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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bedru B. Balana; Jean-Claude Bizimana; James W. Richardson; Nicole Lefore; +2 Authors

    Abstract Small-scale irrigation (SSI) technologies can be useful not only to increase crop productivity and income but also as a viable adaptation practice to climate variability. A farm simulation model (FARMSIM) and data from selected SSI technologies piloted in northern Ghana under the ‘Feed the Future-Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation’ (ILSSI) project were used to assess the economic feasibility of the SSI technologies and their potential to improve income and nutrition of smallholder farm households. Three dry season irrigated crops (onion, corchorus, amaranthus) grown under three agricultural water management regimes were analysed. Results show that adoption of the SSI technologies could increase the net farm profit by 154%–608% against the baseline depending on the ‘crop type - SSI technology’ combination. Nutrition levels also improved significantly as a result of the improvements in crop yields due to irrigation and use of complementary inputs. However, the results further reveal that the options that utilize capital-intensive SSI technologies such as solar-powered water pumps to grow high value cash crops are constrained by the high investment cost. Currently, farmers tend to choose low-cost SSI technologies such as a traditional watering-cans, which generate low economic returns. Improving access to credit or alternative financing schemes could mitigate the capital constraints and enable smallholders to gain more benefits from participating in market-oriented high-value irrigated production.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Water Resources and Economics
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Water Resources and Economics
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nicole Lefore; Kefyalew Sahle Kibret; Kefyalew Sahle Kibret; Jennie Barron; +1 Authors

