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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fachuang Lu; Steven D. Karlen; Matt Regner; Hoon Kim; +15 Authors

    La production industrielle d'huile de palme génère simultanément une quantité substantielle de fibres de grappe de fruits vides (EFB) qui pourraient être utilisées comme matière première dans une bioraffinerie à base de lignocellulose. Les sous-produits de la lignine générés par ce processus peuvent offrir des possibilités d'isolation des produits à valeur ajoutée, tels que le p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), pour aider à compenser les coûts d'exploitation. L'analyse de la lignine EFB par spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) a clairement révélé la présence d'acétate lié et de pBz, la saponification révélant que 1,1 % en poids de l'EFB était du pBz ; avec une teneur en lignine de 22,7 %, 4,8 % de la lignine est du pBz qui peut être obtenu comme composant pur pour être utilisé comme charge chimique. L'analyse de la lignine EFB par RMN et dérivatisation suivie d'un clivage réducteur (DFRC) a montré que le pBz acylate sélectivement le groupe γ-hydroxyle des unités S. Cette sélectivité suggère que le pBz, de manière analogue à l'acétate dans le kénaf, le p-coumarate dans les graminées et le ferrate dans un peuplier transgénique augmenté d'une féruloyl-CoA monolignol transférase (FMT), est incorporé dans la chaîne de lignine en croissance via son conjugué monolignol γ-p-hydroxybenzoylé. L'implication de tels conjugués dans la lignification des palmiers est prouvée par l'observation de nouvelles unités couplées au β-β non résinol p-hydroxybenzoylé dans les lignines. Ensemble, les données impliquent l'existence de p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA :monolignol transférases qui sont impliquées dans la lignification chez les différents saules (Salix spp.), peupliers et peupliers faux-trembles (Populus spp., famille des Salicacées) et palmiers (famille des Arecacées) qui ont des lignines p-hydroxybenzoylées. Même sans augmenter les niveaux par la sélection ou le génie génétique, les « déchets » actuels de l'EFB d'huile de palme devraient être en mesure de générer un flux important d'acide p-hydroxybenzoïque qui offre des opportunités pour le développement de produits à valeur ajoutée dérivés de l'industrie du palmier à huile. La producción industrial de aceite de palma genera simultáneamente una cantidad sustancial de fibras de racimo de frutas vacías (EFB) que podrían utilizarse como materia prima en una biorrefinería a base de lignocelulosa. Los subproductos de lignina generados por este proceso pueden ofrecer oportunidades para el aislamiento de productos de valor agregado, como el p-hidroxibenzoato (pBz), para ayudar a compensar los costos operativos. El análisis de la lignina EFB por espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) reveló claramente la presencia de acetato unido y pBz, y la saponificación reveló que el 1,1% en peso del EFB era pBz; con un contenido de lignina del 22,7 %, el 4,8 % de la lignina es pBz que se puede obtener como un componente puro para su uso como materia prima química. El análisis de la lignina EFB por RMN y la derivatización seguida de escisión reductora (DFRC) mostró que pBz acila selectivamente el grupo γ-hidroxilo de las unidades S. Esta selectividad sugiere que pBz, análogamente con acetato en kenaf, p-cumarato en gramíneas y ferular en un álamo transgénico aumentado con una feruloil-CoA monolignol transferasa (FMT), se incorpora a la cadena de lignina en crecimiento a través de su conjugado de monolignol γ-p-hidroxibenzoilado. La participación de dichos conjugados en la lignificación de la palma se demuestra al observar nuevas unidades no acopladas a β-β-resinol p-hidroxibenzoiladas en las ligninas. Juntos, los datos implican la existencia de p-hidroxibenzoil-CoA:monolignol transferasas que participan en la lignificación en los diversos sauces (Salix spp.), álamos y álamo temblón (Populus spp., familia Salicaceae) y palmeras (familia Arecaceae) que tienen