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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Essam A. Al‐Ammar; Kiran Farzana; Asad Waqar; Muhammad Aamir; +4 Authors

    Ces dernières années, en raison de l'augmentation de la demande de charge, les réseaux de distribution ont reçu une attention considérable pour être optimisés. Il est important de placer de manière optimale les générateurs distribués (DG) dans les réseaux de distribution afin de minimiser les pertes de puissance et les chutes de tension. Cependant, les DG encourent certains coûts d'investissement et d'exploitation, et leur placement n'est viable que si ces coûts surmontent les pertes d'énergie. Par conséquent, l'article actuel étudie la taille et le placement optimaux des DG dans les réseaux de distribution avec un nouveau concept pour minimiser simultanément le coût total de l'énergie ainsi que la perte de puissance totale et la chute de tension moyenne. L'algorithme de colonie d'abeilles artificielles (ABC) est proposé pour résoudre le problème multi-objectif considéré. Les performances de l'algorithme ABC proposé sont testées avec des algorithmes standard. L'analyse du flux de charge Newton Raphson (NRLF) est réalisée sur les réseaux radiaux IEEE 33 et 69-bus et sur la grille de référence CIGRE moyenne tension (MT). Deux cas de test ont été formés et étudiés. Les résultats prouvent que l'algorithme ABC proposé surpasse largement les autres algorithmes. En los últimos años, debido al aumento de la demanda de carga, las redes de distribución han recibido una atención sustancial para ser optimizadas. Es importante colocar de manera óptima los generadores distribuidos (DGS) en las redes de distribución para minimizar las pérdidas de energía y las caídas de voltaje. Sin embargo, las DG incurren en ciertos costos de inversión y operación, y su colocación solo es viable si estos costos superan las pérdidas de energía. Por lo tanto, el documento actual investiga el tamaño y la colocación óptimos de las DG en las redes de distribución con un concepto novedoso para minimizar simultáneamente el costo total de energía junto con la pérdida total de potencia y la caída de voltaje promedio. Se propone el algoritmo de colonia artificial de abejas (ABC) para resolver el problema multiobjetivo considerado. El rendimiento del algoritmo ABC propuesto se prueba con algoritmos estándar. El análisis del flujo de carga de Newton Raphson (NRLF) se realiza en redes radiales IEEE 33 y 69-bus y en la red de referencia de media tensión (MT) CIGRE. Se han formado e investigado dos casos de prueba. Los resultados demuestran que el algoritmo ABC propuesto supera en su mayoría a otros algoritmos. In recent years, due to increase in load demand, distribution networks have got substantial attention to get optimized. It is significant to optimally place the distributed generators (DGs) in distribution networks to minimize power losses and voltage drops. However, the DGs incur certain investment and operational costs, and their placement is only viable if these costs overcome energy losses. Therefore, current paper investigates the optimal sizing and placement of DGs in distribution networks with a novel concept to simultaneously minimize total energy cost along with total power loss and average voltage drop. Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is proposed to solve the considered multi-objective problem. The performance of the proposed ABC algorithm is tested with standard algorithms. Newton Raphson load flow (NRLF) analysis is conducted on IEEE 33 and 69-bus radial networks and on CIGRE medium voltage (MV) benchmark grid. Two test cases have been formed and investigated. The results prove that proposed ABC algorithm mostly outperforms other algorithms. في السنوات الأخيرة، وبسبب الزيادة في الطلب على الأحمال، حظيت شبكات التوزيع باهتمام كبير لتحسينها. من المهم وضع المولدات الموزعة (DGS) على النحو الأمثل في شبكات التوزيع لتقليل فقد الطاقة وانخفاض الجهد. ومع ذلك، تتكبد DGS بعض التكاليف الاستثمارية والتشغيلية، ولا يكون وضعها قابلاً للتطبيق إلا إذا تغلبت هذه التكاليف على خسائر الطاقة. لذلك، تبحث الورقة الحالية في الحجم الأمثل لمولدات الديزل ووضعها في شبكات التوزيع مع مفهوم جديد لتقليل تكلفة الطاقة الإجمالية في وقت واحد إلى جانب فقدان الطاقة الكلي وانخفاض متوسط الجهد. تُقترح خوارزمية مستعمرة النحل الاصطناعي (ABC) لحل المشكلة متعددة الأهداف المعتبرة. يتم اختبار أداء خوارزمية ABC المقترحة باستخدام خوارزميات قياسية. يتم إجراء تحليل تدفق حمل نيوتن رافسون (NRLF) على الشبكات الشعاعية IEEE 33 و 69 - bus وعلى شبكة قياس الجهد المتوسط CIGRE (MV). تم تشكيل حالتين اختباريتين والتحقيق فيهما. تثبت النتائج أن خوارزمية ABC المقترحة تتفوق في الغالب على الخوارزميات الأخرى.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ain Shams Engineerin...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ain Shams Engineering Journal
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ain Shams Engineering Journal
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ain Shams Engineering Journal
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/vf...
    Other literature type . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/xs...
    Other literature type . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
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    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
    81
    citations81
    popularityTop 1%
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ain Shams Engineerin...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ain Shams Engineering Journal
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ain Shams Engineering Journal
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ain Shams Engineering Journal
      Article . 2021
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/vf...
      Other literature type . 2021
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/xs...
      Other literature type . 2021
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Essam A. Al‐Ammar; Kiran Farzana; Asad Waqar; Muhammad Aamir; +4 Authors

    Ces dernières années, en raison de l'augmentation de la demande de charge, les réseaux de distribution ont reçu une attention considérable pour être optimisés. Il est important de placer de manière optimale les générateurs distribués (DG) dans les réseaux de distribution afin de minimiser les pertes de puissance et les chutes de tension. Cependant, les DG encourent certains coûts d'investissement et d'exploitation, et leur placement n'est viable que si ces coûts surmontent les pertes d'énergie. Par conséquent, l'article actuel étudie la taille et le placement optimaux des DG dans les réseaux de distribution avec un nouveau concept pour minimiser simultanément le coût total de l'énergie ainsi que la perte de puissance totale et la chute de tension moyenne. L'algorithme de colonie d'abeilles artificielles (ABC) est proposé pour résoudre le problème multi-objectif considéré. Les performances de l'algorithme ABC proposé sont testées avec des algorithmes standard. L'analyse du flux de charge Newton Raphson (NRLF) est réalisée sur les réseaux radiaux IEEE 33 et 69-bus et sur la grille de référence CIGRE moyenne tension (MT). Deux cas de test ont été formés et étudiés. Les résultats prouvent que l'algorithme ABC proposé surpasse largement les autres algorithmes. En los últimos años, debido al aumento de la demanda de carga, las redes de distribución han recibido una atención sustancial para ser optimizadas. Es importante colocar de manera óptima los generadores distribuidos (DGS) en las redes de distribución para minimizar las pérdidas de energía y las caídas de voltaje. Sin embargo, las DG incurren en ciertos costos de inversión y operación, y su colocación solo es viable si estos costos superan las pérdidas de energía. Por lo tanto, el documento actual investiga el tamaño y la colocación óptimos de las DG en las redes de distribución con un concepto novedoso para minimizar simultáneamente el costo total de energía junto con la pérdida total de potencia y la caída de voltaje promedio. Se propone el algoritmo de colonia artificial de abejas (ABC) para resolver el problema multiobjetivo considerado. El rendimiento del algoritmo ABC propuesto se prueba con algoritmos estándar. El análisis del flujo de carga de Newton Raphson (NRLF) se realiza en redes radiales IEEE 33 y 69-bus y en la red de referencia de media tensión (MT) CIGRE. Se han formado e investigado dos casos de prueba. Los resultados demuestran que el algoritmo ABC propuesto supera en su mayoría a otros algoritmos. In recent years, due to increase in load demand, distribution networks have got substantial attention to get optimized. It is significant to optimally place the distributed generators (DGs) in distribution networks to minimize power losses and voltage drops. However, the DGs incur certain investment and operational costs, and their placement is only viable if these costs overcome energy losses. Therefore, current paper investigates the optimal sizing and placement of DGs in distribution networks with a novel concept to simultaneously minimize total energy cost along with total power loss and average voltage drop. Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is proposed to solve the considered multi-objective problem. The performance of the proposed ABC algorithm is tested with standard algorithms. Newton Raphson load flow (NRLF) analysis is conducted on IEEE 33 and 69-bus radial networks and on CIGRE medium voltage (MV) benchmark grid. Two test cases have been formed and investigated. The results prove that proposed ABC algorithm mostly outperforms other algorithms. في السنوات الأخيرة، وبسبب الزيادة في الطلب على الأحمال، حظيت شبكات التوزيع باهتمام كبير لتحسينها. من المهم وضع المولدات الموزعة (DGS) على النحو الأمثل في شبكات التوزيع لتقليل فقد الطاقة وانخفاض الجهد. ومع ذلك، تتكبد DGS بعض التكاليف الاستثمارية والتشغيلية، ولا يكون وضعها قابلاً للتطبيق إلا إذا تغلبت هذه التكاليف على خسائر الطاقة. لذلك، تبحث الورقة الحالية في الحجم الأمثل لمولدات الديزل ووضعها في شبكات التوزيع مع مفهوم جديد لتقليل تكلفة الطاقة الإجمالية في وقت واحد إلى جانب فقدان الطاقة الكلي وانخفاض متوسط الجهد. تُقترح خوارزمية مستعمرة النحل الاصطناعي (ABC) لحل المشكلة متعددة الأهداف المعتبرة. يتم اختبار أداء خوارزمية ABC المقترحة باستخدام خوارزميات قياسية. يتم إجراء تحليل تدفق حمل نيوتن رافسون (NRLF) على الشبكات الشعاعية IEEE 33 و 69 - bus وعلى شبكة قياس الجهد المتوسط CIGRE (MV). تم تشكيل حالتين اختباريتين والتحقيق فيهما. تثبت النتائج أن خوارزمية ABC المقترحة تتفوق في الغالب على الخوارزميات الأخرى.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ain Shams Engineerin...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ain Shams Engineering Journal
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ain Shams Engineering Journal
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ain Shams Engineering Journal
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/vf...
    Other literature type . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/xs...
    Other literature type . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
    addClaim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
    81
    citations81
    popularityTop 1%
    influenceTop 10%
    impulseTop 1%
    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ain Shams Engineerin...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ain Shams Engineering Journal
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ain Shams Engineering Journal
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ain Shams Engineering Journal
      Article . 2021
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/vf...
      Other literature type . 2021
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/xs...
      Other literature type . 2021
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hatem Sindi; Azhar Ul-Haq; Mohammad Shahmeer Hassan; Atif Iqbal; +1 Authors

    La movilidad eléctrica parece traer un cambio de paradigma en el sector del transporte por carretera en todo el mundo. El enorme consumo de combustibles fósiles y la creciente congestión del tráfico han causado preocupaciones sobre el consumo futuro de energía, el crecimiento de la economía y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en los países miembros del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo. La introducción de vehículos eléctricos (VE) en los dos países más poblados de la región, es decir, el Reino de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, se considera una opción prometedora para abordar la contaminación ambiental y los futuros temores relacionados con la economía de la región. Este documento presenta los impulsores clave para que los países adopten el transporte eléctrico. Este estudio de investigación investiga el impacto de la penetración de los vehículos eléctricos en la energía, la economía y el medio ambiente de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos a través del pronóstico de existencias de vehículos eléctricos mediante el análisis de regresión lineal. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el crecimiento esperado en el sector eléctrico de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos les permitirá mantener una penetración de vehículos eléctricos del 5% y el 30% para 2030, respectivamente. En este sentido, se propone un conjunto de políticas que permitirán a los países acelerar sus esfuerzos para alcanzar los objetivos previstos de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Aunque la investigación presentada se centra en el estudio de caso de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, los hallazgos de la investigación son lo suficientemente generalizados como para aplicarse a todas las demás regiones de la región. El conjunto de políticas sugerido servirá como guía para las partes interesadas pertinentes sobre las medidas necesarias para la electrificación sostenible del transporte por carretera en Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. La mobilité électrique semble apporter un changement de paradigme dans le secteur du transport routier dans le monde entier. L'énorme consommation de combustibles fossiles et la congestion croissante du trafic ont suscité des inquiétudes quant à la consommation d'énergie future, à la croissance économique et aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les pays membres de la région du Conseil de coopération du Golfe. L'introduction de véhicules électriques (VE) dans les deux pays les plus peuplés de la région, à savoir le Royaume d'Arabie saoudite et les Émirats arabes unis, est considérée comme une option prometteuse pour lutter contre la pollution de l'environnement et les craintes liées à l'économie future. Ce document présente les principaux facteurs incitant les pays à adopter le transport électrique. Cette étude de recherche étudie l'impact de la pénétration des véhicules électriques sur l'énergie, l'économie et l'environnement de l'Arabie saoudite et des Émirats arabes unis grâce à la prévision des stocks de véhicules électriques à l'aide d'une analyse de régression linéaire. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la croissance attendue dans le secteur de l'électricité en Arabie saoudite et aux Émirats arabes unis leur permettra de maintenir une pénétration de 5 % et de 30 % des véhicules électriques d'ici 2030, respectivement. À cet égard, un ensemble de politiques est proposé, qui permettra aux pays d'accélérer leurs efforts pour atteindre les objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Bien que la recherche présentée se concentre sur l'étude de cas de l'Arabie saoudite et des Émirats arabes unis, les résultats de la recherche sont suffisamment généralisés pour être appliqués à toutes les autres régions de la région. L'ensemble de politiques suggéré servira de lignes directrices aux parties prenantes concernées sur les mesures nécessaires à l'électrification durable du transport routier en Arabie saoudite et aux Émirats arabes unis. Electric mobility seems to bring a paradigm shift in the road transport sector worldwide. Huge consumption of fossil fuels and ever-increasing traffic congestion have caused concerns over future energy consumption, economy growth, and greenhouse gas emissions in the Gulf Cooperation Council region's member countries. The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) in the two most populous countries of the region, i.e., the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and UAE is considered a promising option to address environmental pollution and future economy-related fears region. This paper presents key drivers for the countries to adopt electric transportation. This research study investigates the impact of EVs penetration on energy, economy, and environment of KSA and UAE through EV stockpile forecasting using linear regression analysis. The obtained results suggest that expected growth in KSA and UAE's power sector will enable them to keep up 5% and 30% EVs penetration by 2030, respectively. In this regard, a set of policies are proposed, which will enable the countries to pace up their efforts to achieve the intended greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction goals. Though the presented research is focused on the case study of KSA and UAE, the research findings are generalized enough to be applied to all other regions of the region. The suggested set of policies will serve as guidelines for the relevant stakeholders about the necessary measures required for sustainable road transport electrification in KSA and UAE. يبدو أن التنقل الكهربائي يجلب نقلة نوعية في قطاع النقل البري في جميع أنحاء العالم. تسبب الاستهلاك الهائل للوقود الأحفوري والازدحام المروري المتزايد باستمرار في مخاوف بشأن استهلاك الطاقة في المستقبل ونمو الاقتصاد وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في البلدان الأعضاء في مجلس التعاون الخليجي. يعتبر إدخال المركبات الكهربائية (EVs) في البلدين الأكثر اكتظاظًا بالسكان في المنطقة، أي المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة، خيارًا واعدًا لمعالجة التلوث البيئي ومنطقة المخاوف المتعلقة بالاقتصاد المستقبلي. تعرض هذه الورقة الدوافع الرئيسية للبلدان لتبني النقل الكهربائي. تبحث هذه الدراسة البحثية في تأثير تغلغل المركبات الكهربائية على الطاقة والاقتصاد والبيئة في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة من خلال التنبؤ بمخزون المركبات الكهربائية باستخدام تحليل الانحدار الخطي. تشير النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها إلى أن النمو المتوقع في قطاع الطاقة في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة سيمكنهما من الحفاظ على انتشار السيارات الكهربائية بنسبة 5 ٪ و 30 ٪ بحلول عام 2030، على التوالي. وفي هذا الصدد، تُقترح مجموعة من السياسات التي ستمكن البلدان من تسريع جهودها لتحقيق الأهداف المنشودة لخفض انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة. على الرغم من أن البحث المقدم يركز على دراسة حالة المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة، إلا أن نتائج البحث معممة بما يكفي لتطبيقها على جميع المناطق الأخرى في المنطقة. ستكون مجموعة السياسات المقترحة بمثابة إرشادات لأصحاب المصلحة المعنيين حول التدابير اللازمة لكهربة النقل البري المستدام في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة.

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    Authors: Hatem Sindi; Azhar Ul-Haq; Mohammad Shahmeer Hassan; Atif Iqbal; +1 Authors

    La movilidad eléctrica parece traer un cambio de paradigma en el sector del transporte por carretera en todo el mundo. El enorme consumo de combustibles fósiles y la creciente congestión del tráfico han causado preocupaciones sobre el consumo futuro de energía, el crecimiento de la economía y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en los países miembros del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo. La introducción de vehículos eléctricos (VE) en los dos países más poblados de la región, es decir, el Reino de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, se considera una opción prometedora para abordar la contaminación ambiental y los futuros temores relacionados con la economía de la región. Este documento presenta los impulsores clave para que los países adopten el transporte eléctrico. Este estudio de investigación investiga el impacto de la penetración de los vehículos eléctricos en la energía, la economía y el medio ambiente de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos a través del pronóstico de existencias de vehículos eléctricos mediante el análisis de regresión lineal. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el crecimiento esperado en el sector eléctrico de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos les permitirá mantener una penetración de vehículos eléctricos del 5% y el 30% para 2030, respectivamente. En este sentido, se propone un conjunto de políticas que permitirán a los países acelerar sus esfuerzos para alcanzar los objetivos previstos de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Aunque la investigación presentada se centra en el estudio de caso de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, los hallazgos de la investigación son lo suficientemente generalizados como para aplicarse a todas las demás regiones de la región. El conjunto de políticas sugerido servirá como guía para las partes interesadas pertinentes sobre las medidas necesarias para la electrificación sostenible del transporte por carretera en Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. La mobilité électrique semble apporter un changement de paradigme dans le secteur du transport routier dans le monde entier. L'énorme consommation de combustibles fossiles et la congestion croissante du trafic ont suscité des inquiétudes quant à la consommation d'énergie future, à la croissance économique et aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les pays membres de la région du Conseil de coopération du Golfe. L'introduction de véhicules électriques (VE) dans les deux pays les plus peuplés de la région, à savoir le Royaume d'Arabie saoudite et les Émirats arabes unis, est considérée comme une option prometteuse pour lutter contre la pollution de l'environnement et les craintes liées à l'économie future. Ce document présente les principaux facteurs incitant les pays à adopter le transport électrique. Cette étude de recherche étudie l'impact de la pénétration des véhicules électriques sur l'énergie, l'économie et l'environnement de l'Arabie saoudite et des Émirats arabes unis grâce à la prévision des stocks de véhicules électriques à l'aide d'une analyse de régression linéaire. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la croissance attendue dans le secteur de l'électricité en Arabie saoudite et aux Émirats arabes unis leur permettra de maintenir une pénétration de 5 % et de 30 % des véhicules électriques d'ici 2030, respectivement. À cet égard, un ensemble de politiques est proposé, qui permettra aux pays d'accélérer leurs efforts pour atteindre les objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Bien que la recherche présentée se concentre sur l'étude de cas de l'Arabie saoudite et des Émirats arabes unis, les résultats de la recherche sont suffisamment généralisés pour être appliqués à toutes les autres régions de la région. L'ensemble de politiques suggéré servira de lignes directrices aux parties prenantes concernées sur les mesures nécessaires à l'électrification durable du transport routier en Arabie saoudite et aux Émirats arabes unis. Electric mobility seems to bring a paradigm shift in the road transport sector worldwide. Huge consumption of fossil fuels and ever-increasing traffic congestion have caused concerns over future energy consumption, economy growth, and greenhouse gas emissions in the Gulf Cooperation Council region's member countries. The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) in the two most populous countries of the region, i.e., the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and UAE is considered a promising option to address environmental pollution and future economy-related fears region. This paper presents key drivers for the countries to adopt electric transportation. This research study investigates the impact of EVs penetration on energy, economy, and environment of KSA and UAE through EV stockpile forecasting using linear regression analysis. The obtained results suggest that expected growth in KSA and UAE's power sector will enable them to keep up 5% and 30% EVs penetration by 2030, respectively. In this regard, a set of policies are proposed, which will enable the countries to pace up their efforts to achieve the intended greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction goals. Though the presented research is focused on the case study of KSA and UAE, the research findings are generalized enough to be applied to all other regions of the region. The suggested set of policies will serve as guidelines for the relevant stakeholders about the necessary measures required for sustainable road transport electrification in KSA and UAE. يبدو أن التنقل الكهربائي يجلب نقلة نوعية في قطاع النقل البري في جميع أنحاء العالم. تسبب الاستهلاك الهائل للوقود الأحفوري والازدحام المروري المتزايد باستمرار في مخاوف بشأن استهلاك الطاقة في المستقبل ونمو الاقتصاد وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في البلدان الأعضاء في مجلس التعاون الخليجي. يعتبر إدخال المركبات الكهربائية (EVs) في البلدين الأكثر اكتظاظًا بالسكان في المنطقة، أي المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة، خيارًا واعدًا لمعالجة التلوث البيئي ومنطقة المخاوف المتعلقة بالاقتصاد المستقبلي. تعرض هذه الورقة الدوافع الرئيسية للبلدان لتبني النقل الكهربائي. تبحث هذه الدراسة البحثية في تأثير تغلغل المركبات الكهربائية على الطاقة والاقتصاد والبيئة في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة من خلال التنبؤ بمخزون المركبات الكهربائية باستخدام تحليل الانحدار الخطي. تشير النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها إلى أن النمو المتوقع في قطاع الطاقة في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة سيمكنهما من الحفاظ على انتشار السيارات الكهربائية بنسبة 5 ٪ و 30 ٪ بحلول عام 2030، على التوالي. وفي هذا الصدد، تُقترح مجموعة من السياسات التي ستمكن البلدان من تسريع جهودها لتحقيق الأهداف المنشودة لخفض انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة. على الرغم من أن البحث المقدم يركز على دراسة حالة المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة، إلا أن نتائج البحث معممة بما يكفي لتطبيقها على جميع المناطق الأخرى في المنطقة. ستكون مجموعة السياسات المقترحة بمثابة إرشادات لأصحاب المصلحة المعنيين حول التدابير اللازمة لكهربة النقل البري المستدام في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة.