    À mesure que les panneaux solaires deviennent plus abordables, les pompes solaires photovoltaïques (PV) ont été identifiées comme une technologie de levage d'eau à fort potentiel pour répondre à la demande croissante d'irrigation en Afrique subsaharienne (Ass). Cependant, on sait peu de choses sur le potentiel géo-spatial du pompage photovoltaïque à base d'énergie solaire pour l'irrigation, compte tenu non seulement du rayonnement solaire, mais aussi de la disponibilité des ressources en eau et du lien avec les marchés. Cette étude a développé un cadre d'adéquation utilisant une analyse multicritères dans un environnement de système d'information géographique (SIG) open source et l'a testé dans le cas de l'Éthiopie. L'accessibilité des ressources en eau a été le facteur moteur de différents scénarios. Les résultats d'adéquation suivant les scénarios d'eaux souterraines ont montré un bon accord avec les données de profondeur de puits référencées disponibles. La comparaison des cartes d'adéquation avec les données disponibles sur l'utilisation des terres a montré qu'en moyenne 9 % (96 103 ha) des terres éthiopiennes irriguées et 18 % (3 739 103 ha) des terres pluviales conviendraient à l'irrigation par pompe solaire photovoltaïque. En outre, les petites pompes solaires photovoltaïques pourraient être une technologie alternative de levage de l'eau pour 11 % des petites pompes à carburant à hydrocarbures motorisées actuelles et futures dans les petites exploitations agricoles (2 166 103 ha). En fonction de la capacité technique de la pompe, entre 155 103 ha et 204 103 ha de terres conviendraient aux pompes solaires photovoltaïques et offriraient aux petits agriculteurs la possibilité de pomper à partir de petits réservoirs ou d'eaux souterraines peu profondes. Avec l'intérêt continu pour le développement de l'irrigation des petits exploitants, l'application de ce modèle aidera à améliorer les pompes solaires photovoltaïques pour les petits exploitants en Afrique subsaharienne en tant que technologie intelligente face au climat de manière intégrée. A medida que los paneles solares se vuelven más asequibles, las bombas solares fotovoltaicas (PV) se han identificado como una tecnología de elevación de agua de alto potencial para satisfacer la creciente demanda de riego en el África subsahariana (SSA). Sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre el potencial geoespacial del bombeo fotovoltaico basado en energía solar para el riego, teniendo en cuenta no solo la radiación solar, sino también la disponibilidad de recursos hídricos y la vinculación con los mercados. Este estudio desarrolló un marco de idoneidad utilizando análisis multicriterio en un entorno de sistema de información geográfica (SIG) de código abierto y lo probó en el caso de Etiopía. La accesibilidad de los recursos hídricos fue el factor impulsor de diferentes escenarios. Los resultados de idoneidad después de los escenarios de agua subterránea mostraron un buen acuerdo con los datos de profundidad de pozo referenciados disponibles. La comparación de los mapas de idoneidad con los datos de uso de la tierra disponibles mostró que, en promedio, el 9% (96 103 ha) de las tierras de regadío etíopes y el 18% (3,739 103 ha) de las tierras de secano serían adecuadas para el riego con bomba solar fotovoltaica. Además, las pequeñas bombas solares fotovoltaicas podrían ser una tecnología alternativa de elevación de agua para el 11% de las pequeñas bombas de combustible de hidrocarburos motorizadas actuales y futuras en pequeñas explotaciones agrícolas (2,166 103 ha). Dependiendo de la capacidad técnica de la bomba, entre 155 103 ha y 204 103 ha de tierra serían adecuadas para bombas solares fotovoltaicas y proporcionarían a los pequeños agricultores la opción de bombear desde pequeños embalses o aguas subterráneas poco profundas. Con el interés continuo en el desarrollo del riego para pequeños agricultores, la aplicación de este modelo ayudará a mejorar las bombas solares fotovoltaicas para pequeños agricultores en SSA como una tecnología climáticamente inteligente de manera integrada. As solar panels become more affordable, solar photovoltaic (PV) pumps have been identified as a high potential water-lifting technology to meet the growing irrigation demand in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, little is known about the geo-spatial potential of solar-based PV pumping for irrigation taking into account not only solar radiation but also the availability of water resources and linkage to markets. This study developed a suitability framework using multi-criteria analysis in an open source geographic information system (GIS) environment and tested it in the case of Ethiopia. The accessibility of water resources was the driving factor for different scenarios. Suitability results following the groundwater scenarios showed good agreement with the available referenced well depth data. Comparing the suitability maps with available land use data showed that on average 9% (96 103 ha) of Ethiopian irrigated and 18% (3,739 103 ha) of rainfed land would be suitable for solar PV pump irrigation. Furthermore, small solar PV pumps could be an alternative water-lifting technology for 11% of the current and future small motorized hydrocarbon fuel pumps on smallholder farms (2,166 103 ha). Depending on the technical pump capacity, between 155 103 ha and 204 103 ha of land would be suitable for solar PV pumps and provide smallholder farmers with the option to either pump from small reservoirs or shallow groundwater. With the ongoing interest in development for smallholder irrigation, the application of this model will help to upscale solar PV pumps for smallholder farmers in SSA as a climate-smart technology in an integrated manner. نظرًا لأن الألواح الشمسية أصبحت ميسورة التكلفة، فقد تم تحديد المضخات الكهروضوئية الشمسية كتكنولوجيا رفع مياه ذات إمكانات عالية لتلبية الطلب المتزايد على الري في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى. ومع ذلك، لا يُعرف سوى القليل عن الإمكانات الجغرافية المكانية للضخ الكهروضوئي القائم على الطاقة الشمسية للري مع الأخذ في الاعتبار ليس فقط الإشعاع الشمسي ولكن أيضًا توافر موارد المياه والارتباط بالأسواق. طورت هذه الدراسة إطارًا للملاءمة باستخدام تحليل متعدد المعايير في بيئة نظام معلومات جغرافية مفتوح المصدر واختبرته في حالة إثيوبيا. كانت إمكانية الوصول إلى موارد المياه هي العامل الدافع لسيناريوهات مختلفة. أظهرت نتائج الملاءمة بعد سيناريوهات المياه الجوفية توافقًا جيدًا مع بيانات عمق البئر المرجعية المتاحة. أظهرت مقارنة خرائط الملاءمة مع بيانات استخدام الأراضي المتاحة أنه في المتوسط 9 ٪ (96 103 هكتار) من الأراضي المروية الإثيوبية و 18 ٪ (3،739 103 هكتار) من الأراضي البعلية ستكون مناسبة لري المضخات الشمسية الكهروضوئية. علاوة على ذلك، يمكن أن تكون المضخات الكهروضوئية الشمسية الصغيرة تقنية بديلة لرفع المياه لـ 11 ٪ من مضخات الوقود الهيدروكربونية الآلية الصغيرة الحالية والمستقبلية في مزارع أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة (2166 103 هكتار). اعتمادًا على سعة المضخة الفنية، ستكون ما بين 155 103 هكتار و 204 103 هكتار من الأراضي مناسبة لمضخات الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية وتوفر للمزارعين أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة خيار الضخ إما من الخزانات الصغيرة أو المياه الجوفية الضحلة. مع الاهتمام المستمر بتطوير الري لأصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة، سيساعد تطبيق هذا النموذج على رفع مستوى مضخات الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية لصغار المزارعين في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى كتكنولوجيا ذكية مناخياً بطريقة متكاملة.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Applied Geography
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Applied Geography
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/bx...
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    Other literature type . 2018
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Applied Geography
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Applied Geography
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/bx...
      Other literature type . 2018
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pt...
      Other literature type . 2018
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nicole Lefore; Alvar Closas; Petra Schmitter;