ligninas p-hidroxibenzoiladas. Incluso sin mejorar los niveles mediante mejoramiento o ingeniería genética, los 'desechos' actuales de aceite de palma EFB deberían ser capaces de generar una corriente considerable de ácido p-hidroxibenzoico que ofrezca oportunidades para el desarrollo de productos de valor agregado derivados de la industria de la palma aceitera. The industrial production of palm oil concurrently generates a substantial amount of empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers that could be used as a feedstock in a lignocellulose-based biorefinery. Lignin byproducts generated by this process may offer opportunities for the isolation of value-added products, such as p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), to help offset operating costs. Analysis of the EFB lignin by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy clearly revealed the presence of bound acetate and pBz, with saponification revealing that 1.1 wt% of the EFB was pBz; with a lignin content of 22.7 %, 4.8 % of the lignin is pBz that can be obtained as a pure component for use as a chemical feedstock. Analysis of EFB lignin by NMR and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) showed that pBz selectively acylates the γ-hydroxyl group of S units. This selectivity suggests that pBz, analogously with acetate in kenaf, p-coumarate in grasses, and ferulate in a transgenic poplar augmented with a feruloyl-CoA monolignol transferase (FMT), is incorporated into the growing lignin chain via its γ-p-hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. Involvement of such conjugates in palm lignification is proven by the observation of novel p-hydroxybenzoylated non-resinol β–β-coupled units in the lignins. Together, the data implicate the existence of p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA:monolignol transferases that are involved in lignification in the various willows (Salix spp.), poplars and aspen (Populus spp., family Salicaceae), and palms (family Arecaceae) that have p-hydroxybenzoylated lignins. Even without enhancing the levels by breeding or genetic engineering, current palm oil EFB 'wastes' should be able to generate a sizeable stream of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that offers opportunities for the development of value-added products derived from the oil palm industry. ينتج الإنتاج الصناعي لزيت النخيل في الوقت نفسه كمية كبيرة من ألياف مجموعة الفاكهة الفارغة (EFB) التي يمكن استخدامها كمادة وسيطة في مصفاة حيوية تعتمد على اللجينوسليلوز. قد توفر المنتجات الثانوية لليجنين الناتجة عن هذه العملية فرصًا لعزل المنتجات ذات القيمة المضافة، مثل p - hydroxybenzoate (pBz)، للمساعدة في تعويض تكاليف التشغيل. كشف تحليل اللجنين EFB بواسطة مطياف الرنين المغناطيسي النووي (NMR) بوضوح عن وجود أسيتات مرتبطة و pBz، مع كشف التصبن أن 1.1 ٪ بالوزن من EFB كان pBz ؛ مع محتوى اللجنين بنسبة 22.7 ٪، 4.8 ٪ من اللجنين عبارة عن pBz يمكن الحصول عليه كمكون نقي للاستخدام كمادة وسيطة كيميائية. أظهر تحليل اللجنين EFB بواسطة NMR والاشتقاق متبوعًا بالانقسام الاختزالي (DFRC) أن pBz يعمل بشكل انتقائي على أسيتيل مجموعة γ - hydroxyl من وحدات S. تشير هذه الانتقائية إلى أن pBz، بالتناظر مع الأسيتات في الكناف، و p - comarate في الأعشاب، و ferulate في حور معدّل وراثيًا معززًا بـ feruloyl - CoA monolignol transferase (FMT)، يتم دمجه في سلسلة اللجنين المتنامية عبر γ - p - hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. ثبت تورط مثل هذه المترافقات في ترصيع النخيل من خلال ملاحظة وحدات p - hydroxybenzoylated غير الراتينول β - β المقترنة في اللجنين. معا، تشير البيانات إلى وجود p - hydroxybenzoyl - CoA: monolignol transferases التي تشارك في تبييض في الصفصاف المختلفة (Salix spp.)، الحور والحور (Populus spp.، عائلة Salicaceae)، والنخيل (عائلة Arecaceae) التي تحتوي على p - hydroxybenzoylated lignins. حتى من دون تعزيز المستويات عن طريق التكاثر أو الهندسة الوراثية، يجب أن تكون "نفايات" زيت النخيل الحالية قادرة على توليد تيار كبير من حمض p - hydroxybenzoic الذي يوفر فرصًا لتطوير منتجات ذات قيمة مضافة مشتقة من صناعة نخيل الزيت.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ BioEnergy Researcharrow_drop_down
