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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Khalid Haseeb; Naveed Islam; Yasir Javed; Usman Tariq;

    The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has seen rapid growth in the development of real-time applications due to its ease of management and cost-effective attributes. However, the balance between optimization of network lifetime and load distribution between sensor nodes is a critical matter for the development of energy-efficient routing solutions. Recently, many solutions have been proposed for constraint-based networks using the cloud paradigm. However, they achieve network scalability with the additional cost of routing overheads and network latency. Moreover, the sensors’ data is transmitted towards application users over the uncertain medium, which leads to compromised data security and its integrity. Therefore, this work proposes a light-weight secure and energy-efficient fog-based routing (SEFR) protocol to minimize data latency and increase energy management. It exploits the Quality of Service (QoS) factors and facilitates time-sensitive applications with network edges. Moreover, the proposed protocol protects real-time data based on two levels of cryptographic security primitives. In the first level, a lightweight data confidentiality scheme is proposed between the cluster heads and fog nodes, and in the second level, a high-performance asymmetric encryption scheme is proposed among fog and cloud layers. The analysis of simulation-based experiments has proven the significant outcomes of the proposed protocol compared to existing solutions in terms of routing, security, and network management.

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    Energies
    Other literature type . 2020
    License: CC BY
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    Energies
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
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    Energies
    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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      Energies
      Other literature type . 2020
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      Energies
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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      Energies
      Article . 2020
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ae...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Khalid Haseeb; Naveed Abbas; Muhammad Saleem; Osama E. Sheta; +4 Authors