    Abstract Worldwide, off-grid solar photovoltaic irrigation is currently being developed with the expectation that it will help secure water access to increase food production, reduce fuel-based carbon emissions and energy costs, and increase human resilience to climate change. In developing countries across the Middle East and North Africa, South East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, the adoption of solar technology in agriculture to lift groundwater is rapidly expanding, following decreases in pump costs, economic incentives, and development partner initiatives. Solar irrigation potentially provides a cost-effective and sustainable energy source to secure food production and sustain livelihoods in line with multiple Sustainable Development Goals, but achieving such potential requires improved policies and institutions to coordinate across numerous stakeholders, objectives, and approaches. This paper uses cases and observations from across regions to propose a framework to support policy, regulation, and monitoring for environmentally sustainable and socio-economically inclusive solar irrigation investments. While not exhaustive, the components seek to address the intersection of energy, water and food security, as well as social equity. The paper emphasizes the need for an understanding of how solar irrigation can be scaled to be both accessible for smallholder farmers and environmentally sustainable.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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    Energy Policy
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Energy Policy
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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      Energy Policy
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Policy
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bedru B. Balana; Jean-Claude Bizimana; James W. Richardson; Nicole Lefore; +2 Authors

    Abstract Small-scale irrigation (SSI) technologies can be useful not only to increase crop productivity and income but also as a viable adaptation practice to climate variability. A farm simulation model (FARMSIM) and data from selected SSI technologies piloted in northern Ghana under the ‘Feed the Future-Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation’ (ILSSI) project were used to assess the economic feasibility of the SSI technologies and their potential to improve income and nutrition of smallholder farm households. Three dry season irrigated crops (onion, corchorus, amaranthus) grown under three agricultural water management regimes were analysed. Results show that adoption of the SSI technologies could increase the net farm profit by 154%–608% against the baseline depending on the ‘crop type - SSI technology’ combination. Nutrition levels also improved significantly as a result of the improvements in crop yields due to irrigation and use of complementary inputs. However, the results further reveal that the options that utilize capital-intensive SSI technologies such as solar-powered water pumps to grow high value cash crops are constrained by the high investment cost. Currently, farmers tend to choose low-cost SSI technologies such as a traditional watering-cans, which generate low economic returns. Improving access to credit or alternative financing schemes could mitigate the capital constraints and enable smallholders to gain more benefits from participating in market-oriented high-value irrigated production.

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    Water Resources and Economics
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Nicole Lefore; Kefyalew Sahle Kibret; Kefyalew Sahle Kibret; Jennie Barron; +1 Authors