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    BioEnergy Research
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ BioEnergy Researcharrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fachuang Lu; Steven D. Karlen; Matt Regner; Hoon Kim; +15 Authors

    La production industrielle d'huile de palme génère simultanément une quantité substantielle de fibres de grappe de fruits vides (EFB) qui pourraient être utilisées comme matière première dans une bioraffinerie à base de lignocellulose. Les sous-produits de la lignine générés par ce processus peuvent offrir des possibilités d'isolation des produits à valeur ajoutée, tels que le p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), pour aider à compenser les coûts d'exploitation. L'analyse de la lignine EFB par spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) a clairement révélé la présence d'acétate lié et de pBz, la saponification révélant que 1,1 % en poids de l'EFB était du pBz ; avec une teneur en lignine de 22,7 %, 4,8 % de la lignine est du pBz qui peut être obtenu comme composant pur pour être utilisé comme charge chimique. L'analyse de la lignine EFB par RMN et dérivatisation suivie d'un clivage réducteur (DFRC) a montré que le pBz acylate sélectivement le groupe γ-hydroxyle des unités S. Cette sélectivité suggère que le pBz, de manière analogue à l'acétate dans le kénaf, le p-coumarate dans les graminées et le ferrate dans un peuplier transgénique augmenté d'une féruloyl-CoA monolignol transférase (FMT), est incorporé dans la chaîne de lignine en croissance via son conjugué monolignol γ-p-hydroxybenzoylé. L'implication de tels conjugués dans la lignification des palmiers est prouvée par l'observation de nouvelles unités couplées au β-β non résinol p-hydroxybenzoylé dans les lignines. Ensemble, les données impliquent l'existence de p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA :monolignol transférases qui sont impliquées dans la lignification chez les différents saules (Salix spp.), peupliers et peupliers faux-trembles (Populus spp., famille des Salicacées) et palmiers (famille des Arecacées) qui ont des lignines p-hydroxybenzoylées. Même sans augmenter les niveaux par la sélection ou le génie génétique, les « déchets » actuels de l'EFB d'huile de palme devraient être en mesure de générer un flux important d'acide p-hydroxybenzoïque qui offre des opportunités pour le développement de produits à valeur ajoutée dérivés de l'industrie du palmier à huile. La producción industrial de aceite de palma genera simultáneamente una cantidad sustancial de fibras de racimo de frutas vacías (EFB) que podrían utilizarse como materia prima en una biorrefinería a base de lignocelulosa. Los subproductos de lignina generados por este proceso pueden ofrecer oportunidades para el aislamiento de productos de valor agregado, como el p-hidroxibenzoato (pBz), para ayudar a compensar los costos operativos. El análisis de la lignina EFB por espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) reveló claramente la presencia de acetato unido y pBz, y la saponificación reveló que el 1,1% en peso del EFB era pBz; con un contenido de lignina del 22,7 %, el 4,8 % de la lignina es pBz que se puede obtener como un componente puro para su uso como materia prima química. El análisis de la lignina EFB por RMN y la derivatización seguida de escisión reductora (DFRC) mostró que pBz acila selectivamente el grupo γ-hidroxilo de las unidades S. Esta selectividad sugiere que pBz, análogamente con acetato en kenaf, p-cumarato en gramíneas y ferular en un álamo transgénico aumentado con una feruloil-CoA monolignol transferasa (FMT), se incorpora a la cadena de lignina en crecimiento a través de su conjugado de monolignol γ-p-hidroxibenzoilado. La participación de dichos conjugados en la lignificación de la palma se demuestra al observar nuevas unidades no acopladas a β-β-resinol p-hidroxibenzoiladas en las ligninas. Juntos, los datos implican la existencia de p-hidroxibenzoil-CoA:monolignol transferasas que participan en la lignificación en los diversos sauces (Salix spp.), álamos