    Hoy en día, debido a la naturaleza impredecible de los nodos de sensores, la propagación de datos sensoriales plantea importantes desafíos de investigación en las redes inalámbricas de sensores (WSN). Recientemente, se han diseñado diferentes soluciones basadas en clústeres para mejorar la estabilidad y la vida útil de la red, sin embargo, la mayoría de las soluciones de eficiencia energética se desarrollan para redes homogéneas y utilizan solo un parámetro de distancia para la comunicación de datos. Aunque algunas soluciones existentes intentaron mejorar la selección del siguiente salto en función del factor de energía, sin embargo, tales soluciones son inestables y carecen de una reducción de la interrupción de la entrega de datos en enlaces sobrecargados. El objetivo de nuestra solución propuesta es desarrollar un protocolo confiable de enrutamiento consciente de la energía (RCER) basado en clústeres para WSN heterogéneas, que prolongue la vida útil de la red y disminuya el costo de enrutamiento. Nuestro protocolo RCER propuesto hace uso de nodos de heterogeneidad con respecto a su energía y se compone de dos fases principales; en primer lugar, el campo de la red se divide en grupos geográficos para hacer que la red sea más eficiente energéticamente y, en segundo lugar, RCER intenta un enrutamiento óptimo para mejorar la selección del próximo salto considerando la energía residual, el recuento de saltos y el valor ponderado de los factores de tiempo de ida y vuelta (RTT). Además, basándose en el cálculo de la medición de los enlaces inalámbricos y el estado de los nodos, el RCER restaura las rutas de enrutamiento y proporciona fiabilidad de red con un rendimiento de entrega de datos mejorado. Los resultados de la simulación demuestran un desarrollo significativo del protocolo RCER frente a sus soluciones competidoras. De nos jours, en raison de la nature imprévisible des nœuds de capteurs, la propagation des données sensorielles soulève des défis de recherche importants dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSN). Récemment, différentes solutions basées sur des clusters ont été conçues pour améliorer la stabilité et la durée de vie du réseau. Cependant, la plupart des solutions écoénergétiques sont développées pour des réseaux homogènes et n'utilisent qu'un paramètre de distance pour la communication de données. Bien que certaines solutions existantes aient tenté d'améliorer la sélection du prochain saut en fonction du facteur énergétique, ces solutions sont néanmoins instables et manquent d'une interruption de livraison de données réduite dans les liaisons surchargées. L'objectif de notre solution proposée est de développer un protocole RCER (Reliable Cluster-based Energy-aware Routing) pour le WSN hétérogène, qui prolonge la durée de vie du réseau et diminue les coûts de routage. Notre protocole RCER proposé utilise des nœuds d'hétérogénéité en ce qui concerne leur énergie et comprend deux phases principales ; premièrement, le champ du réseau est divisé en grappes géographiques pour rendre le réseau plus économe en énergie et deuxièmement ; RCER tente un routage optimal pour améliorer la sélection du prochain saut en tenant compte de l'énergie résiduelle, du nombre de sauts et de la valeur pondérée des facteurs de temps d'aller-retour (RTT). De plus, sur la base du calcul de la mesure des liens sans fil et de l'état des nœuds, le RCER restaure les chemins de routage et fournit une fiabilité du réseau avec des performances de livraison de données améliorées. Les résultats de la simulation démontrent un développement significatif du protocole RCER par rapport à leurs solutions concurrentes. Nowadays, because of the unpredictable nature of sensor nodes, propagating sensory data raises significant research challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Recently, different cluster-based solutions are designed for the improvement of network stability and lifetime, however, most of the energy efficient solutions are developed for homogeneous networks, and use only a distance parameter for the data communication. Although, some existing solutions attempted to improve the selection of next-hop based on energy factor, nevertheless, such solutions are unstable and lack a reducing data delivery interruption in overloaded links. The aim of our proposed solution is to develop Reliable Cluster-based Energy-aware Routing (RCER) protocol for heterogeneous WSN, which lengthen network lifetime and decreases routing cost. Our proposed RCER protocol make use of heterogeneity nodes with respect to their energy and comprises of two main phases; firstly, the network field is parted in geographical clusters to make the network more energy-efficient and secondly; RCER attempts optimum routing for improving the next-hop selection by considering residual-energy, hop-count and weighted value of Round Trip Time (RTT) factors. Moreover, based on computing the measurement of wireless links and nodes status, RCER restore routing paths and provides network reliability with improved data delivery performance. Simulation results demonstrate significant development of RCER protocol against their competing solutions. في الوقت الحاضر، بسبب الطبيعة غير المتوقعة لعقد المستشعر، يثير نشر البيانات الحسية تحديات بحثية كبيرة في شبكات الاستشعار اللاسلكية (WSNs). في الآونة الأخيرة، تم تصميم حلول مختلفة قائمة على المجموعات لتحسين استقرار الشبكة وعمرها، ومع ذلك، يتم تطوير معظم الحلول الموفرة للطاقة للشبكات المتجانسة، وتستخدم فقط معلمة مسافة لتوصيل البيانات. على الرغم من أن بعض الحلول الحالية حاولت تحسين اختيار المرحلة التالية بناءً على عامل الطاقة، إلا أن هذه الحلول غير مستقرة وتفتقر إلى الحد من انقطاع تسليم البيانات في الروابط المحملة بشكل زائد. الهدف من حلنا المقترح هو تطوير بروتوكول توجيه موثوق قائم على المجموعة (RCER) لـ WSN غير المتجانس، مما يطيل عمر الشبكة ويقلل من تكلفة التوجيه. يستفيد بروتوكول RCER المقترح الخاص بنا من عقد عدم التجانس فيما يتعلق بطاقتها ويتألف من مرحلتين رئيسيتين ؛ أولاً، يتم تقسيم مجال الشبكة في مجموعات جغرافية لجعل الشبكة أكثر كفاءة في استخدام الطاقة وثانيًا ؛ يحاول RCER التوجيه الأمثل لتحسين اختيار المرحلة التالية من خلال النظر في الطاقة المتبقية، وعدد القفزات والقيمة المرجحة لعوامل وقت الرحلة ذهابًا وإيابًا (RTT). علاوة على ذلك، استنادًا إلى حساب قياس الروابط اللاسلكية وحالة العقد، تستعيد RCER مسارات التوجيه وتوفر موثوقية الشبكة مع تحسين أداء تسليم البيانات. تُظهر نتائج المحاكاة تطورًا كبيرًا في بروتوكول RCER مقابل حلولهم المنافسة.

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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2020
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    PubMed Central
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/w2...
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    Authors: Khalid Haseeb; Ahmad Almogren; Naveed Islam; Ikram Ud Din; +1 Authors

    Due to the advancement of information and communication technologies, the use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has increased exponentially. In the development of IoT, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) perform a vital part and comprises of low-cost smart devices for information gathering. However, such smart devices have constraints in terms of computation, processing, memory and energy resources. Along with such constraints, one of the fundamental challenges for WSN is to achieve reliability with the security of transmitted data in a vulnerable environment against malicious nodes. This paper aims to develop an energy-efficient and secure routing protocol (ESR) for intrusion avoidance in IoT based on WSN to increase the network period and data trustworthiness. Firstly, the proposed protocol creates different energy-efficient clusters based on the intrinsic qualities of nodes. Secondly, based on the (k,n) threshold-based Shamir secret sharing scheme, the reliability and security of the sensory information among the base station (BS) and cluster head are achieved. The proposed security scheme presents a light-weight solution to cope with intrusions generated by malicious nodes. The experimental results using the network simulator (NS-2) demonstrate that the proposed routing protocol achieved improvement in terms of network lifetime as 37%, average end-to-end delay as 24%, packet delivery ratio as 30%, average communication cost as 29%, network overhead as 28% and the frequency of route re-discoveries as 38% when compared with the existing work under dynamic network topologies.