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    La catégorisation des défauts photovoltaïques est une tâche essentielle pour améliorer l'efficacité et la fiabilité d'un système photovoltaïque (PV). Les caractéristiques de sortie d'un système solaire (PV) peuvent être gravement affectées dans diverses conditions de défaut, y compris un court-circuit, une inadéquation de module, un circuit ouvert et de multiples défauts dans des conditions d'ombrage. De tels défauts PV peuvent potentiellement être analysés par l'analyse de la courbe caractéristique PV en utilisant un réseau neuronal multicouche avec un algorithme de gradient conjugué à l'échelle (SCG). Cet article présente une enquête approfondie pour la catégorisation, c'est-à-dire la classification des défauts PV susmentionnés à l'aide de l'algorithme SCG. La contribution majeure des travaux de recherche présentés est la catégorisation des défauts photovoltaïques dans seize classes différentes en considérant les technologies photovoltaïques polycristallines et à couches minces avec deux configurations différentes, y compris SP et TCT. La classification des défauts est réalisée avec une précision élevée de 99,6 % et un temps de calcul rapide de 0,08 s. Les résultats sont validés à travers le tracé de la Matrice de Confusion et de la Région de Convergence (roc) avec leur évaluation de performance dans Matlab. La précision obtenue et le temps de calcul rapide prouvent l'efficacité de l'approche basée sur un réseau neuronal multicouche pour la classification des défauts photovoltaïques afin d'augmenter la puissance de sortie, l'efficacité et la durée de vie des systèmes photovoltaïques. La categorización de las fallas fotovoltaicas es una tarea esencial para mejorar la eficiencia y fiabilidad de un sistema fotovoltaico (PV). Las características de salida de un sistema solar (PV) pueden verse gravemente afectadas en diversas condiciones de falla, incluyendo cortocircuito, desajuste de módulos, circuito abierto y múltiples fallas en condiciones de sombra. Dichas fallas fotovoltaicas se pueden analizar potencialmente a través del análisis de la curva característica fotovoltaica utilizando una red neuronal multicapa con un algoritmo de gradiente conjugado a escala (SCG). Este documento presenta una extensa investigación para la categorización, es decir, la clasificación de las fallas fotovoltaicas mencionadas anteriormente utilizando el algoritmo SCG. La principal contribución del trabajo de investigación presentado es la categorización de fallas fotovoltaicas en dieciséis clases diferentes considerando tecnologías fotovoltaicas policristalinas y de película delgada con dos configuraciones diferentes, incluyendo SP y TCT. La clasificación de fallos se logra con una alta precisión del 99,6% y un tiempo de cálculo rápido de 0,08 segundos. Los resultados se validan a través de la gráfica de la Matriz de Confusión y Región de Convergencia (Roc) con su evaluación de desempeño en MATLAB. La precisión lograda y el rápido tiempo de cálculo demuestran la efectividad del enfoque basado en redes neuronales multicapa para la clasificación de las fallas fotovoltaicas a fin de aumentar la potencia de salida, la eficiencia y la vida útil de los sistemas fotovoltaicos. Categorization of PV faults is an essential task for improving the efficiency and reliability of a photovoltaic (PV) system. Output characteristics of a solar (PV) system can be severely affected under various fault conditions including short circuit, module mismatch, open circuit, and multiple faults under shading conditions. Such PV faults can potentially be analyzed through the PV characteristic curve analysis using a multilayer neural network with a scaled conjugate gradient algorithm (SCG). This paper presents an extensive investigation for categorization, i.e., classification of the above-mentioned PV faults using the SCG algorithm. The major contribution of the presented research work is the categorization of PV faults in sixteen different classes considering polycrystalline and thin-film PV technologies with two different configurations, including SP and TCT. The fault classification is achieved with high accuracy of 99.6% and a fast-computational time of 0.08 sec. The results are validated through the plot of the Confusion Matrix and Region of Convergence (ROC) with their performance evaluation in MATLAB. The achieved accuracy and fast computational time prove the effectiveness of the multilayer neural network-based approach for classification of the PV faults to increase power output, efficiency, and lifespan of PV systems. يعد تصنيف الأعطال الكهروضوئية مهمة أساسية لتحسين كفاءة وموثوقية النظام الكهروضوئي (PV). يمكن أن تتأثر خصائص الإخراج لنظام الطاقة الشمسية (PV) بشدة في ظل ظروف الأعطال المختلفة بما في ذلك دائرة القصر، وعدم تطابق الوحدة، والدائرة المفتوحة، والأعطال المتعددة في ظل ظروف التظليل. يمكن تحليل هذه الأخطاء الكهروضوئية من خلال تحليل المنحنى المميز للكهروضوئية باستخدام شبكة عصبية متعددة الطبقات مع خوارزمية تدرج مترافق متدرج (SCG). تقدم هذه الورقة بحثًا مكثفًا للتصنيف، أي تصنيف الأخطاء الكهروضوئية المذكورة أعلاه باستخدام خوارزمية SCG. تتمثل المساهمة الرئيسية للعمل البحثي المقدم في تصنيف الأخطاء الكهروضوئية في ستة عشر فئة مختلفة مع الأخذ في الاعتبار التقنيات الكهروضوئية متعددة البلورات والأغشية الرقيقة بتكوينين مختلفين، بما في ذلك SP و TCT. يتم تحقيق تصنيف الخطأ بدقة عالية تبلغ 99.6 ٪ ووقت حسابي سريع يبلغ 0.08 ثانية. يتم التحقق من صحة النتائج من خلال مخطط مصفوفة الارتباك ومنطقة التقارب (ROC) مع تقييم أدائها في MATLAB. تثبت الدقة المحققة والوقت الحسابي السريع فعالية النهج القائم على الشبكة العصبية متعددة الطبقات لتصنيف الأعطال الكهروضوئية لزيادة خرج الطاقة والكفاءة وعمر الأنظمة الكهروضوئية.

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    La catégorisation des défauts photovoltaïques est une tâche essentielle pour améliorer l'efficacité et la fiabilité d'un système photovoltaïque (PV). Les caractéristiques de sortie d'un système solaire (PV) peuvent être gravement affectées dans diverses conditions de défaut, y compris un court-circuit, une inadéquation de module, un circuit ouvert et de multiples défauts dans des conditions d'ombrage. De tels défauts PV peuvent potentiellement être analysés par l'analyse de la courbe caractéristique PV en utilisant un réseau neuronal multicouche avec un algorithme de gradient conjugué à l'échelle (SCG). Cet article présente une enquête approfondie pour la catégorisation, c'est-à-dire la classification des défauts PV susmentionnés à l'aide de l'algorithme SCG. La contribution majeure des travaux de recherche présentés est la catégorisation des défauts photovoltaïques dans seize classes différentes en considérant les technologies photovoltaïques polycristallines et à couches minces avec deux configurations différentes, y compris SP et TCT. La classification des défauts est réalisée avec une précision élevée de 99,6 % et un temps de calcul rapide de 0,08 s. Les résultats sont validés à travers le tracé de la Matrice de Confusion et de la Région de Convergence (roc) avec leur évaluation de performance dans Matlab. La précision obtenue et le temps de calcul rapide prouvent l'efficacité de l'approche basée sur un réseau neuronal multicouche pour la classification des défauts photovoltaïques afin d'augmenter la puissance de sortie, l'efficacité et la durée de vie des systèmes photovoltaïques. La categorización de las fallas fotovoltaicas es una tarea esencial para mejorar la eficiencia y fiabilidad de un sistema fotovoltaico (PV). Las características de salida de un sistema solar (PV) pueden verse gravemente afectadas en diversas condiciones de falla, incluyendo cortocircuito, desajuste de módulos, circuito abierto y múltiples fallas en condiciones de sombra. Dichas fallas fotovoltaicas se pueden analizar potencialmente a través del análisis de la curva característica fotovoltaica utilizando una red neuronal multicapa con un algoritmo de gradiente conjugado a escala (SCG). Este documento presenta una extensa investigación para la categorización, es decir, la clasificación de las fallas fotovoltaicas mencionadas anteriormente utilizando el algoritmo SCG. La principal contribución del trabajo de investigación presentado es la categorización de fallas fotovoltaicas en dieciséis clases diferentes considerando tecnologías fotovoltaicas policristalinas y de película delgada con dos configuraciones diferentes, incluyendo SP y TCT. La clasificación de fallos se logra con una alta precisión del 99,6% y un tiempo de cálculo rápido de 0,08 segundos. Los resultados se validan a través de la gráfica de la Matriz de Confusión y Región de Convergencia (Roc) con su evaluación de desempeño en MATLAB. La precisión lograda y el rápido tiempo de cálculo demuestran la efectividad del enfoque basado en redes neuronales multicapa para la clasificación de las fallas fotovoltaicas a fin de aumentar la potencia de salida, la eficiencia y la vida útil de los sistemas fotovoltaicos. Categorization of PV faults is an essential task for improving the efficiency and reliability of a photovoltaic (PV) system. Output characteristics of a solar (PV) system can be severely affected under various fault conditions including short circuit, module mismatch, open circuit, and multiple faults under shading conditions. Such PV faults can potentially be analyzed through the PV characteristic curve analysis using a multilayer neural network with a scaled conjugate gradient algorithm (SCG). This paper presents an extensive investigation for categorization, i.e., classification of the above-mentioned PV faults using the SCG algorithm. The major contribution of the presented research work is the categorization of PV faults in sixteen different classes considering polycrystalline and thin-film PV technologies with two different configurations, including SP and TCT. The fault classification is achieved with high accuracy of 99.6% and a fast-computational time of 0.08 sec. The results are validated through the plot of the Confusion Matrix and Region of Convergence (ROC) with their performance evaluation in MATLAB. The achieved accuracy and fast computational time prove the effectiveness of the multilayer neural network-based approach for classification of the PV faults to increase power output, efficiency, and lifespan of PV systems. يعد تصنيف الأعطال الكهروضوئية مهمة أساسية لتحسين كفاءة وموثوقية النظام الكهروضوئي (PV). يمكن أن تتأثر خصائص الإخراج لنظام الطاقة الشمسية (PV) بشدة في ظل ظروف الأعطال المختلفة بما في ذلك دائرة القصر، وعدم تطابق الوحدة، والدائرة المفتوحة، والأعطال المتعددة في ظل ظروف التظليل. يمكن تحليل هذه الأخطاء الكهروضوئية من خلال تحليل المنحنى المميز للكهروضوئية باستخدام شبكة عصبية متعددة الطبقات مع خوارزمية تدرج مترافق متدرج (SCG). تقدم هذه الورقة بحثًا مكثفًا للتصنيف، أي تصنيف الأخطاء الكهروضوئية المذكورة أعلاه باستخدام خوارزمية SCG. تتمثل المساهمة الرئيسية للعمل البحثي المقدم في تصنيف الأخطاء الكهروضوئية في ستة عشر فئة مختلفة مع الأخذ في الاعتبار التقنيات الكهروضوئية متعددة البلورات والأغشية الرقيقة بتكوينين مختلفين، بما في ذلك SP و TCT. يتم تحقيق تصنيف الخطأ بدقة عالية تبلغ 99.6 ٪ ووقت حسابي سريع يبلغ 0.08 ثانية. يتم التحقق من صحة النتائج من خلال مخطط مصفوفة الارتباك ومنطقة التقارب (ROC) مع تقييم أدائها في MATLAB. تثبت الدقة المحققة والوقت الحسابي السريع فعالية النهج القائم على الشبكة العصبية متعددة الطبقات لتصنيف الأعطال الكهروضوئية لزيادة خرج الطاقة والكفاءة وعمر الأنظمة الكهروضوئية.

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    Authors: Ahsan Iqbal; Ayesha Ayoub; Asad Waqar; Azhar Ul-Haq; +2 Authors

    Le micro-réseau (MG) a des propriétés étendues pour surmonter les problèmes courants du système de distribution local. Certains de ces problèmes sont la production et la différence de demande, la panne d'électricité et la panne d'électricité, les préoccupations environnementales dues à la combustion des ressources naturelles dans les centrales électriques (indirectement) et les problèmes de fiabilité. Des recherches sur le micro-réseau sont menées pour améliorer ses caractéristiques afin d'atténuer les problèmes de qualité de l'énergie (PQ) associés au système de distribution. L'affaissement de la tension et la houle sont des problèmes majeurs de qualité de l'énergie depuis des décennies, les charges dans le système de distribution sont fortement affectées en raison de ces problèmes de qualité de l'énergie. Dans le système de distribution, une stratégie de compensation de la qualité du micro-réseau et de l'énergie devrait exister afin d'assurer la fiabilité et l'atténuation de l'affaissement de la tension/de la houle. Le restaurateur de tension dynamique (DVR) est un dispositif complet de système de transmission de courant alternatif flexible (FACTS) basé sur l'électronique de puissance, il s'agit d'un dispositif FACTS de troisième génération car sa flexibilité de sélection de schéma de contrôle et son approche de couplage de ligne électrique le font progresser par rapport aux dispositifs FACTS de première et de deuxième génération. Dans cet article, un restaurateur de tension dynamique amélioré (EDVR) est présenté pour atténuer efficacement l'affaissement/la houle de la tension dans le micro-réseau connecté au réseau. D'un côté, la présence d'une structure de micro-réseau assure la fiabilité du système de distribution pour les charges locales de l'autre côté, EDVR assure une alimentation électrique sans affaissement de tension/gonflement pour les charges. La stratégie de contrôle de l'EDVR est basée sur une approche de cadre de référence synchrone amélioré (ESRF) et un système de technique floue. ESRF est spécialement conçu pour un fonctionnement rapide et précis de l'EDVR alors que ; le système de technique floue est responsable de l'alimentation en tension normalisée pour les charges locales. La tension de liaison CC de l'EDVR est efficacement régulée à l'aide du schéma de contrôle proposé au moment de la compensation de l'affaissement/de la houle de la tension. L'analyse de stabilité du contrôle ESRF a été réalisée à l'aide de la modélisation de la VSC et du système d'analyse des valeurs propres. Les résultats de la simulation sur Matlab/Simulink ont vérifié les performances de l'EDVR dans le cadre de l'approche de contrôle présentée, de sorte que les charges spécifiques dans le système de distribution sont plus sûres dans le cadre du système de micro-réseau proposé avec l'EDVR. La microrred (MG) tiene propiedades extensas para superar los problemas comunes del sistema de distribución local. Algunos de esos problemas son la diferencia de generación y demanda, el apagón y el apagón, las preocupaciones ambientales debido a la quema de recursos naturales en las centrales eléctricas (indirectamente) y los problemas de confiabilidad. Se están llevando a cabo investigaciones sobre la microrred para mejorar sus características y mitigar los problemas de calidad de la energía (PQ) asociados con el sistema de distribución. La caída de tensión y el oleaje han sido los principales problemas de calidad de la energía durante décadas, las cargas en el sistema de distribución se ven muy afectadas debido a estos problemas de calidad de la energía. En el sistema de distribución, debe existir una estrategia de compensación de la microrred y la calidad de la energía para garantizar la confiabilidad y la mitigación del pandeo/oleaje de la tensión. El restaurador de voltaje dinámico (DVR) es un dispositivo integral de sistema de transmisión de corriente alterna flexible (FACTS) basado en electrónica de potencia, es un dispositivo FACTS de tercera generación, ya que su flexibilidad de selección de esquema de control y su enfoque de acoplamiento de línea eléctrica lo hacen avanzar en comparación con LOS DISPOSITIVOS FACTS de primera y segunda generación. En este documento, se presenta un restaurador de voltaje dinámico mejorado (EDVR) para mitigar de manera eficiente el pandeo/aumento de voltaje en la microrred conectada a la red. Por un lado, la presencia de una estructura de microrred garantiza la confiabilidad del sistema de distribución para cargas locales, por otro lado, EDVR garantiza una fuente de alimentación libre de pandeo/oleaje para cargas. La estrategia de control de EDVR se basa en un enfoque de marco de referencia síncrono mejorado (ESRF) y un sistema de técnica difusa. ESRF está especialmente diseñado para un funcionamiento rápido y preciso de EDVR, mientras que el sistema de técnica difusa es responsable del suministro de voltaje estandarizado para cargas locales. El voltaje de enlace de CC de EDVR se regula de manera efectiva con la ayuda del esquema de control propuesto en el momento de la compensación de pandeo/oleaje de voltaje. El análisis de estabilidad del control ESRF se ha realizado utilizando el modelado de VSC y el sistema de análisis de valores propios. Los resultados de la simulación en MATLAB/Simulink verificaron el rendimiento de EDVR bajo el enfoque de control presentado, por lo tanto, las cargas específicas en el sistema de distribución son más seguras bajo el sistema de microrred propuesto con EDVR. Microgrid (MG) has extensive properties to overcome common problems of local distribution system. Some of those problems are generation and demand difference, blackout and brownout, environmental concerns due to burning of natural resources in power stations (indirectly), and reliability issues. Research on microgrid is being conducted to enhance its features to mitigate power quality (PQ) problems associated with distribution system. Voltage sag and swell have been major power quality problems for decades, loads in distribution system are heavily affected due to these power quality problems. In the distribution system, microgrid and power quality compensation strategy should be existed in order to ensure reliability and voltage sag/swell mitigation. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is comprehensive power electronics based Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device, it is third-generation FACTS device as its control scheme selection flexibility and power line coupling approach make it advance when compare to first and second-generation FACTS devices. In this paper, an Enhanced Dynamic Voltage Restorer (EDVR) is presented to efficiently mitigate voltage sag/swell in grid connected microgrid. On the one side, the presence of microgrid structure ensures reliability of distribution system for local loads on the other side, EDVR ensures voltage sag/swell free power supply for loads. The control strategy of EDVR is based on enhanced synchronous reference frame (ESRF) approach and fuzzy technique system. ESRF is specially design for fast and precise operation of EDVR whereas; fuzzy technique system is responsible for standardized voltage supply for local loads. DC link voltage of EDVR is effectively regulated with the help of proposed control scheme at the time of voltage sag/swell compensation. Stability analysis of ESRF control has been done using modeling of VSC and eigenvalue analysis system. Simulation results on MATLAB/Simulink verified the performance of EDVR under presented control approach hence the specific loads in distribution system are more secure under proposed microgrid system with EDVR. تتمتع Microgrid (MG) بخصائص واسعة للتغلب على المشكلات الشائعة لنظام التوزيع المحلي. بعض هذه المشاكل هي اختلاف التوليد والطلب، وانقطاع التيار الكهربائي وانقطاع التيار الكهربائي، والمخاوف البيئية بسبب حرق الموارد الطبيعية في محطات الطاقة (بشكل غير مباشر)، وقضايا الموثوقية. يتم إجراء أبحاث حول الشبكة الدقيقة لتعزيز ميزاتها للتخفيف من مشاكل جودة الطاقة (PQ) المرتبطة بنظام التوزيع. كان ترهل الجهد وتضخمه من المشاكل الرئيسية في جودة الطاقة لعقود من الزمن، وتأثرت الأحمال في نظام التوزيع بشدة بسبب مشاكل جودة الطاقة هذه. في نظام التوزيع، يجب وجود استراتيجية لتعويض الشبكة الدقيقة وجودة الطاقة من أجل ضمان الموثوقية وتخفيف ترهل/تضخم الجهد. جهاز استعادة الجهد الديناميكي (DVR) هو جهاز شامل قائم على إلكترونيات الطاقة لنظام نقل التيار المتردد المرن (FACTS)، وهو جهاز FACTS من الجيل الثالث حيث أن مرونة اختيار مخطط التحكم ونهج اقتران خط الطاقة يجعله يتقدم عند مقارنته بأجهزة FACTS من الجيل الأول والثاني. في هذه الورقة، يتم تقديم جهاز استعادة الجهد الديناميكي المحسن (EDVR) للتخفيف بفعالية من ترهل/انتفاخ الجهد في الشبكة الدقيقة المتصلة بالشبكة. من ناحية، يضمن وجود بنية الشبكة الدقيقة موثوقية نظام التوزيع للأحمال المحلية على الجانب الآخر، ويضمن EDVR إمدادات طاقة خالية من الترهل/الانتفاخ للأحمال. تعتمد استراتيجية التحكم في EDVR على نهج الإطار المرجعي المتزامن المحسن (ESRF) ونظام التقنية الغامض. تم تصميم ESRF خصيصًا للتشغيل السريع والدقيق لـ EDVR في حين أن نظام تقنية غامض مسؤول عن إمداد الجهد القياسي للأحمال المحلية. يتم تنظيم جهد وصلة التيار المستمر لـ EDVR بشكل فعال بمساعدة مخطط التحكم المقترح في وقت تعويض ترهل/تضخم الجهد. تم إجراء تحليل الاستقرار للتحكم في ESRF باستخدام نمذجة VSC ونظام تحليل القيمة الذاتية. تحققت نتائج المحاكاة على MATLAB/Simulink من أداء EDVR تحت نهج التحكم المقدم وبالتالي فإن الأحمال المحددة في نظام التوزيع أكثر أمانًا تحت نظام الشبكة الدقيقة المقترح مع EDVR.

