• Energy Research

A região de Jales é uma das principais produtoras de uvas de mesa do Estado de São Paulo. As videiras da região são irrigadas e conduzidas, normalmente, no sistema latada, sendo comum, também, a utilização de coberturas com telas plásticas para a proteção contra granizo, pássaros e morcegos. Entretanto, a irrigação, o sistema de condução e a cobertura plástica podem modificar as condições microclimáticas no parreiral. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar as condições meteorológicas no interior de um parreiral de uvas, na região de Jales, com as registradas a céu aberto. As avaliações foram realizadas na Estação Experimental de Viticultura Tropical da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, em Jales-SP, em uma área conduzida no sistema latada, coberta com tela plástica de polietileno e irrigada por microaspersão. Os dados meteorológicos foram registrados fora e no interior do parreiral, empregando-se dois sistemas automáticos de aquisição de dados, com registros efetuados a cada 15 minutos. Verificou-se que o uso da cobertura de tela plástica reduziu em 20%, em média, a radiação solar incidente (Rs) acima do dossel. Os valores de Rs abaixo do dossel, durante o período de maior expansão foliar, chegaram a ser inferiores a 20% dos registrados a céu aberto. A temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar no interior do parreiral não apresentaram, em geral, diferenças para os valores registrados na estação meteorológica. Durante a irrigação, a temperatura do ar foi reduzida em 3%, e a umidade relativa do ar aumentou em 4%, em média, no interior do parreiral.

A região de Jales é uma das principais produtoras de uvas de mesa do Estado de São Paulo. As videiras da região são irrigadas e conduzidas, normalmente, no sistema latada, sendo comum, também, a utilização de coberturas com telas plásticas para a proteção contra granizo, pássaros e morcegos. Entretanto, a irrigação, o sistema de condução e a cobertura plástica podem modificar as condições microclimáticas no parreiral. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar as condições meteorológicas no interior de um parreiral de uvas, na região de Jales, com as registradas a céu aberto. As avaliações foram realizadas na Estação Experimental de Viticultura Tropical da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, em Jales-SP, em uma área conduzida no sistema latada, coberta com tela plástica de polietileno e irrigada por microaspersão. Os dados meteorológicos foram registrados fora e no interior do parreiral, empregando-se dois sistemas automáticos de aquisição de dados, com registros efetuados a cada 15 minutos. Verificou-se que o uso da cobertura de tela plástica reduziu em 20%, em média, a radiação solar incidente (Rs) acima do dossel. Os valores de Rs abaixo do dossel, durante o período de maior expansão foliar, chegaram a ser inferiores a 20% dos registrados a céu aberto. A temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar no interior do parreiral não apresentaram, em geral, diferenças para os valores registrados na estação meteorológica. Durante a irrigação, a temperatura do ar foi reduzida em 3%, e a umidade relativa do ar aumentou em 4%, em média, no interior do parreiral.

AbstractBioenergy from sugarcane production is considered a key mitigation strategy for global warming. Improving its representation in land surface models is important to further understand the interactions between climate and bioenergy production, supporting accurate climate projections and decision‐making. This study aimed to calibrate and evaluate the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) for climate impact assessments in sugarcane. A dataset composed of soil moisture, water and carbon fluxes and biomass measurements from field experiments across Brazil was used to calibrate and evaluate JULES‐crop and JULES‐BE parametrizations. The ability to predict the spatiotemporal variability of sugarcane yields and the impact of climate change was also tested at five Brazilian microregions. Parameters related to sugarcane allometry, crop growth and development were derived and tested for JULES‐crop and JULES‐BE, together with the response to atmospheric carbon dioxide, temperature and low‐water availability (CTW‐response). Both parametrizations showed comparable performance to other sugarcane dynamic models, with a root mean squared error of 6.75 and 6.05 t ha−1 for stalk dry matter for JULES‐crop and JULES‐BE, respectively. The parametrizations were also able to replicate the average yield patterns observed in the five microregions over 30 years when the yield gap factors were taken into account, with the correlation (r) between simulated and observed interannual variability of yields ranging from 0.33 to 0.56. An overall small positive trend was found in future yield projections of sugarcane using the new calibrations, with exception of the Jataí mesoregion which showed a clear negative trend for the SSP5 scenario from the years 2070 to 2100. Our simulations showed that an abrupt negative impact on sugarcane yields is expected if daytime temperatures above 35°C become more frequent. The newly calibrated version of JULES can be applied regionally and globally to help understand the interactions between climate and bioenergy production.