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    Energies
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Khalid Haseeb; Ikram Ud Din; Ahmad Almogren; Naveed Islam;

    Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have demonstrated research and developmental interests in numerous fields, like communication, agriculture, industry, smart health, monitoring, and surveillance. In the area of agriculture production, IoT-based WSN has been used to observe the yields condition and automate agriculture precision using various sensors. These sensors are deployed in the agricultural environment to improve production yields through intelligent farming decisions and obtain information regarding crops, plants, temperature measurement, humidity, and irrigation systems. However, sensors have limited resources concerning processing, energy, transmitting, and memory capabilities that can negatively impact agriculture production. Besides efficiency, the protection and security of these IoT-based agricultural sensors are also important from malicious adversaries. In this article, we proposed an IoT-based WSN framework as an application to smart agriculture comprising different design levels. Firstly, agricultural sensors capture relevant data and determine a set of cluster heads based on multi-criteria decision function. Additionally, the strength of the signals on the transmission links is measured while using signal to noise ratio (SNR) to achieve consistent and efficient data transmissions. Secondly, security is provided for data transmission from agricultural sensors towards base stations (BS) while using the recurrence of the linear congruential generator. The simulated results proved that the proposed framework significantly enhanced the communication performance as an average of 13.5% in the network throughput, 38.5% in the packets drop ratio, 13.5% in the network latency, 16% in the energy consumption, and 26% in the routing overheads for smart agriculture, as compared to other solutions.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ali Raza Bhangwar; Adnan Ahmed; Umair Ali Khan; Tanzila Saba; +3 Authors