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    Authors: Ahsan Iqbal; Ayesha Ayoub; Asad Waqar; Azhar Ul-Haq; +2 Authors

    Le micro-réseau (MG) a des propriétés étendues pour surmonter les problèmes courants du système de distribution local. Certains de ces problèmes sont la production et la différence de demande, la panne d'électricité et la panne d'électricité, les préoccupations environnementales dues à la combustion des ressources naturelles dans les centrales électriques (indirectement) et les problèmes de fiabilité. Des recherches sur le micro-réseau sont menées pour améliorer ses caractéristiques afin d'atténuer les problèmes de qualité de l'énergie (PQ) associés au système de distribution. L'affaissement de la tension et la houle sont des problèmes majeurs de qualité de l'énergie depuis des décennies, les charges dans le système de distribution sont fortement affectées en raison de ces problèmes de qualité de l'énergie. Dans le système de distribution, une stratégie de compensation de la qualité du micro-réseau et de l'énergie devrait exister afin d'assurer la fiabilité et l'atténuation de l'affaissement de la tension/de la houle. Le restaurateur de tension dynamique (DVR) est un dispositif complet de système de transmission de courant alternatif flexible (FACTS) basé sur l'électronique de puissance, il s'agit d'un dispositif FACTS de troisième génération car sa flexibilité de sélection de schéma de contrôle et son approche de couplage de ligne électrique le font progresser par rapport aux dispositifs FACTS de première et de deuxième génération. Dans cet article, un restaurateur de tension dynamique amélioré (EDVR) est présenté pour atténuer efficacement l'affaissement/la houle de la tension dans le micro-réseau connecté au réseau. D'un côté, la présence d'une structure de micro-réseau assure la fiabilité du système de distribution pour les charges locales de l'autre côté, EDVR assure une alimentation électrique sans affaissement de tension/gonflement pour les charges. La stratégie de contrôle de l'EDVR est basée sur une approche de cadre de référence synchrone amélioré (ESRF) et un système de technique floue. ESRF est spécialement conçu pour un fonctionnement rapide et précis de l'EDVR alors que ; le système de technique floue est responsable de l'alimentation en tension normalisée pour les charges locales. La tension de liaison CC de l'EDVR est efficacement régulée à l'aide du schéma de contrôle proposé au moment de la compensation de l'affaissement/de la houle de la tension. L'analyse de stabilité du contrôle ESRF a été réalisée à l'aide de la modélisation de la VSC et du système d'analyse des valeurs propres. Les résultats de la simulation sur Matlab/Simulink ont vérifié les performances de l'EDVR dans le cadre de l'approche de contrôle présentée, de sorte que les charges spécifiques dans le système de distribution sont plus sûres dans le cadre du système de micro-réseau proposé avec l'EDVR. La microrred (MG) tiene propiedades extensas para superar los problemas comunes del sistema de distribución local. Algunos de esos problemas son la diferencia de generación y demanda, el apagón y el apagón, las preocupaciones ambientales debido a la quema de recursos naturales en las centrales eléctricas (indirectamente) y los problemas de confiabilidad. Se están llevando a cabo investigaciones sobre la microrred para mejorar sus características y mitigar los problemas de calidad de la energía (PQ) asociados con el sistema de distribución. La caída de tensión y el oleaje han sido los principales problemas de calidad de la energía durante décadas, las cargas en el sistema de distribución se ven muy afectadas debido a estos problemas de calidad de la energía. En el sistema de distribución, debe existir una estrategia de compensación de la microrred y la calidad de la energía para garantizar la confiabilidad y la mitigación del pandeo/oleaje de la tensión. El restaurador de voltaje dinámico (DVR) es un dispositivo integral de sistema de transmisión de corriente alterna flexible (FACTS) basado en electrónica de potencia, es un dispositivo FACTS de tercera generación, ya que su flexibilidad de selección de esquema de control y su enfoque de acoplamiento de línea eléctrica lo hacen avanzar en comparación con LOS DISPOSITIVOS FACTS de primera y segunda generación. En este documento, se presenta un restaurador de voltaje dinámico mejorado (EDVR) para mitigar de manera eficiente el pandeo/aumento de voltaje en la microrred conectada a la red. Por un lado, la presencia de una estructura de microrred garantiza la confiabilidad del sistema de distribución para cargas locales, por otro lado, EDVR garantiza una fuente de alimentación libre de pandeo/oleaje para cargas. La estrategia de control de EDVR se basa en un enfoque de marco de referencia síncrono mejorado (ESRF) y un sistema de técnica difusa. ESRF está especialmente diseñado para un funcionamiento rápido y preciso de EDVR, mientras que el sistema de técnica difusa es responsable del suministro de voltaje estandarizado para cargas locales. El voltaje de enlace de CC de EDVR se regula de manera efectiva con la ayuda del esquema de control propuesto en el momento de la compensación de pandeo/oleaje de voltaje. El análisis de estabilidad del control ESRF se ha realizado utilizando el modelado de VSC y el sistema de análisis de valores propios. Los resultados de la simulación en MATLAB/Simulink verificaron el rendimiento de EDVR bajo el enfoque de control presentado, por lo tanto, las cargas específicas en el sistema de distribución son más seguras bajo el sistema de microrred propuesto con EDVR. Microgrid (MG) has extensive properties to overcome common problems of local distribution system. Some of those problems are generation and demand difference, blackout and brownout, environmental concerns due to burning of natural resources in power stations (indirectly), and reliability issues. Research on microgrid is being conducted to enhance its features to mitigate power quality (PQ) problems associated with distribution system. Voltage sag and swell have been major power quality problems for decades, loads in distribution system are heavily affected due to these power quality problems. In the distribution system, microgrid and power quality compensation strategy should be existed in order to ensure reliability and voltage sag/swell mitigation. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is comprehensive power electronics based Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device, it is third-generation FACTS device as its control scheme selection flexibility and power line coupling approach make it advance when compare to first and second-generation FACTS devices. In this paper, an Enhanced Dynamic Voltage Restorer (EDVR) is presented to efficiently mitigate voltage sag/swell in grid connected microgrid. On the one side, the presence of microgrid structure ensures reliability of distribution system for local loads on the other side, EDVR ensures voltage sag/swell free power supply for loads. The control strategy of EDVR is based on enhanced synchronous reference frame (ESRF) approach and fuzzy technique system. ESRF is specially design for fast and precise operation of EDVR whereas; fuzzy technique system is responsible for standardized voltage supply for local loads. DC link voltage of EDVR is effectively regulated with the help of proposed control scheme at the time of voltage sag/swell compensation. Stability analysis of ESRF control has been done using modeling of VSC and eigenvalue analysis system. Simulation results on MATLAB/Simulink verified the performance of EDVR under presented control approach hence the specific loads in distribution system are more secure under proposed microgrid system with EDVR. تتمتع Microgrid (MG) بخصائص واسعة للتغلب على المشكلات الشائعة لنظام التوزيع المحلي. بعض هذه المشاكل هي اختلاف التوليد والطلب، وانقطاع التيار الكهربائي وانقطاع التيار الكهربائي، والمخاوف البيئية بسبب حرق الموارد الطبيعية في محطات الطاقة (بشكل غير مباشر)، وقضايا الموثوقية. يتم إجراء أبحاث حول الشبكة الدقيقة لتعزيز ميزاتها للتخفيف من مشاكل جودة الطاقة (PQ) المرتبطة بنظام التوزيع. كان ترهل الجهد وتضخمه من المشاكل الرئيسية في جودة الطاقة لعقود من الزمن، وتأثرت الأحمال في نظام التوزيع بشدة بسبب مشاكل جودة الطاقة هذه. في نظام التوزيع، يجب وجود استراتيجية لتعويض الشبكة الدقيقة وجودة الطاقة من أجل ضمان الموثوقية وتخفيف ترهل/تضخم الجهد. جهاز استعادة الجهد الديناميكي (DVR) هو جهاز شامل قائم على إلكترونيات الطاقة لنظام نقل التيار المتردد المرن (FACTS)، وهو جهاز FACTS من الجيل الثالث حيث أن مرونة اختيار مخطط التحكم ونهج اقتران خط الطاقة يجعله يتقدم عند مقارنته بأجهزة FACTS من الجيل الأول والثاني. في هذه الورقة، يتم تقديم جهاز استعادة الجهد الديناميكي المحسن (EDVR) للتخفيف بفعالية من ترهل/انتفاخ الجهد في الشبكة الدقيقة المتصلة بالشبكة. من ناحية، يضمن وجود بنية الشبكة الدقيقة موثوقية نظام التوزيع للأحمال المحلية على الجانب الآخر، ويضمن EDVR إمدادات طاقة خالية من الترهل/الانتفاخ للأحمال. تعتمد استراتيجية التحكم في EDVR على نهج الإطار المرجعي المتزامن المحسن (ESRF) ونظام التقنية الغامض. تم تصميم ESRF خصيصًا للتشغيل السريع والدقيق لـ EDVR في حين أن نظام تقنية غامض مسؤول عن إمداد الجهد القياسي للأحمال المحلية. يتم تنظيم جهد وصلة التيار المستمر لـ EDVR بشكل فعال بمساعدة مخطط التحكم المقترح في وقت تعويض ترهل/تضخم الجهد. تم إجراء تحليل الاستقرار للتحكم في ESRF باستخدام نمذجة VSC ونظام تحليل القيمة الذاتية. تحققت نتائج المحاكاة على MATLAB/Simulink من أداء EDVR تحت نهج التحكم المقدم وبالتالي فإن الأحمال المحددة في نظام التوزيع أكثر أمانًا تحت نظام الشبكة الدقيقة المقترح مع EDVR.

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    Authors: Azhar Ul-Haq; Rashid Alammari; Atif Iqbal; Marium Jalal; +1 Authors

    Photovoltaic (PV) faults such as partial shading, bypass-diode defects, degradation of PV modules, and wiring issues greatly affect the power output and cause various peaks in P-V curves of a PV system. Although, commonly used Total-Cross-Tied (TCT) scheme in PV arrays is considered instrumental for reducing power losses there lies a great scope to evaluate power extraction through reconfiguration of modules with different PV materials. This paper presents detailed investigation of power extraction using number placement reconfiguration method under numerous faults. PV power extraction is carried out and compared with three different interconnections of PV modules, including series-parallel (SP), bridge-link (BL) and TCT. In order to conduct a thorough investigation and better evaluate the performance of PV arrays, we have studied reconfiguration of PV modules with polycrystalline and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) PV technologies. In addition, this paper contains detailed quantification of the impact of the studied PV faults on power grid. The results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that CIGS PV technology performs better than polycrystalline in terms of power output during different faulty conditions. It becomes evident from the presented results that optimal reconfiguration of PV arrays can increase the power extraction from PV system with reduced number of P-V peaks. Hence, leading to improved performance of the PV system.

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    Authors: Azhar Ul-Haq; Rashid Alammari; Atif Iqbal; Marium Jalal; +1 Authors

    Photovoltaic (PV) faults such as partial shading, bypass-diode defects, degradation of PV modules, and wiring issues greatly affect the power output and cause various peaks in P-V curves of a PV system. Although, commonly used Total-Cross-Tied (TCT) scheme in PV arrays is considered instrumental for reducing power losses there lies a great scope to evaluate power extraction through reconfiguration of modules with different PV materials. This paper presents detailed investigation of power extraction using number placement reconfiguration method under numerous faults. PV power extraction is carried out and compared with three different interconnections of PV modules, including series-parallel (SP), bridge-link (BL) and TCT. In order to conduct a thorough investigation and better evaluate the performance of PV arrays, we have studied reconfiguration of PV modules with polycrystalline and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) PV technologies. In addition, this paper contains detailed quantification of the impact of the studied PV faults on power grid. The results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that CIGS PV technology performs better than polycrystalline in terms of power output during different faulty conditions. It becomes evident from the presented results that optimal reconfiguration of PV arrays can increase the power extraction from PV system with reduced number of P-V peaks. Hence, leading to improved performance of the PV system.

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    En los países del sur de Asia, incluidos Bangladesh, India y Pakistán, el escenario energético actual se considera no sostenible debido a diversas cuestiones, como las opciones económicas, ambientales, geopolíticas y tecnológicas para la explotación de la energía y el volumen insignificante del comercio regional de energía. Sin embargo, dentro de la región, India está liderando una fase de transición energética y transformación económica a través del desarrollo de energías renovables. Los países deben mostrar buenos resultados en el desarrollo de sus fuentes renovables siguiendo el rápido ritmo de las energías renovables en todo el mundo. Este artículo ofrece una visión general del escenario energético, el crecimiento de las energías renovables, la evolución y el enfoque de la política energética al resaltar los desafíos y barreras clave para la combinación energética ecológica de los países. Es importante destacar que el documento evalúa la combinación energética actual en el sur de Asia, destacando la anomalía de sus perspectivas futuras basadas en combustibles fósiles, sus ambiciones de avanzar hacia una menor contaminación ambiental y una combinación energética sostenible a través de un análisis FODA de herramientas estratégicas; fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas (FODA). En particular, este estudio examina las políticas gubernamentales para expandir la implementación de fuentes renovables con una visión de la estructura regulatoria existente del sector energético. Los hallazgos de la investigación presentada sugieren que para lograr el ambicioso objetivo de reducir la descarga de emisiones hasta en un 30% para el año 2030 en el marco de las Contribuciones Previstas Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (INDC), los gobiernos de los tres países deben tomar medidas preventivas. Incluye la reducción gradual de los subsidios a los combustibles fósiles, la integración del mercado dentro de la región y la rápida realización de las iniciativas existentes a través de una fuerte voluntad política, una buena gobernanza, la adopción de las últimas tecnologías y un plan de acción pragmático, y la cooperación energética en toda la región. Dans les pays d'Asie du Sud, y compris le Bangladesh, l'Inde et le Pakistan, le scénario énergétique actuel est considéré comme non durable en raison de divers problèmes tels que les options économiques, environnementales, géopolitiques et technologiques pour l'exploitation de l'énergie et le volume négligeable du commerce régional de l'énergie. Bien que, dans la région, l'Inde mène une phase de transition énergétique et de transformation économique grâce au développement des énergies renouvelables. Les pays doivent bien montrer dans le développement de leurs sources renouvelables à la suite du rythme rapide des énergies renouvelables dans le monde entier. Cet article offre un aperçu du scénario énergétique, de la croissance des énergies renouvelables, de l'évolution et de l'approche de la politique énergétique en soulignant les principaux défis et obstacles pour le mix énergétique écologique des pays. Il est important de noter que le document évalue le bouquet énergétique actuel en Asie du Sud, en soulignant l'anomalie de ses perspectives d'avenir basées sur les combustibles fossiles, ses ambitions de réduire la pollution environnementale et son bouquet énergétique durable grâce à une analyse SWOT d'outil stratégique ; forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces (SWOT). En particulier, cette étude examine les politiques gouvernementales visant à étendre la mise en œuvre des sources renouvelables avec un aperçu de la structure réglementaire existante du secteur de l'énergie. Les résultats de recherche présentés suggèrent que pour atteindre l'objectif ambitieux de réduire les rejets d'émissions jusqu'à 30 % d'ici 2030 dans le cadre des contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN), les gouvernements des trois pays doivent prendre des mesures préventives. Il comprend la réduction progressive des subventions sur les combustibles fossiles, l'intégration du marché dans la région et la réalisation rapide des initiatives existantes grâce à une forte volonté politique, à une bonne gouvernance, à l'adoption des dernières technologies, à un plan d'action pragmatique et à une coopération énergétique dans toute la région. In the South Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, the current energy scenario is considered non-sustainable due to diverse issues such as economic, environmental, geopolitical, technological options for energy exploitation, and negligible volume of regional energy trade. Though, within the region, India is leading a phase of energy transition and economic transformation through renewable energy development. The countries need to exhibit well in the development of their renewable sources following the rapid pace of renewable energies worldwide. This article offers an overview of the energy scenario, growth of renewable energies, evolution, and approach for energy policy by highlighting key challenges and barriers for the ecological energy mix of the countries. Importantly, the paper assesses the current energy mix in South Asia, highlighting the anomaly of its fossil fuel-based future outlook, its ambitions to move towards less environmental pollution, and sustainable energy mix through a strategic tool SWOT analysis; strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). In particular, this study examines the government policies to expand the implementation of renewable sources with an insight into the existing regulatory structure of the energy sector. The presented research findings suggest that to achieve the ambitious target to reduce emission discharge by up to 30% by the year 2030 under Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), the Governments of the three countries must take preemptive measures. It includes the stage-wise reduction of subsidies on fossil fuels, market integration within the region, and swift realization of the existing initiatives through strong political will, good governance, adoption of the latest technologies, and a pragmatic action plan, and energy cooperation across the region. في بلدان جنوب آسيا، بما في ذلك بنغلاديش والهند وباكستان، يعتبر سيناريو الطاقة الحالي غير مستدام بسبب قضايا متنوعة مثل الخيارات الاقتصادية والبيئية والجيوسياسية والتكنولوجية لاستغلال الطاقة، وحجم ضئيل من تجارة الطاقة الإقليمية. على الرغم من أن الهند، داخل المنطقة، تقود مرحلة انتقال الطاقة والتحول الاقتصادي من خلال تطوير الطاقة المتجددة. تحتاج البلدان إلى أن تظهر أداءً جيدًا في تطوير مصادرها المتجددة بعد الوتيرة السريعة للطاقات المتجددة في جميع أنحاء العالم. تقدم هذه المقالة لمحة عامة عن سيناريو الطاقة، ونمو الطاقات المتجددة، والتطور، ونهج سياسة الطاقة من خلال تسليط الضوء على التحديات والحواجز الرئيسية لمزيج الطاقة البيئية للبلدان. والأهم من ذلك، تقوم الورقة بتقييم مزيج الطاقة الحالي في جنوب آسيا، مع تسليط الضوء على الشذوذ في توقعاتها المستقبلية القائمة على الوقود الأحفوري، وطموحاتها للتحرك نحو تلوث بيئي أقل، ومزيج الطاقة المستدامة من خلال تحليل SWOT الاستراتيجي للأداة ؛ نقاط القوة والضعف والفرص والتهديدات (SWOT). على وجه الخصوص، تبحث هذه الدراسة في السياسات الحكومية لتوسيع تنفيذ مصادر الطاقة المتجددة مع نظرة ثاقبة على الهيكل التنظيمي الحالي لقطاع الطاقة. تشير نتائج البحث المقدمة إلى أنه لتحقيق الهدف الطموح المتمثل في الحد من تصريف الانبعاثات بنسبة تصل إلى 30 ٪ بحلول عام 2030 بموجب المساهمات المقررة المحددة وطنيًا (INDCs)، يجب على حكومات البلدان الثلاثة اتخاذ تدابير وقائية. ويشمل ذلك التخفيض التدريجي للإعانات على الوقود الأحفوري، وتكامل الأسواق داخل المنطقة، والإدراك السريع للمبادرات القائمة من خلال الإرادة السياسية القوية، والحكم الرشيد، واعتماد أحدث التقنيات، وخطة عمل عملية، والتعاون في مجال الطاقة في جميع أنحاء المنطقة.