AbstractBioenergy from sugarcane production is considered a key mitigation strategy for global warming. Improving its representation in land surface models is important to further understand the interactions between climate and bioenergy production, supporting accurate climate projections and decision‐making. This study aimed to calibrate and evaluate the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) for climate impact assessments in sugarcane. A dataset composed of soil moisture, water and carbon fluxes and biomass measurements from field experiments across Brazil was used to calibrate and evaluate JULES‐crop and JULES‐BE parametrizations. The ability to predict the spatiotemporal variability of sugarcane yields and the impact of climate change was also tested at five Brazilian microregions. Parameters related to sugarcane allometry, crop growth and development were derived and tested for JULES‐crop and JULES‐BE, together with the response to atmospheric carbon dioxide, temperature and low‐water availability (CTW‐response). Both parametrizations showed comparable performance to other sugarcane dynamic models, with a root mean squared error of 6.75 and 6.05 t ha−1 for stalk dry matter for JULES‐crop and JULES‐BE, respectively. The parametrizations were also able to replicate the average yield patterns observed in the five microregions over 30 years when the yield gap factors were taken into account, with the correlation (r) between simulated and observed interannual variability of yields ranging from 0.33 to 0.56. An overall small positive trend was found in future yield projections of sugarcane using the new calibrations, with exception of the Jataí mesoregion which showed a clear negative trend for the SSP5 scenario from the years 2070 to 2100. Our simulations showed that an abrupt negative impact on sugarcane yields is expected if daytime temperatures above 35°C become more frequent. The newly calibrated version of JULES can be applied regionally and globally to help understand the interactions between climate and bioenergy production.

This article assesses sugarcane yield gaps (YG) in Brazil to determine the degree to which production can be increased without land expansion. In our scenario assessments, we evaluated how much of the projected sugarcane demand to 2024 (for both sugar and bioethanol) can be satisfied through YG closure. The current national average yield is 62% of yield potential estimated for rainfed conditions (i.e., a YG of 38%). Continuing the historical rate of yield gain is not sufficient to meet the projected demand without an area expansion by 5% and 45% for low- and high-demand scenarios, respectively. Closing the exploitable YG to 80% of potential yield would meet future sugarcane demand, with an 18% reduction in sugarcane area for the low-demand scenario or a 13% expansion for the high-demand scenario. A focus on accelerating yield gains to close current exploitable YG is a high priority for meeting future demand while minimizing pressure on additional land requirements.

This article assesses sugarcane yield gaps (YG) in Brazil to determine the degree to which production can be increased without land expansion. In our scenario assessments, we evaluated how much of the projected sugarcane demand to 2024 (for both sugar and bioethanol) can be satisfied through YG closure. The current national average yield is 62% of yield potential estimated for rainfed conditions (i.e., a YG of 38%). Continuing the historical rate of yield gain is not sufficient to meet the projected demand without an area expansion by 5% and 45% for low- and high-demand scenarios, respectively. Closing the exploitable YG to 80% of potential yield would meet future sugarcane demand, with an 18% reduction in sugarcane area for the low-demand scenario or a 13% expansion for the high-demand scenario. A focus on accelerating yield gains to close current exploitable YG is a high priority for meeting future demand while minimizing pressure on additional land requirements.

The radiation balance of hedgerows is an important variable in studies of mass and energy exchanges between parcial ground cover crops and the atmosphere. This paper describes a device with eight net radiometers encompassing the plants of a hedgerow. The radiometers were moved along a length of hedgerow, in a continuous and reversible movement. The canopy net radiation in this length (Rnc) was found by integration of the measurements over the notional cylinder formed. The device showed good performance and provided reliable measurements of Rnc of coffee hedgerows, showing itselfto be an useful technique of measurement in field conditions. Good correlations between Rnc and global solar radiation, turfgrass and coffee crop net radiation were found in 15-min, daytime and 24-hr periods, allowing the possibility of estimating Rnc from these simple measurements. Beer’s law was also used to have an independent estimation of Rnc. A good agreement was found between values of Rnc estimated by this law of attenuation and those integrated by the device in periods of 15 min, with overestimation of 10%, whereas for values integrated over daytime periods the agreement was not satisfactory.