    Les progrès technologiques dans la communication sans fil et la miniaturisation des nœuds de capteurs ont abouti au développement de réseaux de capteurs médicaux sans fil (WMSN) qui peuvent être utilisés efficacement pour la surveillance à distance des patients. La surveillance à distance des patients est l'une de ces applications des réseaux de capteurs sans fil qui est de plus en plus répandue dans les soins de santé. Les applications de soins de santé des WMSN sont sensibles au retard et nécessitent la livraison en temps opportun des données critiques pour le patient. Cependant, l'échange fréquent de paquets de données critiques entraîne des retards, des collisions, des pertes de paquets et des retransmissions plus importants. Par conséquent, cela a un impact négatif sur les performances des WMSN. De plus, les nœuds de capteurs biomédicaux implantés produisent des rayonnements électromagnétiques, ce qui constitue une menace sérieuse d'endommager les tissus sensibles du corps humain. La protection des tissus endommagés nécessite des protocoles de routage sensibles à la chaleur. Cependant, la plupart des protocoles de routage sensibles à la chaleur développés pour les WBSN se sont principalement concentrés sur la minimisation de la température, tout en négligeant l'objectif de conservation de l'énergie et l'optimisation de la sélection de l'itinéraire. Dans cet article, nous proposons un protocole de routage pondéré, basé sur la QoS, sensible à l'énergie et à la température, appelé (WETRP), pour les WMSN qui utilise une métrique de routage composite en gardant à l'esprit la température, l'énergie restante du nœud et l'estimation du retard de liaison lors des décisions de sélection d'itinéraire. Les résultats de simulation présentés dans l'article démontrent l'efficacité du schéma proposé en termes de prévention de l'augmentation de la température, de traitement des nœuds de points chauds et de maximisation de la durée de vie du réseau. Los avances tecnológicos en la comunicación inalámbrica y la miniaturización de los nodos de sensores han dado como resultado el desarrollo de redes inalámbricas de sensores médicos (WMSN) que se pueden utilizar de manera efectiva para el monitoreo remoto de pacientes. La monitorización remota de pacientes es una de esas aplicaciones de redes de sensores inalámbricos que se está volviendo cada vez más frecuente en la atención médica. Las aplicaciones sanitarias de las WMSN son sensibles a los retrasos y requieren la entrega oportuna de datos críticos para el paciente. Sin embargo, el intercambio frecuente de paquetes de datos críticos da como resultado mayores retrasos, colisiones, caída de paquetes y retransmisiones. En consecuencia, tiene un impacto perjudicial en el rendimiento de las WMSN. Además, los nodos de sensores biomédicos implantados producen radiaciones electromagnéticas y representan una grave amenaza de dañar los tejidos sensibles del cuerpo humano. La protección del daño tisular requiere protocolos de enrutamiento con conocimiento térmico. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los protocolos de enrutamiento térmicos desarrollados para las WBSN se centraron principalmente en minimizar la temperatura, sin tener en cuenta el objetivo de ahorro de energía y la optimización de la selección de rutas. En este documento, proponemos un protocolo de enrutamiento ponderado, basado en QoS, consciente de la energía y la temperatura, denominado (WETRP), para las WMSN que utiliza una métrica de enrutamiento compuesta al mantener a la vista la temperatura, la energía restante del nodo y la estimación del retardo de enlace durante las decisiones de selección de ruta. Los resultados de la simulación presentados en el documento demuestran la eficacia del esquema propuesto en términos de prevención del aumento de la temperatura, tratamiento de los nodos de puntos de acceso y maximización de la vida útil de la red. The technological advancements in wireless communication and miniaturization of sensor nodes have resulted in the development of Wireless Medical Sensor Networks (WMSNs) which can be effectively used for remote patient monitoring. Remote patient monitoring is one such application of wireless sensor networks which is becoming increasingly prevalent in healthcare. The healthcare applications of the WMSNs are delay-sensitive and require timely delivery of patient-critical data. However, the frequent exchange of critical data packets results in higher delays, collisions, packet drop, and re-transmissions. Consequently, it brings a detrimental impact on the performance of the WMSNs. In addition, the implanted biomedical sensor nodes produce electromagnetic radiations, pose a serious threat of damaging sensitive tissues in the human body. Protecting tissue damage requires thermal-aware routing protocols. However, most of the thermal-aware routing protocols developed for the WBSNs primarily focused on minimizing temperature, while overlooking the energy conservation goal and optimization of route selection. In this paper, we propose a weighted, QoS-based, energy and temperature-aware routing protocol, referred to as (WETRP), for the WMSNs that utilizes a composite routing metric by keeping in view temperature, remaining node energy, and link-delay estimation during route selection decisions. The simulation results presented in the paper demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed scheme in terms of preventing temperature rise, dealing with hotspot nodes, and maximizing network's lifetime. أدت التطورات التكنولوجية في الاتصالات اللاسلكية وتصغير عقد المستشعر إلى تطوير شبكات المستشعرات الطبية اللاسلكية (WMSNs) التي يمكن استخدامها بفعالية لمراقبة المرضى عن بُعد. مراقبة المرضى عن بعد هي أحد هذه التطبيقات لشبكات الاستشعار اللاسلكية التي أصبحت منتشرة بشكل متزايد في مجال الرعاية الصحية. تطبيقات الرعاية الصحية لـ WMSNs حساسة للتأخير وتتطلب تسليم البيانات الحرجة للمريض في الوقت المناسب. ومع ذلك، فإن التبادل المتكرر لحزم البيانات الحرجة يؤدي إلى تأخيرات أعلى وتصادمات وإسقاط الحزم وإعادة الإرسال. وبالتالي، فإنه يجلب تأثيرًا ضارًا على أداء WMSNs. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تنتج عقد المستشعر الطبي الحيوي المزروعة إشعاعات كهرومغناطيسية، وتشكل تهديدًا خطيرًا لتلف الأنسجة الحساسة في جسم الإنسان. تتطلب حماية تلف الأنسجة بروتوكولات توجيه مدركة للحرارة. ومع ذلك، فإن معظم بروتوكولات التوجيه الواعية للحرارة التي تم تطويرها لـ WBSNs ركزت في المقام الأول على تقليل درجة الحرارة، مع التغاضي عن هدف الحفاظ على الطاقة وتحسين اختيار المسار. في هذه الورقة، نقترح بروتوكول توجيه مرجح، قائم على جودة الخدمة، للطاقة ودرجة الحرارة، يشار إليه باسم (WETRP)، لـ WMSNs التي تستخدم مقياس توجيه مركب من خلال الحفاظ على درجة حرارة العرض، وطاقة العقدة المتبقية، وتقدير تأخير الارتباط أثناء قرارات اختيار المسار. توضح نتائج المحاكاة المقدمة في الورقة فعالية المخطط المقترح من حيث منع ارتفاع درجة الحرارة، والتعامل مع عقد النقاط الساخنة، وتعظيم عمر الشبكة.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Khalid Haseeb; Naveed Islam; Yasir Javed; Usman Tariq;

    The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has seen rapid growth in the development of real-time applications due to its ease of management and cost-effective attributes. However, the balance between optimization of network lifetime and load distribution between sensor nodes is a critical matter for the development of energy-efficient routing solutions. Recently, many solutions have been proposed for constraint-based networks using the cloud paradigm. However, they achieve network scalability with the additional cost of routing overheads and network latency. Moreover, the sensors’ data is transmitted towards application users over the uncertain medium, which leads to compromised data security and its integrity. Therefore, this work proposes a light-weight secure and energy-efficient fog-based routing (SEFR) protocol to minimize data latency and increase energy management. It exploits the Quality of Service (QoS) factors and facilitates time-sensitive applications with network edges. Moreover, the proposed protocol protects real-time data based on two levels of cryptographic security primitives. In the first level, a lightweight data confidentiality scheme is proposed between the cluster heads and fog nodes, and in the second level, a high-performance asymmetric encryption scheme is proposed among fog and cloud layers. The analysis of simulation-based experiments has proven the significant outcomes of the proposed protocol compared to existing solutions in terms of routing, security, and network management.

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    Authors: Khalid Haseeb; Naveed Abbas; Muhammad Saleem; Osama E. Sheta; +4 Authors

    Hoy en día, debido a la naturaleza impredecible de los nodos de sensores, la propagación de datos sensoriales plantea importantes desafíos de investigación en las redes inalámbricas de sensores (WSN). Recientemente, se han diseñado diferentes soluciones basadas en clústeres para mejorar la estabilidad y la vida útil de la red, sin embargo, la mayoría de las soluciones de eficiencia energética se desarrollan para redes homogéneas y utilizan solo un parámetro de distancia para la comunicación de datos. Aunque algunas soluciones existentes intentaron mejorar la selección del siguiente salto en función del factor de energía, sin embargo, tales soluciones son inestables y carecen de una reducción de la interrupción de la entrega de datos en enlaces sobrecargados. El objetivo de nuestra solución propuesta es desarrollar un protocolo confiable de enrutamiento consciente de la energía (RCER) basado en clústeres para WSN heterogéneas, que prolongue la vida útil de la red y disminuya el costo de enrutamiento. Nuestro protocolo RCER propuesto hace uso de nodos de heterogeneidad con respecto a su energía y se compone de dos fases principales; en primer lugar, el campo de la red se divide en grupos geográficos para hacer que la red sea más eficiente energéticamente y, en segundo lugar, RCER intenta un enrutamiento óptimo para mejorar la selección del próximo salto considerando la energía residual, el recuento de saltos y el valor ponderado de los factores de tiempo de ida y vuelta (RTT). Además, basándose en el cálculo de la medición de los enlaces inalámbricos y el estado de los nodos, el RCER restaura las rutas de enrutamiento y proporciona fiabilidad de red con un rendimiento de entrega de datos mejorado. Los resultados de la simulación demuestran un desarrollo significativo del protocolo RCER frente a sus soluciones competidoras. De nos jours, en raison de la nature imprévisible des nœuds de capteurs, la propagation des données sensorielles soulève des défis de recherche importants dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSN). Récemment, différentes solutions basées sur des clusters ont été conçues pour améliorer la stabilité et la durée de vie du réseau. Cependant, la plupart des solutions écoénergétiques sont développées pour des réseaux homogènes et n'utilisent qu'un paramètre de distance pour la communication de données. Bien que certaines solutions existantes aient tenté d'améliorer la sélection du prochain saut en fonction du facteur énergétique, ces solutions sont néanmoins instables et manquent d'une interruption de livraison de données réduite dans les liaisons surchargées. L'objectif de notre solution proposée est de développer un protocole RCER (Reliable Cluster-based Energy-aware Routing) pour le WSN hétérogène, qui prolonge la durée de vie du réseau et diminue les coûts de routage. Notre protocole RCER proposé utilise des nœuds d'hétérogénéité en ce qui concerne leur énergie et comprend deux phases principales ; premièrement, le champ du réseau est divisé en grappes géographiques pour rendre le réseau plus économe en énergie et deuxièmement ; RCER tente un routage optimal pour améliorer la sélection du prochain saut en tenant compte de l'énergie résiduelle, du nombre de sauts et de la valeur pondérée des facteurs de temps d'aller-retour (RTT). De plus, sur la base du calcul de la mesure des liens sans fil et de l'état des nœuds, le RCER restaure les chemins de routage et fournit une fiabilité du réseau avec des performances de livraison de données améliorées. Les résultats de la simulation démontrent un développement significatif du protocole RCER par rapport à leurs solutions concurrentes. Nowadays, because of the unpredictable nature of sensor nodes, propagating sensory data raises significant research challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Recently, different cluster-based solutions are designed for the improvement of network stability and lifetime, however, most of the energy efficient solutions are developed for homogeneous networks, and use only a distance parameter for the data communication. Although, some existing solutions attempted to improve the selection of next-hop based on energy factor, nevertheless, such solutions are unstable and lack a reducing data delivery interruption in overloaded links. The aim of our proposed solution is to develop Reliable Cluster-based Energy-aware Routing (RCER) protocol for heterogeneous WSN, which lengthen network lifetime and decreases routing cost. Our proposed RCER protocol make use of heterogeneity nodes with respect to their energy and comprises of two main phases; firstly, the network field is parted in geographical clusters to make the network more energy-efficient and secondly; RCER attempts optimum routing for improving the next-hop selection by considering residual-energy, hop-count and weighted value of Round Trip Time (RTT) factors. Moreover, based on computing the measurement of wireless links and nodes status, RCER restore routing paths and provides network reliability with improved data delivery performance. Simulation results demonstrate significant development of RCER protocol against their competing solutions. في الوقت الحاضر، بسبب الطبيعة غير المتوقعة لعقد المستشعر، يثير نشر البيانات الحسية تحديات بحثية كبيرة في شبكات الاستشعار اللاسلكية (WSNs). في الآونة الأخيرة، تم تصميم حلول مختلفة قائمة على المجموعات لتحسين استقرار الشبكة وعمرها، ومع ذلك، يتم تطوير معظم الحلول الموفرة للطاقة للشبكات المتجانسة، وتستخدم فقط معلمة مسافة لتوصيل البيانات. على الرغم من أن بعض الحلول الحالية حاولت تحسين اختيار المرحلة التالية بناءً على عامل الطاقة، إلا أن هذه الحلول غير مستقرة وتفتقر إلى الحد من انقطاع تسليم البيانات في الروابط المحملة بشكل زائد. الهدف من حلنا المقترح هو تطوير بروتوكول توجيه موثوق قائم على المجموعة (RCER) لـ WSN غير المتجانس، مما يطيل عمر الشبكة ويقلل من تكلفة التوجيه. يستفيد بروتوكول RCER المقترح الخاص بنا من عقد عدم التجانس فيما يتعلق بطاقتها ويتألف من مرحلتين رئيسيتين ؛ أولاً، يتم تقسيم مجال الشبكة في مجموعات جغرافية لجعل الشبكة أكثر كفاءة في استخدام الطاقة وثانيًا ؛ يحاول RCER التوجيه الأمثل لتحسين اختيار المرحلة التالية من خلال النظر في الطاقة المتبقية، وعدد القفزات والقيمة المرجحة لعوامل وقت الرحلة ذهابًا وإيابًا (RTT). علاوة على ذلك، استنادًا إلى حساب قياس الروابط اللاسلكية وحالة العقد، تستعيد RCER مسارات التوجيه وتوفر موثوقية الشبكة مع تحسين أداء تسليم البيانات. تُظهر نتائج المحاكاة تطورًا كبيرًا في بروتوكول RCER مقابل حلولهم المنافسة.

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    Authors: Khalid Haseeb; Ahmad Almogren; Naveed Islam; Ikram Ud Din; +1 Authors

    Due to the advancement of information and communication technologies, the use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has increased exponentially. In the development of IoT, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) perform a vital part and comprises of low-cost smart devices for information gathering. However, such smart devices have constraints in terms of computation, processing, memory and energy resources. Along with such constraints, one of the fundamental challenges for WSN is to achieve reliability with the security of transmitted data in a vulnerable environment against malicious nodes. This paper aims to develop an energy-efficient and secure routing protocol (ESR) for intrusion avoidance in IoT based on WSN to increase the network period and data trustworthiness. Firstly, the proposed protocol creates different energy-efficient clusters based on the intrinsic qualities of nodes. Secondly, based on the (k,n) threshold-based Shamir secret sharing scheme, the reliability and security of the sensory information among the base station (BS) and cluster head are achieved. The proposed security scheme presents a light-weight solution to cope with intrusions generated by malicious nodes. The experimental results using the network simulator (NS-2) demonstrate that the proposed routing protocol achieved improvement in terms of network lifetime as 37%, average end-to-end delay as 24%, packet delivery ratio as 30%, average communication cost as 29%, network overhead as 28% and the frequency of route re-discoveries as 38% when compared with the existing work under dynamic network topologies.

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    Authors: Khalid Haseeb; Ikram Ud Din; Ahmad Almogren; Naveed Islam;

    Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have demonstrated research and developmental interests in numerous fields, like communication, agriculture, industry, smart health, monitoring, and surveillance. In the area of agriculture production, IoT-based WSN has been used to observe the yields condition and automate agriculture precision using various sensors. These sensors are deployed in the agricultural environment to improve production yields through intelligent farming decisions and obtain information regarding crops, plants, temperature measurement, humidity, and irrigation systems. However, sensors have limited resources concerning processing, energy, transmitting, and memory capabilities that can negatively impact agriculture production. Besides efficiency, the protection and security of these IoT-based agricultural sensors are also important from malicious adversaries. In this article, we proposed an IoT-based WSN framework as an application to smart agriculture comprising different design levels. Firstly, agricultural sensors capture relevant data and determine a set of cluster heads based on multi-criteria decision function. Additionally, the strength of the signals on the transmission links is measured while using signal to noise ratio (SNR) to achieve consistent and efficient data transmissions. Secondly, security is provided for data transmission from agricultural sensors towards base stations (BS) while using the recurrence of the linear congruential generator. The simulated results proved that the proposed framework significantly enhanced the communication performance as an average of 13.5% in the network throughput, 38.5% in the packets drop ratio, 13.5% in the network latency, 16% in the energy consumption, and 26% in the routing overheads for smart agriculture, as compared to other solutions.

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    Authors: Ali Raza Bhangwar; Adnan Ahmed; Umair Ali Khan; Tanzila Saba; +3 Authors

    Les progrès technologiques dans la communication sans fil et la miniaturisation des nœuds de capteurs ont abouti au développement de réseaux de capteurs médicaux sans fil (WMSN) qui peuvent être utilisés efficacement pour la surveillance à distance des patients. La surveillance à distance des patients est l'une de ces applications des réseaux de capteurs sans fil qui est de plus en plus répandue dans les soins de santé. Les applications de soins de santé des WMSN sont sensibles au retard et nécessitent la livraison en temps opportun des données critiques pour le patient. Cependant, l'échange fréquent de paquets de données critiques entraîne des retards, des collisions, des pertes de paquets et des retransmissions plus importants. Par conséquent, cela a un impact négatif sur les performances des WMSN. De plus, les nœuds de capteurs biomédicaux implantés produisent des rayonnements électromagnétiques, ce qui constitue une menace sérieuse d'endommager les tissus sensibles du corps humain. La protection des tissus endommagés nécessite des protocoles de routage sensibles à la chaleur. Cependant, la plupart des protocoles de routage sensibles à la chaleur développés pour les WBSN se sont principalement concentrés sur la minimisation de la température, tout en négligeant l'objectif de conservation de l'énergie et l'optimisation de la sélection de l'itinéraire. Dans cet article, nous proposons un protocole de routage pondéré, basé sur la QoS, sensible à l'énergie et à la température, appelé (WETRP), pour les WMSN qui utilise une métrique de routage composite en gardant à l'esprit la température, l'énergie restante du nœud et l'estimation du retard de liaison lors des décisions de sélection d'itinéraire. Les résultats de simulation présentés dans l'article démontrent l'efficacité du schéma proposé en termes de prévention de l'augmentation de la température, de traitement des nœuds de points chauds et de maximisation de la durée de vie du réseau. Los avances tecnológicos en la comunicación inalámbrica y la miniaturización de los nodos de sensores han dado como resultado el desarrollo de redes inalámbricas de sensores médicos (WMSN) que se pueden utilizar de manera efectiva para el monitoreo remoto de pacientes. La monitorización remota de pacientes es una de esas aplicaciones de redes de sensores inalámbricos que se está volviendo cada vez más frecuente en la atención médica. Las aplicaciones sanitarias de las WMSN son sensibles a los retrasos y requieren la entrega oportuna de datos críticos para el paciente. Sin embargo, el intercambio frecuente de paquetes de datos críticos da como resultado mayores retrasos, colisiones, caída de paquetes y retransmisiones. En consecuencia, tiene un impacto perjudicial en el rendimiento de las WMSN. Además, los nodos de sensores biomédicos implantados producen radiaciones electromagnéticas y representan una grave amenaza de dañar los tejidos sensibles del cuerpo humano. La protección del daño tisular requiere protocolos de enrutamiento con conocimiento térmico. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los protocolos de enrutamiento térmicos desarrollados para las WBSN se centraron principalmente en minimizar la temperatura, sin tener en cuenta el objetivo de ahorro de energía y la optimización de la selección de rutas. En este documento, proponemos un protocolo de enrutamiento ponderado, basado en QoS, consciente de la energía y la temperatura, denominado (WETRP), para las WMSN que utiliza una métrica de enrutamiento compuesta al mantener a la vista la temperatura, la energía restante del nodo y la estimación del retardo de enlace durante las decisiones de selección de ruta. Los resultados de la simulación presentados en el documento demuestran la eficacia del esquema propuesto en términos de prevención del aumento de la temperatura, tratamiento de los nodos de puntos de acceso y maximización de la vida útil de la red. The technological advancements in wireless communication and miniaturization of sensor nodes have resulted in the development of Wireless Medical Sensor Networks (WMSNs) which can be effectively used for remote patient monitoring. Remote patient monitoring is one such application of wireless sensor networks which is becoming increasingly prevalent in healthcare. The healthcare applications of the WMSNs are delay-sensitive and require timely delivery of patient-critical data. However, the frequent exchange of critical data packets results in higher delays, collisions, packet drop, and re-transmissions. Consequently, it brings a detrimental impact on the performance of the WMSNs. In addition, the implanted biomedical sensor nodes produce electromagnetic radiations, pose a serious threat of damaging sensitive tissues in the human body. Protecting tissue damage requires thermal-aware routing protocols. However, most of the thermal-aware routing protocols developed for the WBSNs primarily focused on minimizing temperature, while overlooking the energy conservation goal and optimization of route selection. In this paper, we propose a weighted, QoS-based, energy and temperature-aware routing protocol, referred to as (WETRP), for the WMSNs that utilizes a composite routing metric by keeping in view temperature, remaining node energy, and link-delay estimation during route selection decisions. The simulation results presented in the paper demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed scheme in terms of preventing temperature rise, dealing with hotspot nodes, and maximizing network's lifetime. أدت التطورات التكنولوجية في الاتصالات اللاسلكية وتصغير عقد المستشعر إلى تطوير شبكات المستشعرات الطبية اللاسلكية (WMSNs) التي يمكن استخدامها بفعالية لمراقبة المرضى عن بُعد. مراقبة المرضى عن بعد هي أحد هذه التطبيقات لشبكات الاستشعار اللاسلكية التي أصبحت منتشرة بشكل متزايد في مجال الرعاية الصحية. تطبيقات الرعاية الصحية لـ WMSNs حساسة للتأخير وتتطلب تسليم البيانات الحرجة للمريض في الوقت المناسب. ومع ذلك، فإن التبادل المتكرر لحزم البيانات الحرجة يؤدي إلى تأخيرات أعلى وتصادمات وإسقاط الحزم وإعادة الإرسال. وبالتالي، فإنه يجلب تأثيرًا ضارًا على أداء WMSNs. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تنتج عقد المستشعر الطبي الحيوي المزروعة إشعاعات كهرومغناطيسية، وتشكل تهديدًا خطيرًا لتلف الأنسجة الحساسة في جسم الإنسان. تتطلب حماية تلف الأنسجة بروتوكولات توجيه مدركة للحرارة. ومع ذلك، فإن معظم بروتوكولات التوجيه الواعية للحرارة التي تم تطويرها لـ WBSNs ركزت في المقام الأول على تقليل درجة الحرارة، مع التغاضي عن هدف الحفاظ على الطاقة وتحسين اختيار المسار. في هذه الورقة، نقترح بروتوكول توجيه مرجح، قائم على جودة الخدمة، للطاقة ودرجة الحرارة، يشار إليه باسم (WETRP)، لـ WMSNs التي تستخدم مقياس توجيه مركب من خلال الحفاظ على درجة حرارة العرض، وطاقة العقدة المتبقية، وتقدير تأخير الارتباط أثناء قرارات اختيار المسار. توضح نتائج المحاكاة المقدمة في الورقة فعالية المخطط المقترح من حيث منع ارتفاع درجة الحرارة، والتعامل مع عقد النقاط الساخنة، وتعظيم عمر الشبكة.

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