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    En los países del sur de Asia, incluidos Bangladesh, India y Pakistán, el escenario energético actual se considera no sostenible debido a diversas cuestiones, como las opciones económicas, ambientales, geopolíticas y tecnológicas para la explotación de la energía y el volumen insignificante del comercio regional de energía. Sin embargo, dentro de la región, India está liderando una fase de transición energética y transformación económica a través del desarrollo de energías renovables. Los países deben mostrar buenos resultados en el desarrollo de sus fuentes renovables siguiendo el rápido ritmo de las energías renovables en todo el mundo. Este artículo ofrece una visión general del escenario energético, el crecimiento de las energías renovables, la evolución y el enfoque de la política energética al resaltar los desafíos y barreras clave para la combinación energética ecológica de los países. Es importante destacar que el documento evalúa la combinación energética actual en el sur de Asia, destacando la anomalía de sus perspectivas futuras basadas en combustibles fósiles, sus ambiciones de avanzar hacia una menor contaminación ambiental y una combinación energética sostenible a través de un análisis FODA de herramientas estratégicas; fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas (FODA). En particular, este estudio examina las políticas gubernamentales para expandir la implementación de fuentes renovables con una visión de la estructura regulatoria existente del sector energético. Los hallazgos de la investigación presentada sugieren que para lograr el ambicioso objetivo de reducir la descarga de emisiones hasta en un 30% para el año 2030 en el marco de las Contribuciones Previstas Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (INDC), los gobiernos de los tres países deben tomar medidas preventivas. Incluye la reducción gradual de los subsidios a los combustibles fósiles, la integración del mercado dentro de la región y la rápida realización de las iniciativas existentes a través de una fuerte voluntad política, una buena gobernanza, la adopción de las últimas tecnologías y un plan de acción pragmático, y la cooperación energética en toda la región. Dans les pays d'Asie du Sud, y compris le Bangladesh, l'Inde et le Pakistan, le scénario énergétique actuel est considéré comme non durable en raison de divers problèmes tels que les options économiques, environnementales, géopolitiques et technologiques pour l'exploitation de l'énergie et le volume négligeable du commerce régional de l'énergie. Bien que, dans la région, l'Inde mène une phase de transition énergétique et de transformation économique grâce au développement des énergies renouvelables. Les pays doivent bien montrer dans le développement de leurs sources renouvelables à la suite du rythme rapide des énergies renouvelables dans le monde entier. Cet article offre un aperçu du scénario énergétique, de la croissance des énergies renouvelables, de l'évolution et de l'approche de la politique énergétique en soulignant les principaux défis et obstacles pour le mix énergétique écologique des pays. Il est important de noter que le document évalue le bouquet énergétique actuel en Asie du Sud, en soulignant l'anomalie de ses perspectives d'avenir basées sur les combustibles fossiles, ses ambitions de réduire la pollution environnementale et son bouquet énergétique durable grâce à une analyse SWOT d'outil stratégique ; forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces (SWOT). En particulier, cette étude examine les politiques gouvernementales visant à étendre la mise en œuvre des sources renouvelables avec un aperçu de la structure réglementaire existante du secteur de l'énergie. Les résultats de recherche présentés suggèrent que pour atteindre l'objectif ambitieux de réduire les rejets d'émissions jusqu'à 30 % d'ici 2030 dans le cadre des contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN), les gouvernements des trois pays doivent prendre des mesures préventives. Il comprend la réduction progressive des subventions sur les combustibles fossiles, l'intégration du marché dans la région et la réalisation rapide des initiatives existantes grâce à une forte volonté politique, à une bonne gouvernance, à l'adoption des dernières technologies, à un plan d'action pragmatique et à une coopération énergétique dans toute la région. In the South Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, the current energy scenario is considered non-sustainable due to diverse issues such as economic, environmental, geopolitical, technological options for energy exploitation, and negligible volume of regional energy trade. Though, within the region, India is leading a phase of energy transition and economic transformation through renewable energy development. The countries need to exhibit well in the development of their renewable sources following the rapid pace of renewable energies worldwide. This article offers an overview of the energy scenario, growth of renewable energies, evolution, and approach for energy policy by highlighting key challenges and barriers for the ecological energy mix of the countries. Importantly, the paper assesses the current energy mix in South Asia, highlighting the anomaly of its fossil fuel-based future outlook, its ambitions to move towards less environmental pollution, and sustainable energy mix through a strategic tool SWOT analysis; strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). In particular, this study examines the government policies to expand the implementation of renewable sources with an insight into the existing regulatory structure of the energy sector. The presented research findings suggest that to achieve the ambitious target to reduce emission discharge by up to 30% by the year 2030 under Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), the Governments of the three countries must take preemptive measures. It includes the stage-wise reduction of subsidies on fossil fuels, market integration within the region, and swift realization of the existing initiatives through strong political will, good governance, adoption of the latest technologies, and a pragmatic action plan, and energy cooperation across the region. في بلدان جنوب آسيا، بما في ذلك بنغلاديش والهند وباكستان، يعتبر سيناريو الطاقة الحالي غير مستدام بسبب قضايا متنوعة مثل الخيارات الاقتصادية والبيئية والجيوسياسية والتكنولوجية لاستغلال الطاقة، وحجم ضئيل من تجارة الطاقة الإقليمية. على الرغم من أن الهند، داخل المنطقة، تقود مرحلة انتقال الطاقة والتحول الاقتصادي من خلال تطوير الطاقة المتجددة. تحتاج البلدان إلى أن تظهر أداءً جيدًا في تطوير مصادرها المتجددة بعد الوتيرة السريعة للطاقات المتجددة في جميع أنحاء العالم. تقدم هذه المقالة لمحة عامة عن سيناريو الطاقة، ونمو الطاقات المتجددة، والتطور، ونهج سياسة الطاقة من خلال تسليط الضوء على التحديات والحواجز الرئيسية لمزيج الطاقة البيئية للبلدان. والأهم من ذلك، تقوم الورقة بتقييم مزيج الطاقة الحالي في جنوب آسيا، مع تسليط الضوء على الشذوذ في توقعاتها المستقبلية القائمة على الوقود الأحفوري، وطموحاتها للتحرك نحو تلوث بيئي أقل، ومزيج الطاقة المستدامة من خلال تحليل SWOT الاستراتيجي للأداة ؛ نقاط القوة والضعف والفرص والتهديدات (SWOT). على وجه الخصوص، تبحث هذه الدراسة في السياسات الحكومية لتوسيع تنفيذ مصادر الطاقة المتجددة مع نظرة ثاقبة على الهيكل التنظيمي الحالي لقطاع الطاقة. تشير نتائج البحث المقدمة إلى أنه لتحقيق الهدف الطموح المتمثل في الحد من تصريف الانبعاثات بنسبة تصل إلى 30 ٪ بحلول عام 2030 بموجب المساهمات المقررة المحددة وطنيًا (INDCs)، يجب على حكومات البلدان الثلاثة اتخاذ تدابير وقائية. ويشمل ذلك التخفيض التدريجي للإعانات على الوقود الأحفوري، وتكامل الأسواق داخل المنطقة، والإدراك السريع للمبادرات القائمة من خلال الإرادة السياسية القوية، والحكم الرشيد، واعتماد أحدث التقنيات، وخطة عمل عملية، والتعاون في مجال الطاقة في جميع أنحاء المنطقة.

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    Authors: Muhammad Abdullah; Azhar Ul-Haq; Amir Shahzad; Hatem Sindi; +3 Authors

    La triboelectrificación es una tecnología novedosa para cosechar electricidad a partir de energía ambiental sin explotar. Su eficiencia depende del área, la morfología y las cargas en las superficies en contacto. Muchos estudios se llevan a cabo con el fin de aumentar la eficiencia de los generadores triboeléctricos mediante el aumento de la superficie o la variación de la morfología, pero la densidad de carga no está correctamente enfocada hasta la fecha. Aquí, discutiremos el efecto de las cargas artificiales inducidas en la superficie en contacto. Para ese propósito, se utilizó el tratamiento con plasma para aumentar la densidad de carga superficial de la superficie en contacto. El incremento en la densidad de carga en realidad nos ayudó a aumentar la eficiencia del generador triboeléctrico incluso sin cambiar las dimensiones del dispositivo. La potencia de salida se incrementó hasta dos veces en comparación con el dispositivo no tratado. Al final, también cargamos el condensador para comparar las eficiencias de almacenamiento de carga de ambos dispositivos. Encontramos que el dispositivo no tratado y el dispositivo tratado con plasma (15 min y 30 min) almacenaban voltajes de hasta 6 V, 9 V y 12 V respectivamente. Este tipo de estudio seguramente ayudará a los investigadores a mejorar la eficiencia de generación de corriente triboeléctrica incluso sin aumentar el tamaño del dispositivo. La triboélectrification est une nouvelle technologie pour récupérer l'électricité à partir d'énergie environnementale inexploitée. Son efficacité dépend de la surface, de la morphologie et des charges sur les surfaces en contact. De nombreuses études sont menées afin d'augmenter l'efficacité des générateurs triboélectriques en augmentant la surface ou en faisant varier la morphologie mais la densité de charge n'est pas correctement focalisée jusqu'à ce jour. Ici, nous discuterons de l'effet des charges artificielles induites sur la surface en contact. À cette fin, un traitement au plasma a été utilisé pour augmenter la densité de charge superficielle de la surface en contact. L'augmentation de la densité de charge nous a en fait aidés à augmenter l'efficacité du générateur triboélectrique même sans changer les dimensions de l'appareil. La puissance de sortie a été augmentée jusqu'à deux fois par rapport au dispositif non traité. À la fin, nous avons également chargé le condensateur afin de comparer l'efficacité de stockage de charge des deux appareils. Nous avons constaté que le dispositif non traité et le dispositif traité au plasma (15 min et 30 min) stockaient des tensions allant jusqu'à 6 V, 9 V et 12 V respectivement. Ce type d'étude aidera sûrement les chercheurs à améliorer l'efficacité de la génération de courant triboélectrique même sans augmenter la taille de l'appareil. Triboelectrification is a novel technology to harvest electricity from unexploited environmental energy. Its efficiency depends on the area, morphology and charges on the in-contact surfaces. Many studies are carried out in order to increase the efficiency of the triboelectric generators by increasing the surface area or varying the morphology but the charge density is not properly focused until date. Herein, we will discuss the effect of the artificial charges induced on the in-contact surface. For that purpose, plasma treatment was used to increase the surface charge density of the in-contact surface. The increment in the charge density actually helped us to increase the efficiency of triboelectric generator even without changing the dimensions of the device. The output power was increased up to two folds as compared to the untreated device. At the end, we also charged the capacitor in order to compare the charge storing efficiencies of both devices. We found that the untreated device and the plasma treated device (15 min and 30 min) stored voltages up to 6 V, 9 V and 12 V respectively. This type of study will surely support the researchers to enhance the triboelectric current generation efficiency even without increasing the size of the device. كهربة الأطراف هي تقنية جديدة لحصاد الكهرباء من الطاقة البيئية غير المستغلة. تعتمد كفاءته على المنطقة والمورفولوجيا والشحنات على الأسطح الملامسة. يتم إجراء العديد من الدراسات من أجل زيادة كفاءة المولدات الكهربية الثلاثية عن طريق زيادة مساحة السطح أو تغيير الشكل ولكن لا يتم تركيز كثافة الشحنة بشكل صحيح حتى الآن. سنناقش هنا تأثير الشحنات الاصطناعية المستحثة على سطح التلامس. لهذا الغرض، تم استخدام معالجة البلازما لزيادة كثافة الشحنة السطحية للسطح الملامس. ساعدتنا الزيادة في كثافة الشحنة في الواقع على زيادة كفاءة المولد الكهربائي حتى دون تغيير أبعاد الجهاز. تمت زيادة طاقة الخرج إلى طيتين مقارنة بالجهاز غير المعالج. في النهاية، قمنا أيضًا بشحن المكثف لمقارنة كفاءة تخزين الشحنة لكلا الجهازين. وجدنا أن الجهاز غير المعالج والجهاز المعالج بالبلازما (15 دقيقة و 30 دقيقة) يخزنان جهدًا يصل إلى 6 فولت و 9 فولت و 12 فولت على التوالي. من المؤكد أن هذا النوع من الدراسة سيدعم الباحثين لتعزيز كفاءة توليد التيار الكهربائي حتى من دون زيادة حجم الجهاز.

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    Authors: Muhammad Abdullah; Azhar Ul-Haq; Amir Shahzad; Hatem Sindi; +3 Authors

    La triboelectrificación es una tecnología novedosa para cosechar electricidad a partir de energía ambiental sin explotar. Su eficiencia depende del área, la morfología y las cargas en las superficies en contacto. Muchos estudios se llevan a cabo con el fin de aumentar la eficiencia de los generadores triboeléctricos mediante el aumento de la superficie o la variación de la morfología, pero la densidad de carga no está correctamente enfocada hasta la fecha. Aquí, discutiremos el efecto de las cargas artificiales inducidas en la superficie en contacto. Para ese propósito, se utilizó el tratamiento con plasma para aumentar la densidad de carga superficial de la superficie en contacto. El incremento en la densidad de carga en realidad nos ayudó a aumentar la eficiencia del generador triboeléctrico incluso sin cambiar las dimensiones del dispositivo. La potencia de salida se incrementó hasta dos veces en comparación con el dispositivo no tratado. Al final, también cargamos el condensador para comparar las eficiencias de almacenamiento de carga de ambos dispositivos. Encontramos que el dispositivo no tratado y el dispositivo tratado con plasma (15 min y 30 min) almacenaban voltajes de hasta 6 V, 9 V y 12 V respectivamente. Este tipo de estudio seguramente ayudará a los investigadores a mejorar la eficiencia de generación de corriente triboeléctrica incluso sin aumentar el tamaño del dispositivo. La triboélectrification est une nouvelle technologie pour récupérer l'électricité à partir d'énergie environnementale inexploitée. Son efficacité dépend de la surface, de la morphologie et des charges sur les surfaces en contact. De nombreuses études sont menées afin d'augmenter l'efficacité des générateurs triboélectriques en augmentant la surface ou en faisant varier la morphologie mais la densité de charge n'est pas correctement focalisée jusqu'à ce jour. Ici, nous discuterons de l'effet des charges artificielles induites sur la surface en contact. À cette fin, un traitement au plasma a été utilisé pour augmenter la densité de charge superficielle de la surface en contact. L'augmentation de la densité de charge nous a en fait aidés à augmenter l'efficacité du générateur triboélectrique même sans changer les dimensions de l'appareil. La puissance de sortie a été augmentée jusqu'à deux fois par rapport au dispositif non traité. À la fin, nous avons également chargé le condensateur afin de comparer l'efficacité de stockage de charge des deux appareils. Nous avons constaté que le dispositif non traité et le dispositif traité au plasma (15 min et 30 min) stockaient des tensions allant jusqu'à 6 V, 9 V et 12 V respectivement. Ce type d'étude aidera sûrement les chercheurs à améliorer l'efficacité de la génération de courant triboélectrique même sans augmenter la taille de l'appareil. Triboelectrification is a novel technology to harvest electricity from unexploited environmental energy. Its efficiency depends on the area, morphology and charges on the in-contact surfaces. Many studies are carried out in order to increase the efficiency of the triboelectric generators by increasing the surface area or varying the morphology but the charge density is not properly focused until date. Herein, we will discuss the effect of the artificial charges induced on the in-contact surface. For that purpose, plasma treatment was used to increase the surface charge density of the in-contact surface. The increment in the charge density actually helped us to increase the efficiency of triboelectric generator even without changing the dimensions of the device. The output power was increased up to two folds as compared to the untreated device. At the end, we also charged the capacitor in order to compare the charge storing efficiencies of both devices. We found that the untreated device and the plasma treated device (15 min and 30 min) stored voltages up to 6 V, 9 V and 12 V respectively. This type of study will surely support the researchers to enhance the triboelectric current generation efficiency even without increasing the size of the device. كهربة الأطراف هي تقنية جديدة لحصاد الكهرباء من الطاقة البيئية غير المستغلة. تعتمد كفاءته على المنطقة والمورفولوجيا والشحنات على الأسطح الملامسة. يتم إجراء العديد من الدراسات من أجل زيادة كفاءة المولدات الكهربية الثلاثية عن طريق زيادة مساحة السطح أو تغيير الشكل ولكن لا يتم تركيز كثافة الشحنة بشكل صحيح حتى الآن. سنناقش هنا تأثير الشحنات الاصطناعية المستحثة على سطح التلامس. لهذا الغرض، تم استخدام معالجة البلازما لزيادة كثافة الشحنة السطحية للسطح الملامس. ساعدتنا الزيادة في كثافة الشحنة في الواقع على زيادة كفاءة المولد الكهربائي حتى دون تغيير أبعاد الجهاز. تمت زيادة طاقة الخرج إلى طيتين مقارنة بالجهاز غير المعالج. في النهاية، قمنا أيضًا بشحن المكثف لمقارنة كفاءة تخزين الشحنة لكلا الجهازين. وجدنا أن الجهاز غير المعالج والجهاز المعالج بالبلازما (15 دقيقة و 30 دقيقة) يخزنان جهدًا يصل إلى 6 فولت و 9 فولت و 12 فولت على التوالي. من المؤكد أن هذا النوع من الدراسة سيدعم الباحثين لتعزيز كفاءة توليد التيار الكهربائي حتى من دون زيادة حجم الجهاز.

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    Authors: Zeeshan Ali Shah; Hatem F. Sindi; Azhar Ul-Haq; Mian Ashfaq Ali;

    A huge body of research is concentrated on developing advance load control strategies for reducing energy consumption and ensuring smooth operation of power system. Air conditioning loads are considered major energy consuming electrical loads in residential and business buildings, and that may cause significant rise in energy consumption. This paper presents an implementation of fuzzy controller with different number and shapes of membership functions for smoothing energy consumption of an air conditioning load while dealing with thermal disturbances. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB Simulink and the results demonstrate that the fuzzy controller with triangular membership function gives the desired performance with an error of less than 1% and saves 25% energy consumption. The obtained results are found effective in terms of smoothing energy consumption pattern of an air conditioning load without compromising consumer' s comfort. Performance of the designed controller is also compared with different controllers including self-tuning adaptive fuzzy controller, linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and nonlinear controllers. The presented fuzzy controller stands-out in terms of desired performance, simplicity and implementation.

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    Authors: Zeeshan Ali Shah; Hatem F. Sindi; Azhar Ul-Haq; Mian Ashfaq Ali;

    A huge body of research is concentrated on developing advance load control strategies for reducing energy consumption and ensuring smooth operation of power system. Air conditioning loads are considered major energy consuming electrical loads in residential and business buildings, and that may cause significant rise in energy consumption. This paper presents an implementation of fuzzy controller with different number and shapes of membership functions for smoothing energy consumption of an air conditioning load while dealing with thermal disturbances. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB Simulink and the results demonstrate that the fuzzy controller with triangular membership function gives the desired performance with an error of less than 1% and saves 25% energy consumption. The obtained results are found effective in terms of smoothing energy consumption pattern of an air conditioning load without compromising consumer' s comfort. Performance of the designed controller is also compared with different controllers including self-tuning adaptive fuzzy controller, linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and nonlinear controllers. The presented fuzzy controller stands-out in terms of desired performance, simplicity and implementation.