y álamo temblón (Populus spp., familia Salicaceae) y palmeras (familia Arecaceae) que tienen ligninas p-hidroxibenzoiladas. Incluso sin mejorar los niveles mediante mejoramiento o ingeniería genética, los 'desechos' actuales de aceite de palma EFB deberían ser capaces de generar una corriente considerable de ácido p-hidroxibenzoico que ofrezca oportunidades para el desarrollo de productos de valor agregado derivados de la industria de la palma aceitera. The industrial production of palm oil concurrently generates a substantial amount of empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers that could be used as a feedstock in a lignocellulose-based biorefinery. Lignin byproducts generated by this process may offer opportunities for the isolation of value-added products, such as p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), to help offset operating costs. Analysis of the EFB lignin by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy clearly revealed the presence of bound acetate and pBz, with saponification revealing that 1.1 wt% of the EFB was pBz; with a lignin content of 22.7 %, 4.8 % of the lignin is pBz that can be obtained as a pure component for use as a chemical feedstock. Analysis of EFB lignin by NMR and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) showed that pBz selectively acylates the γ-hydroxyl group of S units. This selectivity suggests that pBz, analogously with acetate in kenaf, p-coumarate in grasses, and ferulate in a transgenic poplar augmented with a feruloyl-CoA monolignol transferase (FMT), is incorporated into the growing lignin chain via its γ-p-hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. Involvement of such conjugates in palm lignification is proven by the observation of novel p-hydroxybenzoylated non-resinol β–β-coupled units in the lignins. Together, the data implicate the existence of p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA:monolignol transferases that are involved in lignification in the various willows (Salix spp.), poplars and aspen (Populus spp., family Salicaceae), and palms (family Arecaceae) that have p-hydroxybenzoylated lignins. Even without enhancing the levels by breeding or genetic engineering, current palm oil EFB 'wastes' should be able to generate a sizeable stream of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that offers opportunities for the development of value-added products derived from the oil palm industry. ينتج الإنتاج الصناعي لزيت النخيل في الوقت نفسه كمية كبيرة من ألياف مجموعة الفاكهة الفارغة (EFB) التي يمكن استخدامها كمادة وسيطة في مصفاة حيوية تعتمد على اللجينوسليلوز. قد توفر المنتجات الثانوية لليجنين الناتجة عن هذه العملية فرصًا لعزل المنتجات ذات القيمة المضافة، مثل p - hydroxybenzoate (pBz)، للمساعدة في تعويض تكاليف التشغيل. كشف تحليل اللجنين EFB بواسطة مطياف الرنين المغناطيسي النووي (NMR) بوضوح عن وجود أسيتات مرتبطة و pBz، مع كشف التصبن أن 1.1 ٪ بالوزن من EFB كان pBz ؛ مع محتوى اللجنين بنسبة 22.7 ٪، 4.8 ٪ من اللجنين عبارة عن pBz يمكن الحصول عليه كمكون نقي للاستخدام كمادة وسيطة كيميائية. أظهر تحليل اللجنين EFB بواسطة NMR والاشتقاق متبوعًا بالانقسام الاختزالي (DFRC) أن pBz يعمل بشكل انتقائي على أسيتيل مجموعة γ - hydroxyl من وحدات S. تشير هذه الانتقائية إلى أن pBz، بالتناظر مع الأسيتات في الكناف، و p - comarate في الأعشاب، و ferulate في حور معدّل وراثيًا معززًا بـ feruloyl - CoA monolignol transferase (FMT)، يتم دمجه في سلسلة اللجنين المتنامية عبر γ - p - hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. ثبت تورط مثل هذه المترافقات في ترصيع النخيل من خلال ملاحظة وحدات p - hydroxybenzoylated غير الراتينول β - β المقترنة في اللجنين. معا، تشير البيانات إلى وجود p - hydroxybenzoyl - CoA: monolignol transferases التي تشارك في تبييض في الصفصاف المختلفة (Salix spp.)، الحور والحور (Populus spp.، عائلة Salicaceae)، والنخيل (عائلة Arecaceae) التي تحتوي على p - hydroxybenzoylated lignins. حتى من دون تعزيز المستويات عن طريق التكاثر أو الهندسة الوراثية، يجب أن تكون "نفايات" زيت النخيل الحالية قادرة على توليد تيار كبير من حمض p - hydroxybenzoic الذي يوفر فرصًا لتطوير منتجات ذات قيمة مضافة مشتقة من صناعة نخيل الزيت.