    À mesure que les panneaux solaires deviennent plus abordables, les pompes solaires photovoltaïques (PV) ont été identifiées comme une technologie de levage d'eau à fort potentiel pour répondre à la demande croissante d'irrigation en Afrique subsaharienne (Ass). Cependant, on sait peu de choses sur le potentiel géo-spatial du pompage photovoltaïque à base d'énergie solaire pour l'irrigation, compte tenu non seulement du rayonnement solaire, mais aussi de la disponibilité des ressources en eau et du lien avec les marchés. Cette étude a développé un cadre d'adéquation utilisant une analyse multicritères dans un environnement de système d'information géographique (SIG) open source et l'a testé dans le cas de l'Éthiopie. L'accessibilité des ressources en eau a été le facteur moteur de différents scénarios. Les résultats d'adéquation suivant les scénarios d'eaux souterraines ont montré un bon accord avec les données de profondeur de puits référencées disponibles. La comparaison des cartes d'adéquation avec les données disponibles sur l'utilisation des terres a montré qu'en moyenne 9 % (96 103 ha) des terres éthiopiennes irriguées et 18 % (3 739 103 ha) des terres pluviales conviendraient à l'irrigation par pompe solaire photovoltaïque. En outre, les petites pompes solaires photovoltaïques pourraient être une technologie alternative de levage de l'eau pour 11 % des petites pompes à carburant à hydrocarbures motorisées actuelles et futures dans les petites exploitations agricoles (2 166 103 ha). En fonction de la capacité technique de la pompe, entre 155 103 ha et 204 103 ha de terres conviendraient aux pompes solaires photovoltaïques et offriraient aux petits agriculteurs la possibilité de pomper à partir de petits réservoirs ou d'eaux souterraines peu profondes. Avec l'intérêt continu pour le développement de l'irrigation des petits exploitants, l'application de ce modèle aidera à améliorer les pompes solaires photovoltaïques pour les petits exploitants en Afrique subsaharienne en tant que technologie intelligente face au climat de manière intégrée. A medida que los paneles solares se vuelven más asequibles, las bombas solares fotovoltaicas (PV) se han identificado como una tecnología de elevación de agua de alto potencial para satisfacer la creciente demanda de riego en el África subsahariana (SSA). Sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre el potencial geoespacial del bombeo fotovoltaico basado en energía solar para el riego, teniendo en cuenta no solo la radiación solar, sino también la disponibilidad de recursos hídricos y la vinculación con los mercados. Este estudio desarrolló un marco de idoneidad utilizando análisis multicriterio en un entorno de sistema de información geográfica (SIG) de código abierto y lo probó en el caso de Etiopía. La accesibilidad de los recursos hídricos fue el factor impulsor de diferentes escenarios. Los resultados de idoneidad después de los escenarios de agua subterránea mostraron un buen acuerdo con los datos de profundidad de pozo referenciados disponibles. La comparación de los mapas de idoneidad con los datos de uso de la tierra disponibles mostró que, en promedio, el 9% (96 103 ha) de las tierras de regadío etíopes y el 18% (3,739 103 ha) de las tierras de secano serían adecuadas para el riego con bomba solar fotovoltaica. Además, las pequeñas bombas solares fotovoltaicas podrían ser una tecnología alternativa de elevación de agua para el 11% de las pequeñas bombas de combustible de hidrocarburos motorizadas actuales y futuras en pequeñas explotaciones agrícolas (2,166 103 ha). Dependiendo de la capacidad técnica de la bomba, entre 155 103 ha y 204 103 ha de tierra serían adecuadas para bombas solares fotovoltaicas y proporcionarían a los pequeños agricultores la opción de bombear desde pequeños embalses o aguas subterráneas poco profundas. Con el interés continuo en el desarrollo del riego para pequeños agricultores, la aplicación de este modelo ayudará a mejorar las bombas solares fotovoltaicas para pequeños agricultores en SSA como una tecnología climáticamente inteligente de manera integrada. As solar panels become more affordable, solar photovoltaic (PV) pumps have been identified as a high potential water-lifting technology to meet the growing irrigation demand in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, little is known about the geo-spatial potential of solar-based PV pumping for irrigation taking into account not only solar radiation but also the availability of water resources and linkage to markets. This study developed a suitability framework using multi-criteria analysis in an open source geographic information