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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Essam A. Al‐Ammar; Kiran Farzana; Asad Waqar; Muhammad Aamir; +4 Authors

    Ces dernières années, en raison de l'augmentation de la demande de charge, les réseaux de distribution ont reçu une attention considérable pour être optimisés. Il est important de placer de manière optimale les générateurs distribués (DG) dans les réseaux de distribution afin de minimiser les pertes de puissance et les chutes de tension. Cependant, les DG encourent certains coûts d'investissement et d'exploitation, et leur placement n'est viable que si ces coûts surmontent les pertes d'énergie. Par conséquent, l'article actuel étudie la taille et le placement optimaux des DG dans les réseaux de distribution avec un nouveau concept pour minimiser simultanément le coût total de l'énergie ainsi que la perte de puissance totale et la chute de tension moyenne. L'algorithme de colonie d'abeilles artificielles (ABC) est proposé pour résoudre le problème multi-objectif considéré. Les performances de l'algorithme ABC proposé sont testées avec des algorithmes standard. L'analyse du flux de charge Newton Raphson (NRLF) est réalisée sur les réseaux radiaux IEEE 33 et 69-bus et sur la grille de référence CIGRE moyenne tension (MT). Deux cas de test ont été formés et étudiés. Les résultats prouvent que l'algorithme ABC proposé surpasse largement les autres algorithmes. En los últimos años, debido al aumento de la demanda de carga, las redes de distribución han recibido una atención sustancial para ser optimizadas. Es importante colocar de manera óptima los generadores distribuidos (DGS) en las redes de distribución para minimizar las pérdidas de energía y las caídas de voltaje. Sin embargo, las DG incurren en ciertos costos de inversión y operación, y su colocación solo es viable si estos costos superan las pérdidas de energía. Por lo tanto, el documento actual investiga el tamaño y la colocación óptimos de las DG en las redes de distribución con un concepto novedoso para minimizar simultáneamente el costo total de energía junto con la pérdida total de potencia y la caída de voltaje promedio. Se propone el algoritmo de colonia artificial de abejas (ABC) para resolver el problema multiobjetivo considerado. El rendimiento del algoritmo ABC propuesto se prueba con algoritmos estándar. El análisis del flujo de carga de Newton Raphson (NRLF) se realiza en redes radiales IEEE 33 y 69-bus y en la red de referencia de media tensión (MT) CIGRE. Se han formado e investigado dos casos de prueba. Los resultados demuestran que el algoritmo ABC propuesto supera en su mayoría a otros algoritmos. In recent years, due to increase in load demand, distribution networks have got substantial attention to get optimized. It is significant to optimally place the distributed generators (DGs) in distribution networks to minimize power losses and voltage drops. However, the DGs incur certain investment and operational costs, and their placement is only viable if these costs overcome energy losses. Therefore, current paper investigates the optimal sizing and placement of DGs in distribution networks with a novel concept to simultaneously minimize total energy cost along with total power loss and average voltage drop. Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is proposed to solve the considered multi-objective problem. The performance of the proposed ABC algorithm is tested with standard algorithms. Newton Raphson load flow (NRLF) analysis is conducted on IEEE 33 and 69-bus radial networks and on CIGRE medium voltage (MV) benchmark grid. Two test cases have been formed and investigated. The results prove that proposed ABC algorithm mostly outperforms other algorithms. في السنوات الأخيرة، وبسبب الزيادة في الطلب على الأحمال، حظيت شبكات التوزيع باهتمام كبير لتحسينها. من المهم وضع المولدات الموزعة (DGS) على النحو الأمثل في شبكات التوزيع لتقليل فقد الطاقة وانخفاض الجهد. ومع ذلك، تتكبد DGS بعض التكاليف الاستثمارية والتشغيلية، ولا يكون وضعها قابلاً للتطبيق إلا إذا تغلبت هذه التكاليف على خسائر الطاقة. لذلك، تبحث الورقة الحالية في الحجم الأمثل لمولدات الديزل ووضعها في شبكات التوزيع مع مفهوم جديد لتقليل تكلفة الطاقة الإجمالية في وقت واحد إلى جانب فقدان الطاقة الكلي وانخفاض متوسط الجهد. تُقترح خوارزمية مستعمرة النحل الاصطناعي (ABC) لحل المشكلة متعددة الأهداف المعتبرة. يتم اختبار أداء خوارزمية ABC المقترحة باستخدام خوارزميات قياسية. يتم إجراء تحليل تدفق حمل نيوتن رافسون (NRLF) على الشبكات الشعاعية IEEE 33 و 69 - bus وعلى شبكة قياس الجهد المتوسط CIGRE (MV). تم تشكيل حالتين اختباريتين والتحقيق فيهما. تثبت النتائج أن خوارزمية ABC المقترحة تتفوق في الغالب على الخوارزميات الأخرى.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ain Shams Engineerin...arrow_drop_down
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    Ain Shams Engineering Journal
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Ain Shams Engineering Journal
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    Ain Shams Engineering Journal
    Article . 2021
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/vf...
    Other literature type . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ain Shams Engineering Journal
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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      Ain Shams Engineering Journal
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      Ain Shams Engineering Journal
      Article . 2021
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/vf...
      Other literature type . 2021
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      Other literature type . 2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Essam A. Al‐Ammar; Kiran Farzana; Asad Waqar; Muhammad Aamir; +4 Authors

    Ces dernières années, en raison de l'augmentation de la demande de charge, les réseaux de distribution ont reçu une attention considérable pour être optimisés. Il est important de placer de manière optimale les générateurs distribués (DG) dans les réseaux de distribution afin de minimiser les pertes de puissance et les chutes de tension. Cependant, les DG encourent certains coûts d'investissement et d'exploitation, et leur placement n'est viable que si ces coûts surmontent les pertes d'énergie. Par conséquent, l'article actuel étudie la taille et le placement optimaux des DG dans les réseaux de distribution avec un nouveau concept pour minimiser simultanément le coût total de l'énergie ainsi que la perte de puissance totale et la chute de tension moyenne. L'algorithme de colonie d'abeilles artificielles (ABC) est proposé pour résoudre le problème multi-objectif considéré. Les performances de l'algorithme ABC proposé sont testées avec des algorithmes standard. L'analyse du flux de charge Newton Raphson (NRLF) est réalisée sur les réseaux radiaux IEEE 33 et 69-bus et sur la grille de référence CIGRE moyenne tension (MT). Deux cas de test ont été formés et étudiés. Les résultats prouvent que l'algorithme ABC proposé surpasse largement les autres algorithmes. En los últimos años, debido al aumento de la demanda de carga, las redes de distribución han recibido una atención sustancial para ser optimizadas. Es importante colocar de manera óptima los generadores distribuidos (DGS) en las redes de distribución para minimizar las pérdidas de energía y las caídas de voltaje. Sin embargo, las DG incurren en ciertos costos de inversión y operación, y su colocación solo es viable si estos costos superan las pérdidas de energía. Por lo tanto, el documento actual investiga el tamaño y la colocación óptimos de las DG en las redes de distribución con un concepto novedoso para minimizar simultáneamente el costo total de energía junto con la pérdida total de potencia y la caída de voltaje promedio. Se propone el algoritmo de colonia artificial de abejas (ABC) para resolver el problema multiobjetivo considerado. El rendimiento del algoritmo ABC propuesto se prueba con algoritmos estándar. El análisis del flujo de carga de Newton Raphson (NRLF) se realiza en redes radiales IEEE 33 y 69-bus y en la red de referencia de media tensión (MT) CIGRE. Se han formado e investigado dos casos de prueba. Los resultados demuestran que el algoritmo ABC propuesto supera en su mayoría a otros algoritmos. In recent years, due to increase in load demand, distribution networks have got substantial attention to get optimized. It is significant to optimally place the distributed generators (DGs) in distribution networks to minimize power losses and voltage drops. However, the DGs incur certain investment and operational costs, and their placement is only viable if these costs overcome energy losses. Therefore, current paper investigates the optimal sizing and placement of DGs in distribution networks with a novel concept to simultaneously minimize total energy cost along with total power loss and average voltage drop. Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is proposed to solve the considered multi-objective problem. The performance of the proposed ABC algorithm is tested with standard algorithms. Newton Raphson load flow (NRLF) analysis is conducted on IEEE 33 and 69-bus radial networks and on CIGRE medium voltage (MV) benchmark grid. Two test cases have been formed and investigated. The results prove that proposed ABC algorithm mostly outperforms other algorithms. في السنوات الأخيرة، وبسبب الزيادة في الطلب على الأحمال، حظيت شبكات التوزيع باهتمام كبير لتحسينها. من المهم وضع المولدات الموزعة (DGS) على النحو الأمثل في شبكات التوزيع لتقليل فقد الطاقة وانخفاض الجهد. ومع ذلك، تتكبد DGS بعض التكاليف الاستثمارية والتشغيلية، ولا يكون وضعها قابلاً للتطبيق إلا إذا تغلبت هذه التكاليف على خسائر الطاقة. لذلك، تبحث الورقة الحالية في الحجم الأمثل لمولدات الديزل ووضعها في شبكات التوزيع مع مفهوم جديد لتقليل تكلفة الطاقة الإجمالية في وقت واحد إلى جانب فقدان الطاقة الكلي وانخفاض متوسط الجهد. تُقترح خوارزمية مستعمرة النحل الاصطناعي (ABC) لحل المشكلة متعددة الأهداف المعتبرة. يتم اختبار أداء خوارزمية ABC المقترحة باستخدام خوارزميات قياسية. يتم إجراء تحليل تدفق حمل نيوتن رافسون (NRLF) على الشبكات الشعاعية IEEE 33 و 69 - bus وعلى شبكة قياس الجهد المتوسط CIGRE (MV). تم تشكيل حالتين اختباريتين والتحقيق فيهما. تثبت النتائج أن خوارزمية ABC المقترحة تتفوق في الغالب على الخوارزميات الأخرى.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ain Shams Engineerin...arrow_drop_down
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    Ain Shams Engineering Journal
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ain Shams Engineering Journal
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    Ain Shams Engineering Journal
    Article . 2021
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/vf...
    Other literature type . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/xs...
    Other literature type . 2021
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    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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    81
    citations81
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ain Shams Engineerin...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ain Shams Engineering Journal
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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      Ain Shams Engineering Journal
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    Authors: Hatem Sindi; Azhar Ul-Haq; Mohammad Shahmeer Hassan; Atif Iqbal; +1 Authors

    La movilidad eléctrica parece traer un cambio de paradigma en el sector del transporte por carretera en todo el mundo. El enorme consumo de combustibles fósiles y la creciente congestión del tráfico han causado preocupaciones sobre el consumo futuro de energía, el crecimiento de la economía y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en los países miembros del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo. La introducción de vehículos eléctricos (VE) en los dos países más poblados de la región, es decir, el Reino de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, se considera una opción prometedora para abordar la contaminación ambiental y los futuros temores relacionados con la economía de la región. Este documento presenta los impulsores clave para que los países adopten el transporte eléctrico. Este estudio de investigación investiga el impacto de la penetración de los vehículos eléctricos en la energía, la economía y el medio ambiente de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos a través del pronóstico de existencias de vehículos eléctricos mediante el análisis de regresión lineal. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el crecimiento esperado en el sector eléctrico de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos les permitirá mantener una penetración de vehículos eléctricos del 5% y el 30% para 2030, respectivamente. En este sentido, se propone un conjunto de políticas que permitirán a los países acelerar sus esfuerzos para alcanzar los objetivos previstos de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Aunque la investigación presentada se centra en el estudio de caso de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, los hallazgos de la investigación son lo suficientemente generalizados como para aplicarse a todas las demás regiones de la región. El conjunto de políticas sugerido servirá como guía para las partes interesadas pertinentes sobre las medidas necesarias para la electrificación sostenible del transporte por carretera en Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. La mobilité électrique semble apporter un changement de paradigme dans le secteur du transport routier dans le monde entier. L'énorme consommation de combustibles fossiles et la congestion croissante du trafic ont suscité des inquiétudes quant à la consommation d'énergie future, à la croissance économique et aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les pays membres de la région du Conseil de coopération du Golfe. L'introduction de véhicules électriques (VE) dans les deux pays les plus peuplés de la région, à savoir le Royaume d'Arabie saoudite et les Émirats arabes unis, est considérée comme une option prometteuse pour lutter contre la pollution de l'environnement et les craintes liées à l'économie future. Ce document présente les principaux facteurs incitant les pays à adopter le transport électrique. Cette étude de recherche étudie l'impact de la pénétration des véhicules électriques sur l'énergie, l'économie et l'environnement de l'Arabie saoudite et des Émirats arabes unis grâce à la prévision des stocks de véhicules électriques à l'aide d'une analyse de régression linéaire. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la croissance attendue dans le secteur de l'électricité en Arabie saoudite et aux Émirats arabes unis leur permettra de maintenir une pénétration de 5 % et de 30 % des véhicules électriques d'ici 2030, respectivement. À cet égard, un ensemble de politiques est proposé, qui permettra aux pays d'accélérer leurs efforts pour atteindre les objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Bien que la recherche présentée se concentre sur l'étude de cas de l'Arabie saoudite et des Émirats arabes unis, les résultats de la recherche sont suffisamment généralisés pour être appliqués à toutes les autres régions de la région. L'ensemble de politiques suggéré servira de lignes directrices aux parties prenantes concernées sur les mesures nécessaires à l'électrification durable du transport routier en Arabie saoudite et aux Émirats arabes unis. Electric mobility seems to bring a paradigm shift in the road transport sector worldwide. Huge consumption of fossil fuels and ever-increasing traffic congestion have caused concerns over future energy consumption, economy growth, and greenhouse gas emissions in the Gulf Cooperation Council region's member countries. The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) in the two most populous countries of the region, i.e., the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and UAE is considered a promising option to address environmental pollution and future economy-related fears region. This paper presents key drivers for the countries to adopt electric transportation. This research study investigates the impact of EVs penetration on energy, economy, and environment of KSA and UAE through EV stockpile forecasting using linear regression analysis. The obtained results suggest that expected growth in KSA and UAE's power sector will enable them to keep up 5% and 30% EVs penetration by 2030, respectively. In this regard, a set of policies are proposed, which will enable the countries to pace up their efforts to achieve the intended greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction goals. Though the presented research is focused on the case study of KSA and UAE, the research findings are generalized enough to be applied to all other regions of the region. The suggested set of policies will serve as guidelines for the relevant stakeholders about the necessary measures required for sustainable road transport electrification in KSA and UAE. يبدو أن التنقل الكهربائي يجلب نقلة نوعية في قطاع النقل البري في جميع أنحاء العالم. تسبب الاستهلاك الهائل للوقود الأحفوري والازدحام المروري المتزايد باستمرار في مخاوف بشأن استهلاك الطاقة في المستقبل ونمو الاقتصاد وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في البلدان الأعضاء في مجلس التعاون الخليجي. يعتبر إدخال المركبات الكهربائية (EVs) في البلدين الأكثر اكتظاظًا بالسكان في المنطقة، أي المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة، خيارًا واعدًا لمعالجة التلوث البيئي ومنطقة المخاوف المتعلقة بالاقتصاد المستقبلي. تعرض هذه الورقة الدوافع الرئيسية للبلدان لتبني النقل الكهربائي. تبحث هذه الدراسة البحثية في تأثير تغلغل المركبات الكهربائية على الطاقة والاقتصاد والبيئة في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة من خلال التنبؤ بمخزون المركبات الكهربائية باستخدام تحليل الانحدار الخطي. تشير النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها إلى أن النمو المتوقع في قطاع الطاقة في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة سيمكنهما من الحفاظ على انتشار السيارات الكهربائية بنسبة 5 ٪ و 30 ٪ بحلول عام 2030، على التوالي. وفي هذا الصدد، تُقترح مجموعة من السياسات التي ستمكن البلدان من تسريع جهودها لتحقيق الأهداف المنشودة لخفض انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة. على الرغم من أن البحث المقدم يركز على دراسة حالة المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة، إلا أن نتائج البحث معممة بما يكفي لتطبيقها على جميع المناطق الأخرى في المنطقة. ستكون مجموعة السياسات المقترحة بمثابة إرشادات لأصحاب المصلحة المعنيين حول التدابير اللازمة لكهربة النقل البري المستدام في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة.

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    Authors: Hatem Sindi; Azhar Ul-Haq; Mohammad Shahmeer Hassan; Atif Iqbal; +1 Authors

    La movilidad eléctrica parece traer un cambio de paradigma en el sector del transporte por carretera en todo el mundo. El enorme consumo de combustibles fósiles y la creciente congestión del tráfico han causado preocupaciones sobre el consumo futuro de energía, el crecimiento de la economía y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en los países miembros del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo. La introducción de vehículos eléctricos (VE) en los dos países más poblados de la región, es decir, el Reino de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, se considera una opción prometedora para abordar la contaminación ambiental y los futuros temores relacionados con la economía de la región. Este documento presenta los impulsores clave para que los países adopten el transporte eléctrico. Este estudio de investigación investiga el impacto de la penetración de los vehículos eléctricos en la energía, la economía y el medio ambiente de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos a través del pronóstico de existencias de vehículos eléctricos mediante el análisis de regresión lineal. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el crecimiento esperado en el sector eléctrico de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos les permitirá mantener una penetración de vehículos eléctricos del 5% y el 30% para 2030, respectivamente. En este sentido, se propone un conjunto de políticas que permitirán a los países acelerar sus esfuerzos para alcanzar los objetivos previstos de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Aunque la investigación presentada se centra en el estudio de caso de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, los hallazgos de la investigación son lo suficientemente generalizados como para aplicarse a todas las demás regiones de la región. El conjunto de políticas sugerido servirá como guía para las partes interesadas pertinentes sobre las medidas necesarias para la electrificación sostenible del transporte por carretera en Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. La mobilité électrique semble apporter un changement de paradigme dans le secteur du transport routier dans le monde entier. L'énorme consommation de combustibles fossiles et la congestion croissante du trafic ont suscité des inquiétudes quant à la consommation d'énergie future, à la croissance économique et aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les pays membres de la région du Conseil de coopération du Golfe. L'introduction de véhicules électriques (VE) dans les deux pays les plus peuplés de la région, à savoir le Royaume d'Arabie saoudite et les Émirats arabes unis, est considérée comme une option prometteuse pour lutter contre la pollution de l'environnement et les craintes liées à l'économie future. Ce document présente les principaux facteurs incitant les pays à adopter le transport électrique. Cette étude de recherche étudie l'impact de la pénétration des véhicules électriques sur l'énergie, l'économie et l'environnement de l'Arabie saoudite et des Émirats arabes unis grâce à la prévision des stocks de véhicules électriques à l'aide d'une analyse de régression linéaire. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la croissance attendue dans le secteur de l'électricité en Arabie saoudite et aux Émirats arabes unis leur permettra de maintenir une pénétration de 5 % et de 30 % des véhicules électriques d'ici 2030, respectivement. À cet égard, un ensemble de politiques est proposé, qui permettra aux pays d'accélérer leurs efforts pour atteindre les objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Bien que la recherche présentée se concentre sur l'étude de cas de l'Arabie saoudite et des Émirats arabes unis, les résultats de la recherche sont suffisamment généralisés pour être appliqués à toutes les autres régions de la région. L'ensemble de politiques suggéré servira de lignes directrices aux parties prenantes concernées sur les mesures nécessaires à l'électrification durable du transport routier en Arabie saoudite et aux Émirats arabes unis. Electric mobility seems to bring a paradigm shift in the road transport sector worldwide. Huge consumption of fossil fuels and ever-increasing traffic congestion have caused concerns over future energy consumption, economy growth, and greenhouse gas emissions in the Gulf Cooperation Council region's member countries. The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) in the two most populous countries of the region, i.e., the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and UAE is considered a promising option to address environmental pollution and future economy-related fears region. This paper presents key drivers for the countries to adopt electric transportation. This research study investigates the impact of EVs penetration on energy, economy, and environment of KSA and UAE through EV stockpile forecasting using linear regression analysis. The obtained results suggest that expected growth in KSA and UAE's power sector will enable them to keep up 5% and 30% EVs penetration by 2030, respectively. In this regard, a set of policies are proposed, which will enable the countries to pace up their efforts to achieve the intended greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction goals. Though the presented research is focused on the case study of KSA and UAE, the research findings are generalized enough to be applied to all other regions of the region. The suggested set of policies will serve as guidelines for the relevant stakeholders about the necessary measures required for sustainable road transport electrification in KSA and UAE. يبدو أن التنقل الكهربائي يجلب نقلة نوعية في قطاع النقل البري في جميع أنحاء العالم. تسبب الاستهلاك الهائل للوقود الأحفوري والازدحام المروري المتزايد باستمرار في مخاوف بشأن استهلاك الطاقة في المستقبل ونمو الاقتصاد وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في البلدان الأعضاء في مجلس التعاون الخليجي. يعتبر إدخال المركبات الكهربائية (EVs) في البلدين الأكثر اكتظاظًا بالسكان في المنطقة، أي المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة، خيارًا واعدًا لمعالجة التلوث البيئي ومنطقة المخاوف المتعلقة بالاقتصاد المستقبلي. تعرض هذه الورقة الدوافع الرئيسية للبلدان لتبني النقل الكهربائي. تبحث هذه الدراسة البحثية في تأثير تغلغل المركبات الكهربائية على الطاقة والاقتصاد والبيئة في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة من خلال التنبؤ بمخزون المركبات الكهربائية باستخدام تحليل الانحدار الخطي. تشير النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها إلى أن النمو المتوقع في قطاع الطاقة في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة سيمكنهما من الحفاظ على انتشار السيارات الكهربائية بنسبة 5 ٪ و 30 ٪ بحلول عام 2030، على التوالي. وفي هذا الصدد، تُقترح مجموعة من السياسات التي ستمكن البلدان من تسريع جهودها لتحقيق الأهداف المنشودة لخفض انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة. على الرغم من أن البحث المقدم يركز على دراسة حالة المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة، إلا أن نتائج البحث معممة بما يكفي لتطبيقها على جميع المناطق الأخرى في المنطقة. ستكون مجموعة السياسات المقترحة بمثابة إرشادات لأصحاب المصلحة المعنيين حول التدابير اللازمة لكهربة النقل البري المستدام في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة.

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    La catégorisation des défauts photovoltaïques est une tâche essentielle pour améliorer l'efficacité et la fiabilité d'un système photovoltaïque (PV). Les caractéristiques de sortie d'un système solaire (PV) peuvent être gravement affectées dans diverses conditions de défaut, y compris un court-circuit, une inadéquation de module, un circuit ouvert et de multiples défauts dans des conditions d'ombrage. De tels défauts PV peuvent potentiellement être analysés par l'analyse de la courbe caractéristique PV en utilisant un réseau neuronal multicouche avec un algorithme de gradient conjugué à l'échelle (SCG). Cet article présente une enquête approfondie pour la catégorisation, c'est-à-dire la classification des défauts PV susmentionnés à l'aide de l'algorithme SCG. La contribution majeure des travaux de recherche présentés est la catégorisation des défauts photovoltaïques dans seize classes différentes en considérant les technologies photovoltaïques polycristallines et à couches minces avec deux configurations différentes, y compris SP et TCT. La classification des défauts est réalisée avec une précision élevée de 99,6 % et un temps de calcul rapide de 0,08 s. Les résultats sont validés à travers le tracé de la Matrice de Confusion et de la Région de Convergence (roc) avec leur évaluation de performance dans Matlab. La précision obtenue et le temps de calcul rapide prouvent l'efficacité de l'approche basée sur un réseau neuronal multicouche pour la classification des défauts photovoltaïques afin d'augmenter la puissance de sortie, l'efficacité et la durée de vie des systèmes photovoltaïques. La categorización de las fallas fotovoltaicas es una tarea esencial para mejorar la eficiencia y fiabilidad de un sistema fotovoltaico (PV). Las características de salida de un sistema solar (PV) pueden verse gravemente afectadas en diversas condiciones de falla, incluyendo cortocircuito, desajuste de módulos, circuito abierto y múltiples fallas en condiciones de sombra. Dichas fallas fotovoltaicas se pueden analizar potencialmente a través del análisis de la curva característica fotovoltaica utilizando una red neuronal multicapa con un algoritmo de gradiente conjugado a escala (SCG). Este documento presenta una extensa investigación para la categorización, es decir, la clasificación de las fallas fotovoltaicas mencionadas anteriormente utilizando el algoritmo SCG. La principal contribución del trabajo de investigación presentado es la categorización de fallas fotovoltaicas en dieciséis clases diferentes considerando tecnologías fotovoltaicas policristalinas y de película delgada con dos configuraciones diferentes, incluyendo SP y TCT. La clasificación de fallos se logra con una alta precisión del 99,6% y un tiempo de cálculo rápido de 0,08 segundos. Los resultados se validan a través de la gráfica de la Matriz de Confusión y Región de Convergencia (Roc) con su evaluación de desempeño en MATLAB. La precisión lograda y el rápido tiempo de cálculo demuestran la efectividad del enfoque basado en redes neuronales multicapa para la clasificación de las fallas fotovoltaicas a fin de aumentar la potencia de salida, la eficiencia y la vida útil de los sistemas fotovoltaicos. Categorization of PV faults is an essential task for improving the efficiency and reliability of a photovoltaic (PV) system. Output characteristics of a solar (PV) system can be severely affected under various fault conditions including short circuit, module mismatch, open circuit, and multiple faults under shading conditions. Such PV faults can potentially be analyzed through the PV characteristic curve analysis using a multilayer neural network with a scaled conjugate gradient algorithm (SCG). This paper presents an extensive investigation for categorization, i.e., classification of the above-mentioned PV faults using the SCG algorithm. The major contribution of the presented research work is the categorization of PV faults in sixteen different classes considering polycrystalline and thin-film PV technologies with two different configurations, including SP and TCT. The fault classification is achieved with high accuracy of 99.6% and a fast-computational time of 0.08 sec. The results are validated through the plot of the Confusion Matrix and Region of Convergence (ROC) with their performance evaluation in MATLAB. The achieved accuracy and fast computational time prove the effectiveness of the multilayer neural network-based approach for classification of the PV faults to increase power output, efficiency, and lifespan of PV systems. يعد تصنيف الأعطال الكهروضوئية مهمة أساسية لتحسين كفاءة وموثوقية النظام الكهروضوئي (PV). يمكن أن تتأثر خصائص الإخراج لنظام الطاقة الشمسية (PV) بشدة في ظل ظروف الأعطال المختلفة بما في ذلك دائرة القصر، وعدم تطابق الوحدة، والدائرة المفتوحة، والأعطال المتعددة في ظل ظروف التظليل. يمكن تحليل هذه الأخطاء الكهروضوئية من خلال تحليل المنحنى المميز للكهروضوئية باستخدام شبكة عصبية متعددة الطبقات مع خوارزمية تدرج مترافق متدرج (SCG). تقدم هذه الورقة بحثًا مكثفًا للتصنيف، أي تصنيف الأخطاء الكهروضوئية المذكورة أعلاه باستخدام خوارزمية SCG. تتمثل المساهمة الرئيسية للعمل البحثي المقدم في تصنيف الأخطاء الكهروضوئية في ستة عشر فئة مختلفة مع الأخذ في الاعتبار التقنيات الكهروضوئية متعددة البلورات والأغشية الرقيقة بتكوينين مختلفين، بما في ذلك SP و TCT. يتم تحقيق تصنيف الخطأ بدقة عالية تبلغ 99.6 ٪ ووقت حسابي سريع يبلغ 0.08 ثانية. يتم التحقق من صحة النتائج من خلال مخطط مصفوفة الارتباك ومنطقة التقارب (ROC) مع تقييم أدائها في MATLAB. تثبت الدقة المحققة والوقت الحسابي السريع فعالية النهج القائم على الشبكة العصبية متعددة الطبقات لتصنيف الأعطال الكهروضوئية لزيادة خرج الطاقة والكفاءة وعمر الأنظمة الكهروضوئية.

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    La catégorisation des défauts photovoltaïques est une tâche essentielle pour améliorer l'efficacité et la fiabilité d'un système photovoltaïque (PV). Les caractéristiques de sortie d'un système solaire (PV) peuvent être gravement affectées dans diverses conditions de défaut, y compris un court-circuit, une inadéquation de module, un circuit ouvert et de multiples défauts dans des conditions d'ombrage. De tels défauts PV peuvent potentiellement être analysés par l'analyse de la courbe caractéristique PV en utilisant un réseau neuronal multicouche avec un algorithme de gradient conjugué à l'échelle (SCG). Cet article présente une enquête approfondie pour la catégorisation, c'est-à-dire la classification des défauts PV susmentionnés à l'aide de l'algorithme SCG. La contribution majeure des travaux de recherche présentés est la catégorisation des défauts photovoltaïques dans seize classes différentes en considérant les technologies photovoltaïques polycristallines et à couches minces avec deux configurations différentes, y compris SP et TCT. La classification des défauts est réalisée avec une précision élevée de 99,6 % et un temps de calcul rapide de 0,08 s. Les résultats sont validés à travers le tracé de la Matrice de Confusion et de la Région de Convergence (roc) avec leur évaluation de performance dans Matlab. La précision obtenue et le temps de calcul rapide prouvent l'efficacité de l'approche basée sur un réseau neuronal multicouche pour la classification des défauts photovoltaïques afin d'augmenter la puissance de sortie, l'efficacité et la durée de vie des systèmes photovoltaïques. La categorización de las fallas fotovoltaicas es una tarea esencial para mejorar la eficiencia y fiabilidad de un sistema fotovoltaico (PV). Las características de salida de un sistema solar (PV) pueden verse gravemente afectadas en diversas condiciones de falla, incluyendo cortocircuito, desajuste de módulos, circuito abierto y múltiples fallas en condiciones de sombra. Dichas fallas fotovoltaicas se pueden analizar potencialmente a través del análisis de la curva característica fotovoltaica utilizando una red neuronal multicapa con un algoritmo de gradiente conjugado a escala (SCG). Este documento presenta una extensa investigación para la categorización, es decir, la clasificación de las fallas fotovoltaicas mencionadas anteriormente utilizando el algoritmo SCG. La principal contribución del trabajo de investigación presentado es la categorización de fallas fotovoltaicas en dieciséis clases diferentes considerando tecnologías fotovoltaicas policristalinas y de película delgada con dos configuraciones diferentes, incluyendo SP y TCT. La clasificación de fallos se logra con una alta precisión del 99,6% y un tiempo de cálculo rápido de 0,08 segundos. Los resultados se validan a través de la gráfica de la Matriz de Confusión y Región de Convergencia (Roc) con su evaluación de desempeño en MATLAB. La precisión lograda y el rápido tiempo de cálculo demuestran la efectividad del enfoque basado en redes neuronales multicapa para la clasificación de las fallas fotovoltaicas a fin de aumentar la potencia de salida, la eficiencia y la vida útil de los sistemas fotovoltaicos. Categorization of PV faults is an essential task for improving the efficiency and reliability of a photovoltaic (PV) system. Output characteristics of a solar (PV) system can be severely affected under various fault conditions including short circuit, module mismatch, open circuit, and multiple faults under shading conditions. Such PV faults can potentially be analyzed through the PV characteristic curve analysis using a multilayer neural network with a scaled conjugate gradient algorithm (SCG). This paper presents an extensive investigation for categorization, i.e., classification of the above-mentioned PV faults using the SCG algorithm. The major contribution of the presented research work is the categorization of PV faults in sixteen different classes considering polycrystalline and thin-film PV technologies with two different configurations, including SP and TCT. The fault classification is achieved with high accuracy of 99.6% and a fast-computational time of 0.08 sec. The results are validated through the plot of the Confusion Matrix and Region of Convergence (ROC) with their performance evaluation in MATLAB. The achieved accuracy and fast computational time prove the effectiveness of the multilayer neural network-based approach for classification of the PV faults to increase power output, efficiency, and lifespan of PV systems. يعد تصنيف الأعطال الكهروضوئية مهمة أساسية لتحسين كفاءة وموثوقية النظام الكهروضوئي (PV). يمكن أن تتأثر خصائص الإخراج لنظام الطاقة الشمسية (PV) بشدة في ظل ظروف الأعطال المختلفة بما في ذلك دائرة القصر، وعدم تطابق الوحدة، والدائرة المفتوحة، والأعطال المتعددة في ظل ظروف التظليل. يمكن تحليل هذه الأخطاء الكهروضوئية من خلال تحليل المنحنى المميز للكهروضوئية باستخدام شبكة عصبية متعددة الطبقات مع خوارزمية تدرج مترافق متدرج (SCG). تقدم هذه الورقة بحثًا مكثفًا للتصنيف، أي تصنيف الأخطاء الكهروضوئية المذكورة أعلاه باستخدام خوارزمية SCG. تتمثل المساهمة الرئيسية للعمل البحثي المقدم في تصنيف الأخطاء الكهروضوئية في ستة عشر فئة مختلفة مع الأخذ في الاعتبار التقنيات الكهروضوئية متعددة البلورات والأغشية الرقيقة بتكوينين مختلفين، بما في ذلك SP و TCT. يتم تحقيق تصنيف الخطأ بدقة عالية تبلغ 99.6 ٪ ووقت حسابي سريع يبلغ 0.08 ثانية. يتم التحقق من صحة النتائج من خلال مخطط مصفوفة الارتباك ومنطقة التقارب (ROC) مع تقييم أدائها في MATLAB. تثبت الدقة المحققة والوقت الحسابي السريع فعالية النهج القائم على الشبكة العصبية متعددة الطبقات لتصنيف الأعطال الكهروضوئية لزيادة خرج الطاقة والكفاءة وعمر الأنظمة الكهروضوئية.

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    Authors: Ahsan Iqbal; Ayesha Ayoub; Asad Waqar; Azhar Ul-Haq; +2 Authors

    Le micro-réseau (MG) a des propriétés étendues pour surmonter les problèmes courants du système de distribution local. Certains de ces problèmes sont la production et la différence de demande, la panne d'électricité et la panne d'électricité, les préoccupations environnementales dues à la combustion des ressources naturelles dans les centrales électriques (indirectement) et les problèmes de fiabilité. Des recherches sur le micro-réseau sont menées pour améliorer ses caractéristiques afin d'atténuer les problèmes de qualité de l'énergie (PQ) associés au système de distribution. L'affaissement de la tension et la houle sont des problèmes majeurs de qualité de l'énergie depuis des décennies, les charges dans le système de distribution sont fortement affectées en raison de ces problèmes de qualité de l'énergie. Dans le système de distribution, une stratégie de compensation de la qualité du micro-réseau et de l'énergie devrait exister afin d'assurer la fiabilité et l'atténuation de l'affaissement de la tension/de la houle. Le restaurateur de tension dynamique (DVR) est un dispositif complet de système de transmission de courant alternatif flexible (FACTS) basé sur l'électronique de puissance, il s'agit d'un dispositif FACTS de troisième génération car sa flexibilité de sélection de schéma de contrôle et son approche de couplage de ligne électrique le font progresser par rapport aux dispositifs FACTS de première et de deuxième génération. Dans cet article, un restaurateur de tension dynamique amélioré (EDVR) est présenté pour atténuer efficacement l'affaissement/la houle de la tension dans le micro-réseau connecté au réseau. D'un côté, la présence d'une structure de micro-réseau assure la fiabilité du système de distribution pour les charges locales de l'autre côté, EDVR assure une alimentation électrique sans affaissement de tension/gonflement pour les charges. La stratégie de contrôle de l'EDVR est basée sur une approche de cadre de référence synchrone amélioré (ESRF) et un système de technique floue. ESRF est spécialement conçu pour un fonctionnement rapide et précis de l'EDVR alors que ; le système de technique floue est responsable de l'alimentation en tension normalisée pour les charges locales. La tension de liaison CC de l'EDVR est efficacement régulée à l'aide du schéma de contrôle proposé au moment de la compensation de l'affaissement/de la houle de la tension. L'analyse de stabilité du contrôle ESRF a été réalisée à l'aide de la modélisation de la VSC et du système d'analyse des valeurs propres. Les résultats de la simulation sur Matlab/Simulink ont vérifié les performances de l'EDVR dans le cadre de l'approche de contrôle présentée, de sorte que les charges spécifiques dans le système de distribution sont plus sûres dans le cadre du système de micro-réseau proposé avec l'EDVR. La microrred (MG) tiene propiedades extensas para superar los problemas comunes del sistema de distribución local. Algunos de esos problemas son la diferencia de generación y demanda, el apagón y el apagón, las preocupaciones ambientales debido a la quema de recursos naturales en las centrales eléctricas (indirectamente) y los problemas de confiabilidad. Se están llevando a cabo investigaciones sobre la microrred para mejorar sus características y mitigar los problemas de calidad de la energía (PQ) asociados con el sistema de distribución. La caída de tensión y el oleaje han sido los principales problemas de calidad de la energía durante décadas, las cargas en el sistema de distribución se ven muy afectadas debido a estos problemas de calidad de la energía. En el sistema de distribución, debe existir una estrategia de compensación de la microrred y la calidad de la energía para garantizar la confiabilidad y la mitigación del pandeo/oleaje de la tensión. El restaurador de voltaje dinámico (DVR) es un dispositivo integral de sistema de transmisión de corriente alterna flexible (FACTS) basado en electrónica de potencia, es un dispositivo FACTS de tercera generación, ya que su flexibilidad de selección de esquema de control y su enfoque de acoplamiento de línea eléctrica lo hacen avanzar en comparación con LOS DISPOSITIVOS FACTS de primera y segunda generación. En este documento, se presenta un restaurador de voltaje dinámico mejorado (EDVR) para mitigar de manera eficiente el pandeo/aumento de voltaje en la microrred conectada a la red. Por un lado, la presencia de una estructura de microrred garantiza la confiabilidad del sistema de distribución para cargas locales, por otro lado, EDVR garantiza una fuente de alimentación libre de pandeo/oleaje para cargas. La estrategia de control de EDVR se basa en un enfoque de marco de referencia síncrono mejorado (ESRF) y un sistema de técnica difusa. ESRF está especialmente diseñado para un funcionamiento rápido y preciso de EDVR, mientras que el sistema de técnica difusa es responsable del suministro de voltaje estandarizado para cargas locales. El voltaje de enlace de CC de EDVR se regula de manera efectiva con la ayuda del esquema de control propuesto en el momento de la compensación de pandeo/oleaje de voltaje. El análisis de estabilidad del control ESRF se ha realizado utilizando el modelado de VSC y el sistema de análisis de valores propios. Los resultados de la simulación en MATLAB/Simulink verificaron el rendimiento de EDVR bajo el enfoque de control presentado, por lo tanto, las cargas específicas en el sistema de distribución son más seguras bajo el sistema de microrred propuesto con EDVR. Microgrid (MG) has extensive properties to overcome common problems of local distribution system. Some of those problems are generation and demand difference, blackout and brownout, environmental concerns due to burning of natural resources in power stations (indirectly), and reliability issues. Research on microgrid is being conducted to enhance its features to mitigate power quality (PQ) problems associated with distribution system. Voltage sag and swell have been major power quality problems for decades, loads in distribution system are heavily affected due to these power quality problems. In the distribution system, microgrid and power quality compensation strategy should be existed in order to ensure reliability and voltage sag/swell mitigation. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is comprehensive power electronics based Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device, it is third-generation FACTS device as its control scheme selection flexibility and power line coupling approach make it advance when compare to first and second-generation FACTS devices. In this paper, an Enhanced Dynamic Voltage Restorer (EDVR) is presented to efficiently mitigate voltage sag/swell in grid connected microgrid. On the one side, the presence of microgrid structure ensures reliability of distribution system for local loads on the other side, EDVR ensures voltage sag/swell free power supply for loads. The control strategy of EDVR is based on enhanced synchronous reference frame (ESRF) approach and fuzzy technique system. ESRF is specially design for fast and precise operation of EDVR whereas; fuzzy technique system is responsible for standardized voltage supply for local loads. DC link voltage of EDVR is effectively regulated with the help of proposed control scheme at the time of voltage sag/swell compensation. Stability analysis of ESRF control has been done using modeling of VSC and eigenvalue analysis system. Simulation results on MATLAB/Simulink verified the performance of EDVR under presented control approach hence the specific loads in distribution system are more secure under proposed microgrid system with EDVR. تتمتع Microgrid (MG) بخصائص واسعة للتغلب على المشكلات الشائعة لنظام التوزيع المحلي. بعض هذه المشاكل هي اختلاف التوليد والطلب، وانقطاع التيار الكهربائي وانقطاع التيار الكهربائي، والمخاوف البيئية بسبب حرق الموارد الطبيعية في محطات الطاقة (بشكل غير مباشر)، وقضايا الموثوقية. يتم إجراء أبحاث حول الشبكة الدقيقة لتعزيز ميزاتها للتخفيف من مشاكل جودة الطاقة (PQ) المرتبطة بنظام التوزيع. كان ترهل الجهد وتضخمه من المشاكل الرئيسية في جودة الطاقة لعقود من الزمن، وتأثرت الأحمال في نظام التوزيع بشدة بسبب مشاكل جودة الطاقة هذه. في نظام التوزيع، يجب وجود استراتيجية لتعويض الشبكة الدقيقة وجودة الطاقة من أجل ضمان الموثوقية وتخفيف ترهل/تضخم الجهد. جهاز استعادة الجهد الديناميكي (DVR) هو جهاز شامل قائم على إلكترونيات الطاقة لنظام نقل التيار المتردد المرن (FACTS)، وهو جهاز FACTS من الجيل الثالث حيث أن مرونة اختيار مخطط التحكم ونهج اقتران خط الطاقة يجعله يتقدم عند مقارنته بأجهزة FACTS من الجيل الأول والثاني. في هذه الورقة، يتم تقديم جهاز استعادة الجهد الديناميكي المحسن (EDVR) للتخفيف بفعالية من ترهل/انتفاخ الجهد في الشبكة الدقيقة المتصلة بالشبكة. من ناحية، يضمن وجود بنية الشبكة الدقيقة موثوقية نظام التوزيع للأحمال المحلية على الجانب الآخر، ويضمن EDVR إمدادات طاقة خالية من الترهل/الانتفاخ للأحمال. تعتمد استراتيجية التحكم في EDVR على نهج الإطار المرجعي المتزامن المحسن (ESRF) ونظام التقنية الغامض. تم تصميم ESRF خصيصًا للتشغيل السريع والدقيق لـ EDVR في حين أن نظام تقنية غامض مسؤول عن إمداد الجهد القياسي للأحمال المحلية. يتم تنظيم جهد وصلة التيار المستمر لـ EDVR بشكل فعال بمساعدة مخطط التحكم المقترح في وقت تعويض ترهل/تضخم الجهد. تم إجراء تحليل الاستقرار للتحكم في ESRF باستخدام نمذجة VSC ونظام تحليل القيمة الذاتية. تحققت نتائج المحاكاة على MATLAB/Simulink من أداء EDVR تحت نهج التحكم المقدم وبالتالي فإن الأحمال المحددة في نظام التوزيع أكثر أمانًا تحت نظام الشبكة الدقيقة المقترح مع EDVR.