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    BioEnergy Research
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fachuang Lu; Steven D. Karlen; Matt Regner; Hoon Kim; +15 Authors

    La production industrielle d'huile de palme génère simultanément une quantité substantielle de fibres de grappe de fruits vides (EFB) qui pourraient être utilisées comme matière première dans une bioraffinerie à base de lignocellulose. Les sous-produits de la lignine générés par ce processus peuvent offrir des possibilités d'isolation des produits à valeur ajoutée, tels que le p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), pour aider à compenser les coûts d'exploitation. L'analyse de la lignine EFB par spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) a clairement révélé la présence d'acétate lié et de pBz, la saponification révélant que 1,1 % en poids de l'EFB était du pBz ; avec une teneur en lignine de 22,7 %, 4,8 % de la lignine est du pBz qui peut être obtenu comme composant pur pour être utilisé comme charge chimique. L'analyse de la lignine EFB par RMN et dérivatisation suivie d'un clivage réducteur (DFRC) a montré que le pBz acylate sélectivement le groupe γ-hydroxyle des unités S. Cette sélectivité suggère que le pBz, de manière analogue à l'acétate dans le kénaf, le p-coumarate dans les graminées et le ferrate dans un peuplier transgénique augmenté d'une féruloyl-CoA monolignol transférase (FMT), est incorporé dans la chaîne de lignine en croissance via son conjugué monolignol γ-p-hydroxybenzoylé. L'implication de tels conjugués dans la lignification des palmiers est prouvée par l'observation de nouvelles unités couplées au β-β non résinol p-hydroxybenzoylé dans les lignines. Ensemble, les données impliquent l'existence de p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA :monolignol transférases qui sont impliquées dans la lignification chez les différents saules (Salix spp.), peupliers et peupliers faux-trembles (Populus spp., famille des Salicacées) et palmiers (famille des Arecacées) qui ont des lignines p-hydroxybenzoylées. Même sans augmenter les niveaux par la sélection ou le génie génétique, les « déchets » actuels de l'EFB d'huile de palme devraient être en mesure de générer un flux important d'acide p-hydroxybenzoïque qui offre des opportunités pour le développement de produits à valeur ajoutée dérivés de l'industrie du palmier à huile. La producción industrial de aceite de palma genera simultáneamente una cantidad sustancial de fibras de racimo de frutas vacías (EFB) que podrían utilizarse como materia prima en una biorrefinería a base de lignocelulosa. Los subproductos de lignina generados por este proceso pueden ofrecer oportunidades para el aislamiento de productos de valor agregado, como el p-hidroxibenzoato (pBz), para ayudar a compensar los costos operativos. El análisis de la lignina EFB por espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) reveló claramente la presencia de acetato unido y pBz, y la saponificación reveló que el 1,1% en peso del EFB era pBz; con un contenido de lignina del 22,7 %, el 4,8 % de la lignina es pBz que se puede obtener como un componente puro para su uso como materia prima química. El análisis de la lignina EFB por RMN y la derivatización seguida de escisión reductora (DFRC) mostró que pBz acila selectivamente el grupo γ-hidroxilo de las unidades S. Esta selectividad sugiere que pBz, análogamente con acetato en kenaf, p-cumarato en gramíneas y ferular en un álamo transgénico aumentado con una feruloil-CoA monolignol transferasa (FMT), se incorpora a la cadena de lignina en crecimiento a través de su conjugado de monolignol γ-p-hidroxibenzoilado. La participación de dichos conjugados en la lignificación de la palma se demuestra al observar nuevas unidades no acopladas a β-β-resinol p-hidroxibenzoiladas en las ligninas. Juntos, los datos implican la existencia de p-hidroxibenzoil-CoA:monolignol transferasas que participan en la lignificación en los diversos sauces (Salix spp.), álamos y álamo temblón (Populus