermore, high solid/liquid ratio (>1/10) is required to increase metal value concentrations, resulting in a viscous slurry due to the graphite, plastics and other undissolved materials, which challenges filtration and washing of leach residue. Neutralization of the product liquid solution (PLS) result in co-precipitation of valuable battery metals along with Fe and Al. The highest value of LIBs lies in Co, subjected for solvent extraction (SX) or direct precipitation to make an intermediate product. SX can provide selectivity whereas Na2CO3 precipitation provides a fast route for Co-Ni bulk production. Li2CO3 precipitation from the remaining PLS is possible as zabuyelite - however, due to heterogeneity of the battery waste, the recovery of Li2CO3 with battery-grade purity remains a difficult task to be achieved by direct precipitation route.
Resources Conservati... arrow_drop_down Resources Conservation and RecyclingArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: CrossrefAaltodoc Publication ArchiveArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Aaltodoc Publication Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.023&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen hybrid 114 citations 114 popularity Top 1% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Resources Conservati... arrow_drop_down Resources Conservation and RecyclingArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: CrossrefAaltodoc Publication ArchiveArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Aaltodoc Publication Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.023&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2019 FinlandPublisher:MDPI AG Funded by:NSF | SBIR Phase II: A Closed ...NSF| SBIR Phase II: A Closed Loop Process for the recycle of End-of-Life Li-ion BatteriesAuthors:Omar Velázquez-Martínez;
Johanna Valio; Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio;Omar Velázquez-Martínez
Omar Velázquez-Martínez in OpenAIREMarkus Reuter;
+1 AuthorsMarkus Reuter
Markus Reuter in OpenAIREOmar Velázquez-Martínez;
Johanna Valio; Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio;Omar Velázquez-Martínez
Omar Velázquez-Martínez in OpenAIREMarkus Reuter;
Markus Reuter
Markus Reuter in OpenAIRERodrigo Serna-Guerrero;
Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero
Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero in OpenAIRELithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently one of the most important electrochemical energy storage devices, powering electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles alike. However, there is a remarkable difference between their rate of production and rate of recycling. At the end of their lifecycle, only a limited number of LIBs undergo any recycling treatment, with the majority go to landfills or being hoarded in households. Further losses of LIB components occur because the the state-of-the-art LIB recycling processes are limited to components with high economic value, e.g., Co, Cu, Fe, and Al. With the increasing popularity of concepts such as “circular economy” (CE), new LIB recycling systems have been proposed that target a wider spectrum of compounds, thus reducing the environmental impact associated with LIB production. This review work presents a discussion of the current practices and some of the most promising emerging technologies for recycling LIBs. While other authoritative reviews have focused on the description of recycling processes, the aim of the present was is to offer an analysis of recycling technologies from a CE perspective. Consequently, the discussion is based on the ability of each technology to recover every component in LIBs. The gathered data depicted a direct relationship between process complexity and the variety and usability of the recovered fractions. Indeed, only processes employing a combination of mechanical processing, and hydro- and pyrometallurgical steps seemed able to obtain materials suitable for LIB (re)manufacture. On the other hand, processes relying on pyrometallurgical steps are robust, but only capable of recovering metallic components.
Batteries arrow_drop_down Aaltodoc Publication ArchiveArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Aaltodoc Publication Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/batteries5040068&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 407 citations 407 popularity Top 0.1% influence Top 1% impulse Top 0.1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Batteries arrow_drop_down Aaltodoc Publication ArchiveArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Aaltodoc Publication Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/batteries5040068&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2019 FinlandPublisher:MDPI AG Funded by:NSF | SBIR Phase II: A Closed ...NSF| SBIR Phase II: A Closed Loop Process for the recycle of End-of-Life Li-ion BatteriesAuthors:Omar Velázquez-Martínez;
Johanna Valio; Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio;Omar Velázquez-Martínez
Omar Velázquez-Martínez in OpenAIREMarkus Reuter;
+1 AuthorsMarkus Reuter
Markus Reuter in OpenAIREOmar Velázquez-Martínez;
Johanna Valio; Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio;Omar Velázquez-Martínez
Omar Velázquez-Martínez in OpenAIREMarkus Reuter;
Markus Reuter
Markus Reuter in OpenAIRERodrigo Serna-Guerrero;
Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero
Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero in OpenAIRELithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently one of the most important electrochemical energy storage devices, powering electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles alike. However, there is a remarkable difference between their rate of production and rate of recycling. At the end of their lifecycle, only a limited number of LIBs undergo any recycling treatment, with the majority go to landfills or being hoarded in households. Further losses of LIB components occur because the the state-of-the-art LIB recycling processes are limited to components with high economic value, e.g., Co, Cu, Fe, and Al. With the increasing popularity of concepts such as “circular economy” (CE), new LIB recycling systems have been proposed that target a wider spectrum of compounds, thus reducing the environmental impact associated with LIB production. This review work presents a discussion of the current practices and some of the most promising emerging technologies for recycling LIBs. While other authoritative reviews have focused on the description of recycling processes, the aim of the present was is to offer an analysis of recycling technologies from a CE perspective. Consequently, the discussion is based on the ability of each technology to recover every component in LIBs. The gathered data depicted a direct relationship between process complexity and the variety and usability of the recovered fractions. Indeed, only processes employing a combination of mechanical processing, and hydro- and pyrometallurgical steps seemed able to obtain materials suitable for LIB (re)manufacture. On the other hand, processes relying on pyrometallurgical steps are robust, but only capable of recovering metallic components.