system (GIS) environment and tested it in the case of Ethiopia. The accessibility of water resources was the driving factor for different scenarios. Suitability results following the groundwater scenarios showed good agreement with the available referenced well depth data. Comparing the suitability maps with available land use data showed that on average 9% (96 103 ha) of Ethiopian irrigated and 18% (3,739 103 ha) of rainfed land would be suitable for solar PV pump irrigation. Furthermore, small solar PV pumps could be an alternative water-lifting technology for 11% of the current and future small motorized hydrocarbon fuel pumps on smallholder farms (2,166 103 ha). Depending on the technical pump capacity, between 155 103 ha and 204 103 ha of land would be suitable for solar PV pumps and provide smallholder farmers with the option to either pump from small reservoirs or shallow groundwater. With the ongoing interest in development for smallholder irrigation, the application of this model will help to upscale solar PV pumps for smallholder farmers in SSA as a climate-smart technology in an integrated manner. نظرًا لأن الألواح الشمسية أصبحت ميسورة التكلفة، فقد تم تحديد المضخات الكهروضوئية الشمسية كتكنولوجيا رفع مياه ذات إمكانات عالية لتلبية الطلب المتزايد على الري في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى. ومع ذلك، لا يُعرف سوى القليل عن الإمكانات الجغرافية المكانية للضخ الكهروضوئي القائم على الطاقة الشمسية للري مع الأخذ في الاعتبار ليس فقط الإشعاع الشمسي ولكن أيضًا توافر موارد المياه والارتباط بالأسواق. طورت هذه الدراسة إطارًا للملاءمة باستخدام تحليل متعدد المعايير في بيئة نظام معلومات جغرافية مفتوح المصدر واختبرته في حالة إثيوبيا. كانت إمكانية الوصول إلى موارد المياه هي العامل الدافع لسيناريوهات مختلفة. أظهرت نتائج الملاءمة بعد سيناريوهات المياه الجوفية توافقًا جيدًا مع بيانات عمق البئر المرجعية المتاحة. أظهرت مقارنة خرائط الملاءمة مع بيانات استخدام الأراضي المتاحة أنه في المتوسط 9 ٪ (96 103 هكتار) من الأراضي المروية الإثيوبية و 18 ٪ (3،739 103 هكتار) من الأراضي البعلية ستكون مناسبة لري المضخات الشمسية الكهروضوئية. علاوة على ذلك، يمكن أن تكون المضخات الكهروضوئية الشمسية الصغيرة تقنية بديلة لرفع المياه لـ 11 ٪ من مضخات الوقود الهيدروكربونية الآلية الصغيرة الحالية والمستقبلية في مزارع أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة (2166 103 هكتار). اعتمادًا على سعة المضخة الفنية، ستكون ما بين 155 103 هكتار و 204 103 هكتار من الأراضي مناسبة لمضخات الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية وتوفر للمزارعين أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة خيار الضخ إما من الخزانات الصغيرة أو المياه الجوفية الضحلة. مع الاهتمام المستمر بتطوير الري لأصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة، سيساعد تطبيق هذا النموذج على رفع مستوى مضخات الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية لصغار المزارعين في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى كتكنولوجيا ذكية مناخياً بطريقة متكاملة.

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    Applied Geography
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    Authors: Nicole Lefore; Alvar Closas; Petra Schmitter;

    Abstract Worldwide, off-grid solar photovoltaic irrigation is currently being developed with the expectation that it will help secure water access to increase food production, reduce fuel-based carbon emissions and energy costs, and increase human resilience to climate change. In developing countries across the Middle East and North Africa, South East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, the adoption of solar technology in agriculture to lift groundwater is rapidly expanding, following decreases in pump costs, economic incentives, and development partner initiatives. Solar irrigation potentially provides a cost-effective and sustainable energy source to secure food production and sustain livelihoods in line with multiple Sustainable Development Goals, but achieving such potential requires improved policies and institutions to coordinate across numerous stakeholders, objectives, and approaches. This paper uses cases and observations from across regions to propose a framework to support policy, regulation, and monitoring for environmentally sustainable and socio-economically inclusive solar irrigation investments. While not exhaustive, the components seek to address the intersection of energy, water and food security, as well as social equity. The paper emphasizes the need for an understanding of how solar irrigation can be scaled to be both accessible for smallholder farmers and environmentally sustainable.

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    Energy Policy
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