spp., familia Salicaceae) y palmeras (familia Arecaceae) que tienen ligninas p-hidroxibenzoiladas. Incluso sin mejorar los niveles mediante mejoramiento o ingeniería genética, los 'desechos' actuales de aceite de palma EFB deberían ser capaces de generar una corriente considerable de ácido p-hidroxibenzoico que ofrezca oportunidades para el desarrollo de productos de valor agregado derivados de la industria de la palma aceitera. The industrial production of palm oil concurrently generates a substantial amount of empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers that could be used as a feedstock in a lignocellulose-based biorefinery. Lignin byproducts generated by this process may offer opportunities for the isolation of value-added products, such as p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), to help offset operating costs. Analysis of the EFB lignin by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy clearly revealed the presence of bound acetate and pBz, with saponification revealing that 1.1 wt% of the EFB was pBz; with a lignin content of 22.7 %, 4.8 % of the lignin is pBz that can be obtained as a pure component for use as a chemical feedstock. Analysis of EFB lignin by NMR and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) showed that pBz selectively acylates the γ-hydroxyl group of S units. This selectivity suggests that pBz, analogously with acetate in kenaf, p-coumarate in grasses, and ferulate in a transgenic poplar augmented with a feruloyl-CoA monolignol transferase (FMT), is incorporated into the growing lignin chain via its γ-p-hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. Involvement of such conjugates in palm lignification is proven by the observation of novel p-hydroxybenzoylated non-resinol β–β-coupled units in the lignins. Together, the data implicate the existence of p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA:monolignol transferases that are involved in lignification in the various willows (Salix spp.), poplars and aspen (Populus spp., family Salicaceae), and palms (family Arecaceae) that have p-hydroxybenzoylated lignins. Even without enhancing the levels by breeding or genetic engineering, current palm oil EFB 'wastes' should be able to generate a sizeable stream of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that offers opportunities for the development of value-added products derived from the oil palm industry. ينتج الإنتاج الصناعي لزيت النخيل في الوقت نفسه كمية كبيرة من ألياف مجموعة الفاكهة الفارغة (EFB) التي يمكن استخدامها كمادة وسيطة في مصفاة حيوية تعتمد على اللجينوسليلوز. قد توفر المنتجات الثانوية لليجنين الناتجة عن هذه العملية فرصًا لعزل المنتجات ذات القيمة المضافة، مثل p - hydroxybenzoate (pBz)، للمساعدة في تعويض تكاليف التشغيل. كشف تحليل اللجنين EFB بواسطة مطياف الرنين المغناطيسي النووي (NMR) بوضوح عن وجود أسيتات مرتبطة و pBz، مع كشف التصبن أن 1.1 ٪ بالوزن من EFB كان pBz ؛ مع محتوى اللجنين بنسبة 22.7 ٪، 4.8 ٪ من اللجنين عبارة عن pBz يمكن الحصول عليه كمكون نقي للاستخدام كمادة وسيطة كيميائية. أظهر تحليل اللجنين EFB بواسطة NMR والاشتقاق متبوعًا بالانقسام الاختزالي (DFRC) أن pBz يعمل بشكل انتقائي على أسيتيل مجموعة γ - hydroxyl من وحدات S. تشير هذه الانتقائية إلى أن pBz، بالتناظر مع الأسيتات في الكناف، و p - comarate في الأعشاب، و ferulate في حور معدّل وراثيًا معززًا بـ feruloyl - CoA monolignol transferase (FMT)، يتم دمجه في سلسلة اللجنين المتنامية عبر γ - p - hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. ثبت تورط مثل هذه المترافقات في ترصيع النخيل من خلال ملاحظة وحدات p - hydroxybenzoylated غير الراتينول β - β المقترنة في اللجنين. معا، تشير البيانات إلى وجود p - hydroxybenzoyl - CoA: monolignol transferases التي تشارك في تبييض في الصفصاف المختلفة (Salix spp.)، الحور والحور (Populus spp.، عائلة Salicaceae)، والنخيل (عائلة Arecaceae) التي تحتوي على p - hydroxybenzoylated lignins. حتى من دون تعزيز المستويات عن طريق التكاثر أو الهندسة الوراثية، يجب أن تكون "نفايات" زيت النخيل الحالية قادرة على توليد تيار كبير من حمض p - hydroxybenzoic الذي يوفر فرصًا لتطوير منتجات ذات قيمة مضافة مشتقة من صناعة نخيل الزيت.

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    Authors: Fachuang Lu; Steven D. Karlen; Matt Regner; Hoon Kim; +15 Authors

    La production industrielle d'huile de palme génère simultanément une quantité substantielle de fibres de grappe de fruits vides (EFB) qui pourraient être utilisées comme matière première dans une bioraffinerie à base de lignocellulose. Les sous-produits de la lignine générés par ce processus peuvent offrir des possibilités d'isolation des produits à valeur ajoutée, tels que le p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), pour aider à compenser les coûts d'exploitation. L'analyse de la lignine EFB par spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) a clairement révélé la présence d'acétate lié et de pBz, la saponification révélant que 1,1 % en poids de l'EFB était du pBz ; avec une teneur en lignine de 22,7 %, 4,8 % de la lignine est du pBz qui peut être obtenu comme composant pur pour être utilisé comme charge chimique. L'analyse de la lignine EFB par RMN et dérivatisation suivie d'un clivage réducteur (DFRC) a montré que le pBz acylate sélectivement le groupe γ-hydroxyle des unités S. Cette sélectivité suggère que le pBz, de manière analogue à l'acétate dans le kénaf, le p-coumarate dans les graminées et le ferrate dans un peuplier transgénique augmenté d'une féruloyl-CoA monolignol transférase (FMT), est incorporé dans la chaîne de lignine en croissance via son conjugué monolignol γ-p-hydroxybenzoylé. L'implication de tels conjugués dans la lignification des palmiers est prouvée par l'observation de nouvelles unités couplées au β-β non résinol p-hydroxybenzoylé dans les lignines. Ensemble, les données impliquent l'existence de p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA :monolignol transférases qui sont impliquées dans la lignification chez les différents saules (Salix spp.), peupliers et peupliers faux-trembles (Populus spp., famille des Salicacées) et palmiers (famille des Arecacées) qui ont des lignines p-hydroxybenzoylées. Même sans augmenter les niveaux par la sélection ou le génie génétique, les « déchets » actuels de l'EFB d'huile de palme devraient être en mesure de générer un flux important d'acide p-hydroxybenzoïque qui offre des opportunités pour le développement de produits à valeur ajoutée dérivés de l'industrie du palmier à huile. La producción industrial de aceite de palma genera simultáneamente una cantidad sustancial de fibras de racimo de frutas vacías (EFB) que podrían utilizarse como materia prima en una biorrefinería a base de lignocelulosa. Los subproductos de lignina generados por este proceso pueden ofrecer oportunidades para el aislamiento de productos de valor agregado, como el p-hidroxibenzoato (pBz), para ayudar a compensar los costos operativos. El análisis de la lignina EFB por espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) reveló claramente la presencia de acetato unido y pBz, y la saponificación reveló que el 1,1% en peso del EFB era pBz; con un contenido de lignina del 22,7 %, el 4,8 % de la lignina es pBz que se puede obtener como un componente puro para su uso como materia prima química. El análisis de la lignina EFB por RMN y la derivatización seguida de escisión reductora (DFRC) mostró que pBz acila selectivamente el grupo γ-hidroxilo de las unidades S. Esta selectividad sugiere que pBz, análogamente con acetato en kenaf, p-cumarato en gramíneas y ferular en un álamo transgénico aumentado con una feruloil-CoA monolignol transferasa (FMT), se incorpora a la cadena de lignina en crecimiento a través de su conjugado de monolignol γ-p-hidroxibenzoilado. La participación de dichos conjugados en la lignificación de la palma se demuestra al observar nuevas unidades no acopladas a β-β-resinol p-hidroxibenzoiladas en las ligninas. Juntos, los datos implican la existencia de p-hidroxibenzoil-CoA:monolignol transferasas que participan en la lignificación en los diversos sauces (Salix spp.), álamos y álamo temblón (Populus spp., familia Salicaceae) y palmeras (familia Arecaceae) que tienen ligninas p-hidroxibenzoiladas. Incluso sin mejorar los niveles mediante mejoramiento o ingeniería genética, los 'desechos' actuales de aceite de palma EFB deberían ser capaces de generar una corriente considerable de ácido p-hidroxibenzoico que ofrezca oportunidades para el desarrollo de productos de valor agregado derivados de la industria de la palma aceitera. The industrial production of palm oil concurrently generates a substantial amount of empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers that could be used as a feedstock in a lignocellulose-based biorefinery. Lignin byproducts generated by this process may offer opportunities for the isolation of value-added products, such as p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), to help offset operating costs. Analysis of the EFB lignin by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy clearly revealed the presence of bound acetate and pBz, with saponification revealing that 1.1 wt% of the EFB was pBz; with a lignin content of 22.7 %, 4.8 % of the lignin is pBz that can be obtained as a pure component for use as a chemical feedstock. Analysis of EFB lignin by NMR and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) showed that pBz selectively acylates the γ-hydroxyl group of S units. This selectivity suggests that pBz, analogously with acetate in kenaf, p-coumarate in grasses, and ferulate in a transgenic poplar augmented with a feruloyl-CoA monolignol transferase (FMT), is incorporated into the growing lignin chain via its γ-p-hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. Involvement of such conjugates in palm lignification is proven by the observation of novel p-hydroxybenzoylated non-resinol β–β-coupled units in the lignins. Together, the data implicate the existence of p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA:monolignol transferases that are involved in lignification in the various willows (Salix spp.), poplars and aspen (Populus spp., family Salicaceae), and palms (family Arecaceae) that have p-hydroxybenzoylated lignins. Even without enhancing the levels by breeding or genetic engineering, current palm oil EFB 'wastes' should be able to generate a sizeable stream of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that offers opportunities for the development of value-added products derived from the oil palm industry. ينتج الإنتاج الصناعي لزيت النخيل في الوقت نفسه كمية كبيرة من ألياف مجموعة الفاكهة الفارغة (EFB) التي يمكن استخدامها كمادة وسيطة في مصفاة حيوية تعتمد على اللجينوسليلوز. قد توفر المنتجات الثانوية لليجنين الناتجة عن هذه العملية فرصًا لعزل المنتجات ذات القيمة المضافة، مثل p - hydroxybenzoate (pBz)، للمساعدة في تعويض تكاليف التشغيل. كشف تحليل اللجنين EFB بواسطة مطياف الرنين المغناطيسي النووي (NMR) بوضوح عن وجود أسيتات مرتبطة و pBz، مع كشف التصبن أن 1.1 ٪ بالوزن من EFB كان pBz ؛ مع محتوى اللجنين بنسبة 22.7 ٪، 4.8 ٪ من اللجنين عبارة عن pBz يمكن الحصول عليه كمكون نقي للاستخدام كمادة وسيطة كيميائية. أظهر تحليل اللجنين EFB بواسطة NMR والاشتقاق متبوعًا بالانقسام الاختزالي (DFRC) أن pBz يعمل بشكل انتقائي على أسيتيل مجموعة γ - hydroxyl من وحدات S. تشير هذه الانتقائية إلى أن pBz، بالتناظر مع الأسيتات في الكناف، و p - comarate في الأعشاب، و ferulate في حور معدّل وراثيًا معززًا بـ feruloyl - CoA monolignol transferase (FMT)، يتم دمجه في سلسلة اللجنين المتنامية عبر γ - p - hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. ثبت تورط مثل هذه المترافقات في ترصيع النخيل من خلال ملاحظة وحدات p - hydroxybenzoylated غير الراتينول β - β المقترنة في اللجنين. معا، تشير البيانات إلى وجود p - hydroxybenzoyl - CoA: monolignol transferases التي تشارك في تبييض في الصفصاف المختلفة (Salix spp.)، الحور والحور (Populus spp.، عائلة Salicaceae)، والنخيل (عائلة Arecaceae) التي تحتوي على p - hydroxybenzoylated lignins. حتى من دون تعزيز المستويات عن طريق التكاثر أو الهندسة الوراثية، يجب أن تكون "نفايات" زيت النخيل الحالية قادرة على توليد تيار كبير من حمض p - hydroxybenzoic الذي يوفر فرصًا لتطوير منتجات ذات قيمة مضافة مشتقة من صناعة نخيل الزيت.

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