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    Authors: Ahsan Iqbal; Ayesha Ayoub; Asad Waqar; Azhar Ul-Haq; +2 Authors

    Le micro-réseau (MG) a des propriétés étendues pour surmonter les problèmes courants du système de distribution local. Certains de ces problèmes sont la production et la différence de demande, la panne d'électricité et la panne d'électricité, les préoccupations environnementales dues à la combustion des ressources naturelles dans les centrales électriques (indirectement) et les problèmes de fiabilité. Des recherches sur le micro-réseau sont menées pour améliorer ses caractéristiques afin d'atténuer les problèmes de qualité de l'énergie (PQ) associés au système de distribution. L'affaissement de la tension et la houle sont des problèmes majeurs de qualité de l'énergie depuis des décennies, les charges dans le système de distribution sont fortement affectées en raison de ces problèmes de qualité de l'énergie. Dans le système de distribution, une stratégie de compensation de la qualité du micro-réseau et de l'énergie devrait exister afin d'assurer la fiabilité et l'atténuation de l'affaissement de la tension/de la houle. Le restaurateur de tension dynamique (DVR) est un dispositif complet de système de transmission de courant alternatif flexible (FACTS) basé sur l'électronique de puissance, il s'agit d'un dispositif FACTS de troisième génération car sa flexibilité de sélection de schéma de contrôle et son approche de couplage de ligne électrique le font progresser par rapport aux dispositifs FACTS de première et de deuxième génération. Dans cet article, un restaurateur de tension dynamique amélioré (EDVR) est présenté pour atténuer efficacement l'affaissement/la houle de la tension dans le micro-réseau connecté au réseau. D'un côté, la présence d'une structure de micro-réseau assure la fiabilité du système de distribution pour les charges locales de l'autre côté, EDVR assure une alimentation électrique sans affaissement de tension/gonflement pour les charges. La stratégie de contrôle de l'EDVR est basée sur une approche de cadre de référence synchrone amélioré (ESRF) et un système de technique floue. ESRF est spécialement conçu pour un fonctionnement rapide et précis de l'EDVR alors que ; le système de technique floue est responsable de l'alimentation en tension normalisée pour les charges locales. La tension de liaison CC de l'EDVR est efficacement régulée à l'aide du schéma de contrôle proposé au moment de la compensation de l'affaissement/de la houle de la tension. L'analyse de stabilité du contrôle ESRF a été réalisée à l'aide de la modélisation de la VSC et du système d'analyse des valeurs propres. Les résultats de la simulation sur Matlab/Simulink ont vérifié les performances de l'EDVR dans le cadre de l'approche de contrôle présentée, de sorte que les charges spécifiques dans le système de distribution sont plus sûres dans le cadre du système de micro-réseau proposé avec l'EDVR. La microrred (MG) tiene propiedades extensas para superar los problemas comunes del sistema de distribución local. Algunos de esos problemas son la diferencia de generación y demanda, el apagón y el apagón, las preocupaciones ambientales debido a la quema de recursos naturales en las centrales eléctricas (indirectamente) y los problemas de confiabilidad. Se están llevando a cabo investigaciones sobre la microrred para mejorar sus características y mitigar los problemas de calidad de la energía (PQ) asociados con el sistema de distribución. La caída de tensión y el oleaje han sido los principales problemas de calidad de la energía durante décadas, las cargas en el sistema de distribución se ven muy afectadas debido a estos problemas de calidad de la energía. En el sistema de distribución, debe existir una estrategia de compensación de la microrred y la calidad de la energía para garantizar la confiabilidad y la mitigación del pandeo/oleaje de la tensión. El restaurador de voltaje dinámico (DVR) es un dispositivo integral de sistema de transmisión de corriente alterna flexible (FACTS) basado en electrónica de potencia, es un dispositivo FACTS de tercera generación, ya que su flexibilidad de selección de esquema de control y su enfoque de acoplamiento de línea eléctrica lo hacen avanzar en comparación con LOS DISPOSITIVOS FACTS de primera y segunda generación. En este documento, se presenta un restaurador de voltaje dinámico mejorado (EDVR) para mitigar de manera eficiente el pandeo/aumento de voltaje en la microrred conectada a la red. Por un lado, la presencia de una estructura de microrred garantiza la confiabilidad del sistema de distribución para cargas locales, por otro lado, EDVR garantiza una fuente de alimentación libre de pandeo/oleaje para cargas. La estrategia de control de EDVR se basa en un enfoque de marco de referencia síncrono mejorado (ESRF) y un sistema de técnica difusa. ESRF está especialmente diseñado para un funcionamiento rápido y preciso de EDVR, mientras que el sistema de técnica difusa es responsable del suministro de voltaje estandarizado para cargas locales. El voltaje de enlace de CC de EDVR se regula de manera efectiva con la ayuda del esquema de control propuesto en el momento de la compensación de pandeo/oleaje de voltaje. El análisis de estabilidad del control ESRF se ha realizado utilizando el modelado de VSC y el sistema de análisis de valores propios. Los resultados de la simulación en MATLAB/Simulink verificaron el rendimiento de EDVR bajo el enfoque de control presentado, por lo tanto, las cargas específicas en el sistema de distribución son más seguras bajo el sistema de microrred propuesto con EDVR. Microgrid (MG) has extensive properties to overcome common problems of local distribution system. Some of those problems are generation and demand difference, blackout and brownout, environmental concerns due to burning of natural resources in power stations (indirectly), and reliability issues. Research on microgrid is being conducted to enhance its features to mitigate power quality (PQ) problems associated with distribution system. Voltage sag and swell have been major power quality problems for decades, loads in distribution system are heavily affected due to these power quality problems. In the distribution system, microgrid and power quality compensation strategy should be existed in order to ensure reliability and voltage sag/swell mitigation. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is comprehensive power electronics based Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device, it is third-generation FACTS device as its control scheme selection flexibility and power line coupling approach make it advance when compare to first and second-generation FACTS devices. In this paper, an Enhanced Dynamic Voltage Restorer (EDVR) is presented to efficiently mitigate voltage sag/swell in grid connected microgrid. On the one side, the presence of microgrid structure ensures reliability of distribution system for local loads on the other side, EDVR ensures voltage sag/swell free power supply for loads. The control strategy of EDVR is based on enhanced synchronous reference frame (ESRF) approach and fuzzy technique system. ESRF is specially design for fast and precise operation of EDVR whereas; fuzzy technique system is responsible for standardized voltage supply for local loads. DC link voltage of EDVR is effectively regulated with the help of proposed control scheme at the time of voltage sag/swell compensation. Stability analysis of ESRF control has been done using modeling of VSC and eigenvalue analysis system. Simulation results on MATLAB/Simulink verified the performance of EDVR under presented control approach hence the specific loads in distribution system are more secure under proposed microgrid system with EDVR. تتمتع Microgrid (MG) بخصائص واسعة للتغلب على المشكلات الشائعة لنظام التوزيع المحلي. بعض هذه المشاكل هي اختلاف التوليد والطلب، وانقطاع التيار الكهربائي وانقطاع التيار الكهربائي، والمخاوف البيئية بسبب حرق الموارد الطبيعية في محطات الطاقة (بشكل غير مباشر)، وقضايا الموثوقية. يتم إجراء أبحاث حول الشبكة الدقيقة لتعزيز ميزاتها للتخفيف من مشاكل جودة الطاقة (PQ) المرتبطة بنظام التوزيع. كان ترهل الجهد وتضخمه من المشاكل الرئيسية في جودة الطاقة لعقود من الزمن، وتأثرت الأحمال في نظام التوزيع بشدة بسبب مشاكل جودة الطاقة هذه. في نظام التوزيع، يجب وجود استراتيجية لتعويض الشبكة الدقيقة وجودة الطاقة من أجل ضمان الموثوقية وتخفيف ترهل/تضخم الجهد. جهاز استعادة الجهد الديناميكي (DVR) هو جهاز شامل قائم على إلكترونيات الطاقة لنظام نقل التيار المتردد المرن (FACTS)، وهو جهاز FACTS من الجيل الثالث حيث أن مرونة اختيار مخطط التحكم ونهج اقتران خط الطاقة يجعله يتقدم عند مقارنته بأجهزة FACTS من الجيل الأول والثاني. في هذه الورقة، يتم تقديم جهاز استعادة الجهد الديناميكي المحسن (EDVR) للتخفيف بفعالية من ترهل/انتفاخ الجهد في الشبكة الدقيقة المتصلة بالشبكة. من ناحية، يضمن وجود بنية الشبكة الدقيقة موثوقية نظام التوزيع للأحمال المحلية على الجانب الآخر، ويضمن EDVR إمدادات طاقة خالية من الترهل/الانتفاخ للأحمال. تعتمد استراتيجية التحكم في EDVR على نهج الإطار المرجعي المتزامن المحسن (ESRF) ونظام التقنية الغامض. تم تصميم ESRF خصيصًا للتشغيل السريع والدقيق لـ EDVR في حين أن نظام تقنية غامض مسؤول عن إمداد الجهد القياسي للأحمال المحلية. يتم تنظيم جهد وصلة التيار المستمر لـ EDVR بشكل فعال بمساعدة مخطط التحكم المقترح في وقت تعويض ترهل/تضخم الجهد. تم إجراء تحليل الاستقرار للتحكم في ESRF باستخدام نمذجة VSC ونظام تحليل القيمة الذاتية. تحققت نتائج المحاكاة على MATLAB/Simulink من أداء EDVR تحت نهج التحكم المقدم وبالتالي فإن الأحمال المحددة في نظام التوزيع أكثر أمانًا تحت نظام الشبكة الدقيقة المقترح مع EDVR.

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    Authors: Azhar Ul-Haq; Rashid Alammari; Atif Iqbal; Marium Jalal; +1 Authors

    Photovoltaic (PV) faults such as partial shading, bypass-diode defects, degradation of PV modules, and wiring issues greatly affect the power output and cause various peaks in P-V curves of a PV system. Although, commonly used Total-Cross-Tied (TCT) scheme in PV arrays is considered instrumental for reducing power losses there lies a great scope to evaluate power extraction through reconfiguration of modules with different PV materials. This paper presents detailed investigation of power extraction using number placement reconfiguration method under numerous faults. PV power extraction is carried out and compared with three different interconnections of PV modules, including series-parallel (SP), bridge-link (BL) and TCT. In order to conduct a thorough investigation and better evaluate the performance of PV arrays, we have studied reconfiguration of PV modules with polycrystalline and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) PV technologies. In addition, this paper contains detailed quantification of the impact of the studied PV faults on power grid. The results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that CIGS PV technology performs better than polycrystalline in terms of power output during different faulty conditions. It becomes evident from the presented results that optimal reconfiguration of PV arrays can increase the power extraction from PV system with reduced number of P-V peaks. Hence, leading to improved performance of the PV system.

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    Authors: Azhar Ul-Haq; Rashid Alammari; Atif Iqbal; Marium Jalal; +1 Authors

    Photovoltaic (PV) faults such as partial shading, bypass-diode defects, degradation of PV modules, and wiring issues greatly affect the power output and cause various peaks in P-V curves of a PV system. Although, commonly used Total-Cross-Tied (TCT) scheme in PV arrays is considered instrumental for reducing power losses there lies a great scope to evaluate power extraction through reconfiguration of modules with different PV materials. This paper presents detailed investigation of power extraction using number placement reconfiguration method under numerous faults. PV power extraction is carried out and compared with three different interconnections of PV modules, including series-parallel (SP), bridge-link (BL) and TCT. In order to conduct a thorough investigation and better evaluate the performance of PV arrays, we have studied reconfiguration of PV modules with polycrystalline and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) PV technologies. In addition, this paper contains detailed quantification of the impact of the studied PV faults on power grid. The results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that CIGS PV technology performs better than polycrystalline in terms of power output during different faulty conditions. It becomes evident from the presented results that optimal reconfiguration of PV arrays can increase the power extraction from PV system with reduced number of P-V peaks. Hence, leading to improved performance of the PV system.

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    En los países del sur de Asia, incluidos Bangladesh, India y Pakistán, el escenario energético actual se considera no sostenible debido a diversas cuestiones, como las opciones económicas, ambientales, geopolíticas y tecnológicas para la explotación de la energía y el volumen insignificante del comercio regional de energía. Sin embargo, dentro de la región, India está liderando una fase de transición energética y transformación económica a través del desarrollo de energías renovables. Los países deben mostrar buenos resultados en el desarrollo de sus fuentes renovables siguiendo el rápido ritmo de las energías renovables en todo el mundo. Este artículo ofrece una visión general del escenario energético, el crecimiento de las energías renovables, la evolución y el enfoque de la política energética al resaltar los desafíos y barreras clave para la combinación energética ecológica de los países. Es importante destacar que el documento evalúa la combinación energética actual en el sur de Asia, destacando la anomalía de sus perspectivas futuras basadas en combustibles fósiles, sus ambiciones de avanzar hacia una menor contaminación ambiental y una combinación energética sostenible a través de un análisis FODA de herramientas estratégicas; fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas (FODA). En particular, este estudio examina las políticas gubernamentales para expandir la implementación de fuentes renovables con una visión de la estructura regulatoria existente del sector energético. Los hallazgos de la investigación presentada sugieren que para lograr el ambicioso objetivo de reducir la descarga de emisiones hasta en un 30% para el año 2030 en el marco de las Contribuciones Previstas Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (INDC), los gobiernos de los tres países deben tomar medidas preventivas. Incluye la reducción gradual de los subsidios a los combustibles fósiles, la integración del mercado dentro de la región y la rápida realización de las iniciativas existentes a través de una fuerte voluntad política, una buena gobernanza, la adopción de las últimas tecnologías y un plan de acción pragmático, y la cooperación energética en toda la región. Dans les pays d'Asie du Sud, y compris le Bangladesh, l'Inde et le Pakistan, le scénario énergétique actuel est considéré comme non durable en raison de divers problèmes tels que les options économiques, environnementales, géopolitiques et technologiques pour l'exploitation de l'énergie et le volume négligeable du commerce régional de l'énergie. Bien que, dans la région, l'Inde mène une phase de transition énergétique et de transformation économique grâce au développement des énergies renouvelables. Les pays doivent bien montrer dans le développement de leurs sources renouvelables à la suite du rythme rapide des énergies renouvelables dans le monde entier. Cet article offre un aperçu du scénario énergétique, de la croissance des énergies renouvelables, de l'évolution et de l'approche de la politique énergétique en soulignant les principaux défis et obstacles pour le mix énergétique écologique des pays. Il est important de noter que le document évalue le bouquet énergétique actuel en Asie du Sud, en soulignant l'anomalie de ses perspectives d'avenir basées sur les combustibles fossiles, ses ambitions de réduire la pollution environnementale et son bouquet énergétique durable grâce à une analyse SWOT d'outil stratégique ; forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces (SWOT). En particulier, cette étude examine les politiques gouvernementales visant à étendre la mise en œuvre des sources renouvelables avec un aperçu de la structure réglementaire existante du secteur de l'énergie. Les résultats de recherche présentés suggèrent que pour atteindre l'objectif ambitieux de réduire les rejets d'émissions jusqu'à 30 % d'ici 2030 dans le cadre des contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN), les gouvernements des trois pays doivent prendre des mesures préventives. Il comprend la réduction progressive des subventions sur les combustibles fossiles, l'intégration du marché dans la région et la réalisation rapide des initiatives existantes grâce à une forte volonté politique, à une bonne gouvernance, à l'adoption des dernières technologies, à un plan d'action pragmatique et à une coopération énergétique dans toute la région. In the South Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, the current energy scenario is considered non-sustainable due to diverse issues such as economic, environmental, geopolitical, technological options for energy exploitation, and negligible volume of regional energy trade. Though, within the region, India is leading a phase of energy transition and economic transformation through renewable energy development. The countries need to exhibit well in the development of their renewable sources following the rapid pace of renewable energies worldwide. This article offers an overview of the energy scenario, growth of renewable energies, evolution, and approach for energy policy by highlighting key challenges and barriers for the ecological energy mix of the countries. Importantly, the paper assesses the current energy mix in South Asia, highlighting the anomaly of its fossil fuel-based future outlook, its ambitions to move towards less environmental pollution, and sustainable energy mix through a strategic tool SWOT analysis; strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). In particular, this study examines the government policies to expand the implementation of renewable sources with an insight into the existing regulatory structure of the energy sector. The presented research findings suggest that to achieve the ambitious target to reduce emission discharge by up to 30% by the year 2030 under Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), the Governments of the three countries must take preemptive measures. It includes the stage-wise reduction of subsidies on fossil fuels, market integration within the region, and swift realization of the existing initiatives through strong political will, good governance, adoption of the latest technologies, and a pragmatic action plan, and energy cooperation across the region. في بلدان جنوب آسيا، بما في ذلك بنغلاديش والهند وباكستان، يعتبر سيناريو الطاقة الحالي غير مستدام بسبب قضايا متنوعة مثل الخيارات الاقتصادية والبيئية والجيوسياسية والتكنولوجية لاستغلال الطاقة، وحجم ضئيل من تجارة الطاقة الإقليمية. على الرغم من أن الهند، داخل المنطقة، تقود مرحلة انتقال الطاقة والتحول الاقتصادي من خلال تطوير الطاقة المتجددة. تحتاج البلدان إلى أن تظهر أداءً جيدًا في تطوير مصادرها المتجددة بعد الوتيرة السريعة للطاقات المتجددة في جميع أنحاء العالم. تقدم هذه المقالة لمحة عامة عن سيناريو الطاقة، ونمو الطاقات المتجددة، والتطور، ونهج سياسة الطاقة من خلال تسليط الضوء على التحديات والحواجز الرئيسية لمزيج الطاقة البيئية للبلدان. والأهم من ذلك، تقوم الورقة بتقييم مزيج الطاقة الحالي في جنوب آسيا، مع تسليط الضوء على الشذوذ في توقعاتها المستقبلية القائمة على الوقود الأحفوري، وطموحاتها للتحرك نحو تلوث بيئي أقل، ومزيج الطاقة المستدامة من خلال تحليل SWOT الاستراتيجي للأداة ؛ نقاط القوة والضعف والفرص والتهديدات (SWOT). على وجه الخصوص، تبحث هذه الدراسة في السياسات الحكومية لتوسيع تنفيذ مصادر الطاقة المتجددة مع نظرة ثاقبة على الهيكل التنظيمي الحالي لقطاع الطاقة. تشير نتائج البحث المقدمة إلى أنه لتحقيق الهدف الطموح المتمثل في الحد من تصريف الانبعاثات بنسبة تصل إلى 30 ٪ بحلول عام 2030 بموجب المساهمات المقررة المحددة وطنيًا (INDCs)، يجب على حكومات البلدان الثلاثة اتخاذ تدابير وقائية. ويشمل ذلك التخفيض التدريجي للإعانات على الوقود الأحفوري، وتكامل الأسواق داخل المنطقة، والإدراك السريع للمبادرات القائمة من خلال الإرادة السياسية القوية، والحكم الرشيد، واعتماد أحدث التقنيات، وخطة عمل عملية، والتعاون في مجال الطاقة في جميع أنحاء المنطقة.

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    En los países del sur de Asia, incluidos Bangladesh, India y Pakistán, el escenario energético actual se considera no sostenible debido a diversas cuestiones, como las opciones económicas, ambientales, geopolíticas y tecnológicas para la explotación de la energía y el volumen insignificante del comercio regional de energía. Sin embargo, dentro de la región, India está liderando una fase de transición energética y transformación económica a través del desarrollo de energías renovables. Los países deben mostrar buenos resultados en el desarrollo de sus fuentes renovables siguiendo el rápido ritmo de las energías renovables en todo el mundo. Este artículo ofrece una visión general del escenario energético, el crecimiento de las energías renovables, la evolución y el enfoque de la política energética al resaltar los desafíos y barreras clave para la combinación energética ecológica de los países. Es importante destacar que el documento evalúa la combinación energética actual en el sur de Asia, destacando la anomalía de sus perspectivas futuras basadas en combustibles fósiles, sus ambiciones de avanzar hacia una menor contaminación ambiental y una combinación energética sostenible a través de un análisis FODA de herramientas estratégicas; fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas (FODA). En particular, este estudio examina las políticas gubernamentales para expandir la implementación de fuentes renovables con una visión de la estructura regulatoria existente del sector energético. Los hallazgos de la investigación presentada sugieren que para lograr el ambicioso objetivo de reducir la descarga de emisiones hasta en un 30% para el año 2030 en el marco de las Contribuciones Previstas Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (INDC), los gobiernos de los tres países deben tomar medidas preventivas. Incluye la reducción gradual de los subsidios a los combustibles fósiles, la integración del mercado dentro de la región y la rápida realización de las iniciativas existentes a través de una fuerte voluntad política, una buena gobernanza, la adopción de las últimas tecnologías y un plan de acción pragmático, y la cooperación energética en toda la región. Dans les pays d'Asie du Sud, y compris le Bangladesh, l'Inde et le Pakistan, le scénario énergétique actuel est considéré comme non durable en raison de divers problèmes tels que les options économiques, environnementales, géopolitiques et technologiques pour l'exploitation de l'énergie et le volume négligeable du commerce régional de l'énergie. Bien que, dans la région, l'Inde mène une phase de transition énergétique et de transformation économique grâce au développement des énergies renouvelables. Les pays doivent bien montrer dans le développement de leurs sources renouvelables à la suite du rythme rapide des énergies renouvelables dans le monde entier. Cet article offre un aperçu du scénario énergétique, de la croissance des énergies renouvelables, de l'évolution et de l'approche de la politique énergétique en soulignant les principaux défis et obstacles pour le mix énergétique écologique des pays. Il est important de noter que le document évalue le bouquet énergétique actuel en Asie du Sud, en soulignant l'anomalie de ses perspectives d'avenir basées sur les combustibles fossiles, ses ambitions de réduire la pollution environnementale et son bouquet énergétique durable grâce à une analyse SWOT d'outil stratégique ; forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces (SWOT). En particulier, cette étude examine les politiques gouvernementales visant à étendre la mise en œuvre des sources renouvelables avec un aperçu de la structure réglementaire existante du secteur de l'énergie. Les résultats de recherche présentés suggèrent que pour atteindre l'objectif ambitieux de réduire les rejets d'émissions jusqu'à 30 % d'ici 2030 dans le cadre des contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN), les gouvernements des trois pays doivent prendre des mesures préventives. Il comprend la réduction progressive des subventions sur les combustibles fossiles, l'intégration du marché dans la région et la réalisation rapide des initiatives existantes grâce à une forte volonté politique, à une bonne gouvernance, à l'adoption des dernières technologies, à un plan d'action pragmatique et à une coopération énergétique dans toute la région. In the South Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, the current energy scenario is considered non-sustainable due to diverse issues such as economic, environmental, geopolitical, technological options for energy exploitation, and negligible volume of regional energy trade. Though, within the region, India is leading a phase of energy transition and economic transformation through renewable energy development. The countries need to exhibit well in the development of their renewable sources following the rapid pace of renewable energies worldwide. This article offers an overview of the energy scenario, growth of renewable energies, evolution, and approach for energy policy by highlighting key challenges and barriers for the ecological energy mix of the countries. Importantly, the paper assesses the current energy mix in South Asia, highlighting the anomaly of its fossil fuel-based future outlook, its ambitions to move towards less environmental pollution, and sustainable energy mix through a strategic tool SWOT analysis; strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). In particular, this study examines the government policies to expand the implementation of renewable sources with an insight into the existing regulatory structure of the energy sector. The presented research findings suggest that to achieve the ambitious target to reduce emission discharge by up to 30% by the year 2030 under Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), the Governments of the three countries must take preemptive measures. It includes the stage-wise reduction of subsidies on fossil fuels, market integration within the region, and swift realization of the existing initiatives through strong political will, good governance, adoption of the latest technologies, and a pragmatic action plan, and energy cooperation across the region. في بلدان جنوب آسيا، بما في ذلك بنغلاديش والهند وباكستان، يعتبر سيناريو الطاقة الحالي غير مستدام بسبب قضايا متنوعة مثل الخيارات الاقتصادية والبيئية والجيوسياسية والتكنولوجية لاستغلال الطاقة، وحجم ضئيل من تجارة الطاقة الإقليمية. على الرغم من أن الهند، داخل المنطقة، تقود مرحلة انتقال الطاقة والتحول الاقتصادي من خلال تطوير الطاقة المتجددة. تحتاج البلدان إلى أن تظهر أداءً جيدًا في تطوير مصادرها المتجددة بعد الوتيرة السريعة للطاقات المتجددة في جميع أنحاء العالم. تقدم هذه المقالة لمحة عامة عن سيناريو الطاقة، ونمو الطاقات المتجددة، والتطور، ونهج سياسة الطاقة من خلال تسليط الضوء على التحديات والحواجز الرئيسية لمزيج الطاقة البيئية للبلدان. والأهم من ذلك، تقوم الورقة بتقييم مزيج الطاقة الحالي في جنوب آسيا، مع تسليط الضوء على الشذوذ في توقعاتها المستقبلية القائمة على الوقود الأحفوري، وطموحاتها للتحرك نحو تلوث بيئي أقل، ومزيج الطاقة المستدامة من خلال تحليل SWOT الاستراتيجي للأداة ؛ نقاط القوة والضعف والفرص والتهديدات (SWOT). على وجه الخصوص، تبحث هذه الدراسة في السياسات الحكومية لتوسيع تنفيذ مصادر الطاقة المتجددة مع نظرة ثاقبة على الهيكل التنظيمي الحالي لقطاع الطاقة. تشير نتائج البحث المقدمة إلى أنه لتحقيق الهدف الطموح المتمثل في الحد من تصريف الانبعاثات بنسبة تصل إلى 30 ٪ بحلول عام 2030 بموجب المساهمات المقررة المحددة وطنيًا (INDCs)، يجب على حكومات البلدان الثلاثة اتخاذ تدابير وقائية. ويشمل ذلك التخفيض التدريجي للإعانات على الوقود الأحفوري، وتكامل الأسواق داخل المنطقة، والإدراك السريع للمبادرات القائمة من خلال الإرادة السياسية القوية، والحكم الرشيد، واعتماد أحدث التقنيات، وخطة عمل عملية، والتعاون في مجال الطاقة في جميع أنحاء المنطقة.

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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/5a...
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    Authors: Muhammad Abdullah; Azhar Ul-Haq; Amir Shahzad; Hatem Sindi; +3 Authors

    La triboelectrificación es una tecnología novedosa para cosechar electricidad a partir de energía ambiental sin explotar. Su eficiencia depende del área, la morfología y las cargas en las superficies en contacto. Muchos estudios se llevan a cabo con el fin de aumentar la eficiencia de los generadores triboeléctricos mediante el aumento de la superficie o la variación de la morfología, pero la densidad de carga no está correctamente enfocada hasta la fecha. Aquí, discutiremos el efecto de las cargas artificiales inducidas en la superficie en contacto. Para ese propósito, se utilizó el tratamiento con plasma para aumentar la densidad de carga superficial de la superficie en contacto. El incremento en la densidad de carga en realidad nos ayudó a aumentar la eficiencia del generador triboeléctrico incluso sin cambiar las dimensiones del dispositivo. La potencia de salida se incrementó hasta dos veces en comparación con el dispositivo no tratado. Al final, también cargamos el condensador para comparar las eficiencias de almacenamiento de carga de ambos dispositivos. Encontramos que el dispositivo no tratado y el dispositivo tratado con plasma (15 min y 30 min) almacenaban voltajes de hasta 6 V, 9 V y 12 V respectivamente. Este tipo de estudio seguramente ayudará a los investigadores a mejorar la eficiencia de generación de corriente triboeléctrica incluso sin aumentar el tamaño del dispositivo. La triboélectrification est une nouvelle technologie pour récupérer l'électricité à partir d'énergie environnementale inexploitée. Son efficacité dépend de la surface, de la morphologie et des charges sur les surfaces en contact. De nombreuses études sont menées afin d'augmenter l'efficacité des générateurs triboélectriques en augmentant la surface ou en faisant varier la morphologie mais la densité de charge n'est pas correctement focalisée jusqu'à ce jour. Ici, nous discuterons de l'effet des charges artificielles induites sur la surface en contact. À cette fin, un traitement au plasma a été utilisé pour augmenter la densité de charge superficielle de la surface en contact. L'augmentation de la densité de charge nous a en fait aidés à augmenter l'efficacité du générateur triboélectrique même sans changer les dimensions de l'appareil. La puissance de sortie a été augmentée jusqu'à deux fois par rapport au dispositif non traité. À la fin, nous avons également chargé le condensateur afin de comparer l'efficacité de stockage de charge des deux appareils. Nous avons constaté que le dispositif non traité et le dispositif traité au plasma (15 min et 30 min) stockaient des tensions allant jusqu'à 6 V, 9 V et 12 V respectivement. Ce type d'étude aidera sûrement les chercheurs à améliorer l'efficacité de la génération de courant triboélectrique même sans augmenter la taille de l'appareil. Triboelectrification is a novel technology to harvest electricity from unexploited environmental energy. Its efficiency depends on the area, morphology and charges on the in-contact surfaces. Many studies are carried out in order to increase the efficiency of the triboelectric generators by increasing the surface area or varying the morphology but the charge density is not properly focused until date. Herein, we will discuss the effect of the artificial charges induced on the in-contact surface. For that purpose, plasma treatment was used to increase the surface charge density of the in-contact surface. The increment in the charge density actually helped us to increase the efficiency of triboelectric generator even without changing the dimensions of the device. The output power was increased up to two folds as compared to the untreated device. At the end, we also charged the capacitor in order to compare the charge storing efficiencies of both devices. We found that the untreated device and the plasma treated device (15 min and 30 min) stored voltages up to 6 V, 9 V and 12 V respectively. This type of study will surely support the researchers to enhance the triboelectric current generation efficiency even without increasing the size of the device. كهربة الأطراف هي تقنية جديدة لحصاد الكهرباء من الطاقة البيئية غير المستغلة. تعتمد كفاءته على المنطقة والمورفولوجيا والشحنات على الأسطح الملامسة. يتم إجراء العديد من الدراسات من أجل زيادة كفاءة المولدات الكهربية الثلاثية عن طريق زيادة مساحة السطح أو تغيير الشكل ولكن لا يتم تركيز كثافة الشحنة بشكل صحيح حتى الآن. سنناقش هنا تأثير الشحنات الاصطناعية المستحثة على سطح التلامس. لهذا الغرض، تم استخدام معالجة البلازما لزيادة كثافة الشحنة السطحية للسطح الملامس. ساعدتنا الزيادة في كثافة الشحنة في الواقع على زيادة كفاءة المولد الكهربائي حتى دون تغيير أبعاد الجهاز. تمت زيادة طاقة الخرج إلى طيتين مقارنة بالجهاز غير المعالج. في النهاية، قمنا أيضًا بشحن المكثف لمقارنة كفاءة تخزين الشحنة لكلا الجهازين. وجدنا أن الجهاز غير المعالج والجهاز المعالج بالبلازما (15 دقيقة و 30 دقيقة) يخزنان جهدًا يصل إلى 6 فولت و 9 فولت و 12 فولت على التوالي. من المؤكد أن هذا النوع من الدراسة سيدعم الباحثين لتعزيز كفاءة توليد التيار الكهربائي حتى من دون زيادة حجم الجهاز.

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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/k7...
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    Authors: Muhammad Abdullah; Azhar Ul-Haq; Amir Shahzad; Hatem Sindi; +3 Authors

    La triboelectrificación es una tecnología novedosa para cosechar electricidad a partir de energía ambiental sin explotar. Su eficiencia depende del área, la morfología y las cargas en las superficies en contacto. Muchos estudios se llevan a cabo con el fin de aumentar la eficiencia de los generadores triboeléctricos mediante el aumento de la superficie o la variación de la morfología, pero la densidad de carga no está correctamente enfocada hasta la fecha. Aquí, discutiremos el efecto de las cargas artificiales inducidas en la superficie en contacto. Para ese propósito, se utilizó el tratamiento con plasma para aumentar la densidad de carga superficial de la superficie en contacto. El incremento en la densidad de carga en realidad nos ayudó a aumentar la eficiencia del generador triboeléctrico incluso sin cambiar las dimensiones del dispositivo. La potencia de salida se incrementó hasta dos veces en comparación con el dispositivo no tratado. Al final, también cargamos el condensador para comparar las eficiencias de almacenamiento de carga de ambos dispositivos. Encontramos que el dispositivo no tratado y el dispositivo tratado con plasma (15 min y 30 min) almacenaban voltajes de hasta 6 V, 9 V y 12 V respectivamente. Este tipo de estudio seguramente ayudará a los investigadores a mejorar la eficiencia de generación de corriente triboeléctrica incluso sin aumentar el tamaño del dispositivo. La triboélectrification est une nouvelle technologie pour récupérer l'électricité à partir d'énergie environnementale inexploitée. Son efficacité dépend de la surface, de la morphologie et des charges sur les surfaces en contact. De nombreuses études sont menées afin d'augmenter l'efficacité des générateurs triboélectriques en augmentant la surface ou en faisant varier la morphologie mais la densité de charge n'est pas correctement focalisée jusqu'à ce jour. Ici, nous discuterons de l'effet des charges artificielles induites sur la surface en contact. À cette fin, un traitement au plasma a été utilisé pour augmenter la densité de charge superficielle de la surface en contact. L'augmentation de la densité de charge nous a en fait aidés à augmenter l'efficacité du générateur triboélectrique même sans changer les dimensions de l'appareil. La puissance de sortie a été augmentée jusqu'à deux fois par rapport au dispositif non traité. À la fin, nous avons également chargé le condensateur afin de comparer l'efficacité de stockage de charge des deux appareils. Nous avons constaté que le dispositif non traité et le dispositif traité au plasma (15 min et 30 min) stockaient des tensions allant jusqu'à 6 V, 9 V et 12 V respectivement. Ce type d'étude aidera sûrement les chercheurs à améliorer l'efficacité de la génération de courant triboélectrique même sans augmenter la taille de l'appareil. Triboelectrification is a novel technology to harvest electricity from unexploited environmental energy. Its efficiency depends on the area, morphology and charges on the in-contact surfaces. Many studies are carried out in order to increase the efficiency of the triboelectric generators by increasing the surface area or varying the morphology but the charge density is not properly focused until date. Herein, we will discuss the effect of the artificial charges induced on the in-contact surface. For that purpose, plasma treatment was used to increase the surface charge density of the in-contact surface. The increment in the charge density actually helped us to increase the efficiency of triboelectric generator even without changing the dimensions of the device. The output power was increased up to two folds as compared to the untreated device. At the end, we also charged the capacitor in order to compare the charge storing efficiencies of both devices. We found that the untreated device and the plasma treated device (15 min and 30 min) stored voltages up to 6 V, 9 V and 12 V respectively. This type of study will surely support the researchers to enhance the triboelectric current generation efficiency even without increasing the size of the device. كهربة الأطراف هي تقنية جديدة لحصاد الكهرباء من الطاقة البيئية غير المستغلة. تعتمد كفاءته على المنطقة والمورفولوجيا والشحنات على الأسطح الملامسة. يتم إجراء العديد من الدراسات من أجل زيادة كفاءة المولدات الكهربية الثلاثية عن طريق زيادة مساحة السطح أو تغيير الشكل ولكن لا يتم تركيز كثافة الشحنة بشكل صحيح حتى الآن. سنناقش هنا تأثير الشحنات الاصطناعية المستحثة على سطح التلامس. لهذا الغرض، تم استخدام معالجة البلازما لزيادة كثافة الشحنة السطحية للسطح الملامس. ساعدتنا الزيادة في كثافة الشحنة في الواقع على زيادة كفاءة المولد الكهربائي حتى دون تغيير أبعاد الجهاز. تمت زيادة طاقة الخرج إلى طيتين مقارنة بالجهاز غير المعالج. في النهاية، قمنا أيضًا بشحن المكثف لمقارنة كفاءة تخزين الشحنة لكلا الجهازين. وجدنا أن الجهاز غير المعالج والجهاز المعالج بالبلازما (15 دقيقة و 30 دقيقة) يخزنان جهدًا يصل إلى 6 فولت و 9 فولت و 12 فولت على التوالي. من المؤكد أن هذا النوع من الدراسة سيدعم الباحثين لتعزيز كفاءة توليد التيار الكهربائي حتى من دون زيادة حجم الجهاز.

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    Authors: Zeeshan Ali Shah; Hatem F. Sindi; Azhar Ul-Haq; Mian Ashfaq Ali;

    A huge body of research is concentrated on developing advance load control strategies for reducing energy consumption and ensuring smooth operation of power system. Air conditioning loads are considered major energy consuming electrical loads in residential and business buildings, and that may cause significant rise in energy consumption. This paper presents an implementation of fuzzy controller with different number and shapes of membership functions for smoothing energy consumption of an air conditioning load while dealing with thermal disturbances. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB Simulink and the results demonstrate that the fuzzy controller with triangular membership function gives the desired performance with an error of less than 1% and saves 25% energy consumption. The obtained results are found effective in terms of smoothing energy consumption pattern of an air conditioning load without compromising consumer' s comfort. Performance of the designed controller is also compared with different controllers including self-tuning adaptive fuzzy controller, linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and nonlinear controllers. The presented fuzzy controller stands-out in terms of desired performance, simplicity and implementation.

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    Authors: Zeeshan Ali Shah; Hatem F. Sindi; Azhar Ul-Haq; Mian Ashfaq Ali;

    A huge body of research is concentrated on developing advance load control strategies for reducing energy consumption and ensuring smooth operation of power system. Air conditioning loads are considered major energy consuming electrical loads in residential and business buildings, and that may cause significant rise in energy consumption. This paper presents an implementation of fuzzy controller with different number and shapes of membership functions for smoothing energy consumption of an air conditioning load while dealing with thermal disturbances. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB Simulink and the results demonstrate that the fuzzy controller with triangular membership function gives the desired performance with an error of less than 1% and saves 25% energy consumption. The obtained results are found effective in terms of smoothing energy consumption pattern of an air conditioning load without compromising consumer' s comfort. Performance of the designed controller is also compared with different controllers including self-tuning adaptive fuzzy controller, linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and nonlinear controllers. The presented fuzzy controller stands-out in terms of desired performance, simplicity and implementation.

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