Batteries arrow_drop_down Aaltodoc Publication ArchiveArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Aaltodoc Publication Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/batteries5040068&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 407 citations 407 popularity Top 0.1% influence Top 1% impulse Top 0.1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Batteries arrow_drop_down Aaltodoc Publication ArchiveArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Aaltodoc Publication Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/batteries5040068&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal , Other literature type 2019 FinlandPublisher:MDPI AG Authors:Porvali, Antti;
van den Boogaart, Karl Gerard; Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka; Lundström, Mari; +4 AuthorsPorvali, Antti
Porvali, Antti in OpenAIREPorvali, Antti;
van den Boogaart, Karl Gerard; Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka; Lundström, Mari;Porvali, Antti
Porvali, Antti in OpenAIREReuter, Markus;
Reuter, Markus
Reuter, Markus in OpenAIRESerna-Guerrero;
Rodrigo;Serna-Guerrero
Serna-Guerrero in OpenAIREVelázquez-Martinez, Omar;
Velázquez-Martinez, Omar
Velázquez-Martinez, Omar in OpenAIREThe principle of the circular economy is to reintroduce end-of-life materials back into the economic cycle. While reintroduction processes, for example, recycling or refurbishing, undoubtedly support this objective, they inevitably present material losses or generation of undesired by-products. Balancing losses and recoveries into a single and logical assessment has now become a major concern. The present work broadens the use of relative statistical entropy and material flow analysis to assess the recycling processes of two lithium-ion batteries previously published in the literature. Process simulation software, that is, HSC Sim®, was employed to evaluate with a high level of accuracy the performance of such recycling processes. Hereby, this methodology introduces an entropic association between the quality of final recoveries and the pre-processing stages, that is, shredding, grinding, and separation, by a parameter based on information theory. The results demonstrate that the pre-processing stages have a significant impact on the entropy value obtained at the final stages, reflecting the losses of materials into waste and side streams. In this manner, it is demonstrated how a pre-processing system capable of separating a wider number of components is advantageous, even when the final quality of refined products in two different processes is comparable. Additionally, it is possible to observe where the process becomes redundant, that is, where processing of material does not result in a significant concentration in order to take corrective actions on the process. The present work demonstrates how material flow analysis combined with statistical entropy can be used as a parameter upon which the performance of multiple recycling processes can be objectively compared from a material-centric perspective.
Batteries arrow_drop_down BatteriesOther literature type . 2019License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/5/2/41/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing InstituteAaltodoc Publication ArchiveArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Aaltodoc Publication Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/batteries5020041&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 22 citations 22 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Batteries arrow_drop_down BatteriesOther literature type . 2019License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/5/2/41/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing InstituteAaltodoc Publication ArchiveArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Aaltodoc Publication Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/batteries5020041&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal , Other literature type 2019 FinlandPublisher:MDPI AG Authors:Porvali, Antti;
van den Boogaart, Karl Gerard; Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka; Lundström, Mari; +4 AuthorsPorvali, Antti
Porvali, Antti in OpenAIREPorvali, Antti;
van den Boogaart, Karl Gerard; Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka; Lundström, Mari;Porvali, Antti
Porvali, Antti in OpenAIREReuter, Markus;
Reuter, Markus
Reuter, Markus in OpenAIRESerna-Guerrero;
Rodrigo;Serna-Guerrero
Serna-Guerrero in OpenAIREVelázquez-Martinez, Omar;
Velázquez-Martinez, Omar
Velázquez-Martinez, Omar in OpenAIREThe principle of the circular economy is to reintroduce end-of-life materials back into the economic cycle. While reintroduction processes, for example, recycling or refurbishing, undoubtedly support this objective, they inevitably present material losses or generation of undesired by-products. Balancing losses and recoveries into a single and logical assessment has now become a major concern. The present work broadens the use of relative statistical entropy and material flow analysis to assess the recycling processes of two lithium-ion batteries previously published in the literature. Process simulation software, that is, HSC Sim®, was employed to evaluate with a high level of accuracy the performance of such recycling processes. Hereby, this methodology introduces an entropic association between the quality of final recoveries and the pre-processing stages, that is, shredding, grinding, and separation, by a parameter based on information theory. The results demonstrate that the pre-processing stages have a significant impact on the entropy value obtained at the final stages, reflecting the losses of materials into waste and side streams. In this manner, it is demonstrated how a pre-processing system capable of separating a wider number of components is advantageous, even when the final quality of refined products in two different processes is comparable. Additionally, it is possible to observe where the process becomes redundant, that is, where processing of material does not result in a significant concentration in order to take corrective actions on the process. The present work demonstrates how material flow analysis combined with statistical entropy can be used as a parameter upon which the performance of multiple recycling processes can be objectively compared from a material-centric perspective.
Batteries arrow_drop_down BatteriesOther literature type . 2019License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/5/2/41/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing InstituteAaltodoc Publication ArchiveArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Aaltodoc Publication Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/batteries5020041&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 22 citations 22 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Batteries arrow_drop_down BatteriesOther literature type . 2019License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/5/2/41/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing InstituteAaltodoc Publication ArchiveArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Aaltodoc Publication Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/batteries5020041&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu