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  • Economic Performance and Investments Under Emissions Trading: Untangling the Effects of a Staggered Regulation

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    descriptionPublicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2024 Netherlands Publisher:Elsevier BV
    Authors: Leon Bremer; Konstantin Sommer;

    doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4731564 , 10.1016/j.eneco.2024.108170

    handle: 1871.1/715a7f8f-e2a8-40f2-8d8a-98ebc8151a75

    We study the effects of the EU Emissions Trading System on the economic performance and investments of Dutch manufacturing firms. Motivated both by sizable differences between firms that became regulated in different phases and by a gradual increase in regulatory stringency, we pay close attention to the staggered design of the ETS as well as to potential treatment effect heterogeneity. We base our estimation on recent advances in the estimation of treatment effects and make use of administrative microdata. Our results align with those of the previous literature. Even when studying the more stringent third phase and when using estimators appropriate for the staggered ETS setting, there seems to be no discernible effects of the ETS on firms’ economic performance. We also do not find any statistically significant effect on the investment behavior of regulated firms.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Economicsarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Economics
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    Energy Economics
    Article . 2025
    Data sources: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU Amsterdam) – Research Portal
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Economicsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Economics
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      Energy Economics
      Article . 2025
      Data sources: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU Amsterdam) – Research Portal
      Claim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.

  • Economic Performance and Investments Under Emissions Trading: Untangling the Effects of a Staggered Regulation

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    descriptionPublicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2024 Netherlands Publisher:Elsevier BV
    Authors: Leon Bremer; Konstantin Sommer;

    doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4731564 , 10.1016/j.eneco.2024.108170

    handle: 1871.1/715a7f8f-e2a8-40f2-8d8a-98ebc8151a75

    We study the effects of the EU Emissions Trading System on the economic performance and investments of Dutch manufacturing firms. Motivated both by sizable differences between firms that became regulated in different phases and by a gradual increase in regulatory stringency, we pay close attention to the staggered design of the ETS as well as to potential treatment effect heterogeneity. We base our estimation on recent advances in the estimation of treatment effects and make use of administrative microdata. Our results align with those of the previous literature. Even when studying the more stringent third phase and when using estimators appropriate for the staggered ETS setting, there seems to be no discernible effects of the ETS on firms’ economic performance. We also do not find any statistically significant effect on the investment behavior of regulated firms.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Economicsarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Economics
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    Energy Economics
    Article . 2025
    Data sources: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU Amsterdam) – Research Portal
    Claim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Economicsarrow_drop_down
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      Energy Economics
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      Energy Economics
      Article . 2025
      Data sources: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU Amsterdam) – Research Portal
      Claim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
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The following results are related to Energy Research. Are you interested to view more results? Visit OpenAIRE - Explore.
1 Research products
download

  • Economic Performance and Investments Under Emissions Trading: Untangling the Effects of a Staggered Regulation

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    descriptionPublicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2024 Netherlands Publisher:Elsevier BV
    Authors: Leon Bremer; Konstantin Sommer;

    doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4731564 , 10.1016/j.eneco.2024.108170

    handle: 1871.1/715a7f8f-e2a8-40f2-8d8a-98ebc8151a75

    We study the effects of the EU Emissions Trading System on the economic performance and investments of Dutch manufacturing firms. Motivated both by sizable differences between firms that became regulated in different phases and by a gradual increase in regulatory stringency, we pay close attention to the staggered design of the ETS as well as to potential treatment effect heterogeneity. We base our estimation on recent advances in the estimation of treatment effects and make use of administrative microdata. Our results align with those of the previous literature. Even when studying the more stringent third phase and when using estimators appropriate for the staggered ETS setting, there seems to be no discernible effects of the ETS on firms’ economic performance. We also do not find any statistically significant effect on the investment behavior of regulated firms.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Economicsarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Economics
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    Energy Economics
    Article . 2025
    Data sources: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU Amsterdam) – Research Portal
    Claim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Economicsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Economics
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      Energy Economics
      Article . 2025
      Data sources: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU Amsterdam) – Research Portal
      Claim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.

  • Economic Performance and Investments Under Emissions Trading: Untangling the Effects of a Staggered Regulation

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    descriptionPublicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2024 Netherlands Publisher:Elsevier BV
    Authors: Leon Bremer; Konstantin Sommer;

    doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4731564 , 10.1016/j.eneco.2024.108170

    handle: 1871.1/715a7f8f-e2a8-40f2-8d8a-98ebc8151a75

    We study the effects of the EU Emissions Trading System on the economic performance and investments of Dutch manufacturing firms. Motivated both by sizable differences between firms that became regulated in different phases and by a gradual increase in regulatory stringency, we pay close attention to the staggered design of the ETS as well as to potential treatment effect heterogeneity. We base our estimation on recent advances in the estimation of treatment effects and make use of administrative microdata. Our results align with those of the previous literature. Even when studying the more stringent third phase and when using estimators appropriate for the staggered ETS setting, there seems to be no discernible effects of the ETS on firms’ economic performance. We also do not find any statistically significant effect on the investment behavior of regulated firms.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Economicsarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Economics
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    Energy Economics
    Article . 2025
    Data sources: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU Amsterdam) – Research Portal
    Claim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
    Access Routes
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    0
    citations0
    popularityAverage
    influenceAverage
    impulseAverage
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    more_vert
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Economicsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Economics
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      Energy Economics
      Article . 2025
      Data sources: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU Amsterdam) – Research Portal
      Claim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
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